Common Spider Families of Mumbai by Aniruddha Dhamorikar

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarcommonSpider familiesof Mumbaiby Aniruddha Dhamorikar Updated on 20th April 2011 The original article was published on December 18, 2009, and can be retrieved here.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikar “Will you walk into my parlour?" said the Spider to the Fly, Tis the prettiest little parlour that ever you did spy; The way into my parlour is up a winding stair, And Ive a many curious things to shew when you are there." – Mary Howitt 1821

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarIntroductionWhat is a spider, and how does it look? It is the most dangerous eight legged creaturethat walks the face of the planet. Who does not know what a spider is capable of?Naught one, but the most ignorant. It can hang from the ceiling, fall in your soup, andcreep on your bed or under the blanket. It can crawl on your skin and tickle you allthe way, or sleep in your closet, well hidden during the day. Spider has long fangs andis a venomous bugger; it is aggressive and will readily attack you, if it you bother. It iseverywhere and nowhere, for often you cannot see it, yet it watches you, for it has sixeyes – every eye staring right at you.What made a spider so special, so dangerously beautiful? Its six eyes, two fangs, longspinnerets and many hands. It has a mind of a hunter – a stalker and an ambusher –a predator that is as bright as a tiger. It is fast and quick, superb jumper. It is crypticand colorful, buoyant and patient. It is but the successful result of a million year longexperiment.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarAn AccountAs they say, beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder. In case of spiders, it‟s thecreepiness that surpasses its beauty for many who fail to understand them well.Spiders are one of the thoroughly studied animals in the scientific world. There areabout 40,000 described species spread into 109 families. About 59 described Familiesexist in India.In here, only 19 commonest families seen in and around Mumbai have been listedalong with a few uncommon ones. I am not relying on binomial names for somespiders merely identified through photographs, but if you know a certain family of thespider by just looking at it, you can gain a whole insight into its short but far moreadventurous life compared to ours.Over many years, spiders have fascinated me just the way butterflies did. This animalwith six or eight eyes placed like a crown of black beads on its head is a hunter – akiller. Yet they show subtle behaviors, there is romance, there is dancing and a verypatient soul. If you look into the eyes of a spider, you don‟t see a genetically automatedanimal – you see an individual, a personality that has evolved over 200 million years.Let‟s count it in digits, 200,000,000 years. We, as a „modern‟ man, are much, muchyounger compared to this ancient group of Arachnids, yet we seem to overlook them asa mere species in this vast biodiversity of our planet.The Spiders prefer various habitats, and knowing the habitat that a certain spiderprefers, it becomes one step easier to find one. In Mumbai though, the habitat doesnot change as much, and hence spiders can be seen over various locations, in yourbalconies, backyards and the forestlands. The 18 families listed here are easy tolocate, easy to identify and easy to photograph. Most are seen only over a certainseason, while some occur throughout the year. Some are rather difficult to find, andthere are others that live in our houses, yet we do not notice them. I openly admit, Imay have missed several family of spiders that are much common than the onesmentioned here, as I must have merely overlooked them. Besides the common spiderswe‟re about to see, there are some, rather uncommon ones seen around, for instancethe Family Theridiidae is a rather common family, but hardly ever noticed. Then thereis Theraphosidae family, famed for Tarantulas, common, yet not-so-commonly sightedacross Mumbai. There is Corinnidae, often small, and confused with Clubionidae.Ctenidae, Deinopidae, Dictynidae, Linyphiidae and Zodariidae, are amongst others.And there must be some I have never noticed at all.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarSpider Families of MumbaiOn a broad introduction to Spiders, I suggest you visit The Ultimate Spinner – Spiders.Whether you are in your backyard, at SGNP, Yeoor Hills, Nagla Block and other partsof SGNP, or on the outskirts of Mumbai, spiders are a common sighting. And whetheryou like them or not, they are ever ready to welcome you with a wide spread orb-webon the forest paths, or by crawling on your shoes from the leaf litter, or if you sit on arock, they‟re sitting right beneath that rock, or if you brush through a plant, they‟rethere, already jumping off the leaves for their lives. There are some you may find flyingin the air, and some sitting pretty on a flower, or some resting comfortably on thesurface of the water. If you have an eye for nature, keep it open for spiders. Spidersare a great subject for photographers. If you happen to like nature photography, it isimpossible not to shoot these beautiful critters.SalticidaeA very common spider family, they are omnipresent in homes as well as dense forests,are easily identified by their stout body and two out of six big round eyes. These arecommonly referred to as Jumping Spiders, due to the fact that they can jump over aconsiderable distance while hunting for prey, exploring a place, or, if scared. Different species of Jumping Spiders seen in and around MumbaiThese spiders come in myriad of colors from excellently camouflaging to stunninglybeautiful coloration. There are plenty of species seen in Mumbai, and one of the mostinteresting genuses is Myrmarachne, these Jumping Spiders disguise themselves asants – literally, a spider that looks like an ant, and hence superb ant hunters (the lastthree pictures). Several species of Myrmarachne are seen in Mumbai.LycosidaeA spider that is commonly seen on the forest floor, in the leaf litter or on boulders nearponds and streams – carefully stalking its prey, called the Wolf Spider. It is yetanother easily identifiable spider, due to its two prominent round eyes, with four smalleyes just below these. They are rather dull in color and rely on camouflage for ambush

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikarhunting. It also supposedly stalks its prey, and is usually seen scanning the forestfloor. Two different species of Wolf Spiders photographed at Yeoor HillsThese spiders are called Wolf Spider because they were thought to stalk their prey justas the wolves did, but in reality, these spiders rely on ambush, and hunt by surprisingthe prey. They, just like the Jumping Spiders, do not build web and wait for prey. Theweb is only used as a „safety-line‟ while travelling from one place to another, or forbuilding a nursery for laying eggs. Ctenus sp. Wandering Spider in the family Ctenidae is often mistaken for a Wolf SpiderWolf Spiders are easily confused with Wandering Spiders (Family Ctenidae), which arecommon, but not as abundant as Wolf Spiders. They are nocturnal, and consideredaggressive. Their bite is said to cause allergic reaction, although it is not consideredsevere. I have never come across a Wandering Spider in Mumbai, but theirdistribution is common in the Western Ghats. Interestingly, Wandering Spiderssupposedly hunt Wolf Spiders!

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikar Hippasa sp. Tunnel-sheet Spiders sit awaiting prey at the opening of their tunnelTunnel-sheet Spiders also belong to Lycosidae, which spreads a sheet of web, and livesin a tunnel made by the web. It is often called as Funnel web Spider, which is theactual common name for the spiders belonging to Hexathelidae, which occurs in India,but is a relative of the tarantulas.OxyopidaeCommonly called Lynx spiders, these rely on their camouflage and patience to catch apasser-by insect. They are mostly found sitting on flowers and leaf surfaces, waitingfor prey to stop by. These have rather small eyes and hence not easily observable tothe naked eye. The legs, however, are the key to identify these, since they are slenderand spiny, to the likes of thorns of a cactus. Also, two thin dorsal lines run down theabdomen, and the cephalothorax is roughly rectangular in shape. These spiders comein various colors, from deep pink, to green and brown. Oxyopes shweta Peutecia viridans Tapponia sp.They are very common during Monsoon months and fairly common during the dryseason. The genus Oxyopes (about 6 or more species) and Peucetia are generallyoccurring in Mumbai. Tapponia genus is also seen during post-monsoon period. Lynxspiders also do not rely on web, and rather sit and wait for prey to come to them.However, the females use the web to build a nursery for eggs.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarAraneidaeOne of the easily recognized families of spiders, thanks to their Orb-webs, thesespiders are one of the marvelous web builders. But don‟t go by those easilyrecognizable orb-webs, for it is also built by other family of spiders, which we willdiscuss shortly. Neoscona sp. Argiope sp. Gastracantha sp. Cyclosa sp.There are many species in this Family; commonest and easily recognized are theGarden Orb-weavers i.e., Neoscona sp., with a typical “cross” mark on the oval, egg-shaped abdomen. However, these spiders are also difficult to identify up till specieslevel due to a vast array of color morphs in a single species.Another commonly seen Orb-weaver is a Signature spider – Argiope sp., commonthroughout the seasons in forests. These spiders are rarely seen in cities, rathercommon in suburban areas, and abundant in forests. Easily identifiable due to theirzigzag satbilimenta, the fuzzy zigzag web seen near the center of the orb-web, andtheir typical “X” shaped sitting posture.Other, beautiful and not-so-common, are the Spiny Orb-weavers, Gastracantha sp.,which happen to be most colorful and vividly shaped, often with spines over theabdomen, and a variety of different shapes. A Cyclosa sp. sitting in between the collected debrisAnother common genus occurring here is Cyclosa sp., or sometimes called “Debris-collecting spiders”, these spiders collect debris, such as dried plant materials, seeds,

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikarand even insect parts. It then binds all of these in a line at the center of its orb-web,with the help of stabilimenta, and rest in between this collection, well camouflagedand nearly impossible to sight. These spiders are generally small, less than acentimeter long. Their orb-webs are also much smaller, and hence not easily seen.They prefer building webs in thickets, bushes and seldom in openings, but neverabove waist level. It sometimes becomes difficult to see the spider in its collection ofdebris!Another, commonest species seen – in your balconies or the densest forests – is theCyrtophora sp., commonly called Tent Spider or Dome Spider. These spiders do notbuild an orb-web; in fact it does not resemble an orb-web at all. These webs, however,are much complex than an Orb-web, and resemble a tent or a dome, hence thecommon name. These spiders are through to be the „precursors‟ to the now orb-webs. A Cyrtophora sp. sitting in its dome-shaped webThe spider, after building a web, rests right inside (in the center) the dome, and is apatient hunter. As the web gets older, the spider cuts and sheds it, and builds a newone. It is easy to identify this spider in its tent shaped web, since the web itself is itsidentity! It is, however, not so easy to distinguish it from other orb-weavers, since ithas similar morphological characteristic. It can also be confused to Tetragnathidaespiders, if the spider is seen without its web. Some uncommon ones that are seen inthe region are Arachnura sp., Ordgarius sp., and Poltys sp.TetragnathidaeCommonly called “Long-jawed Orb-weavers” these, as the name partly suggests, buildan orb-shaped web, yet, these are not the original Orb-weavers. They go by theirname, though, since they have longer pedipalps and chelicerae hence they are long-jaws that build orb-webs. However, the orb webs built by these are usually at anangle, or horizontal.There are several species seen in Mumbai, of which Leucauge sp. is most common.These spiders start to appear as monsoon wanes, and are most abundant during

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarOctober through winter and disappear by summer. They build a horizontal orb-web,and are beautifully colored, from green to brilliant orange. These spiders arecommonly called “Orchard Spiders”, and, without their web – can be easily confusedwith Tent Spiders (Crytophora sp.). Leucauge sp. Unidentified species Tetragnatha sp.Another commonly occurring genus is Tetragnatha, these are usually small, veryslender, with an elongated abdomen, and these also build orb-webs, but are usually atan angle. These show the typical “long-jaws” and are common through the wet and dryseasons.These spiders are mostly small, hence the eyes are not visible to the naked eye, andtherefore cause much confusion with the Araneidae family of spiders. However, asdiscussed above, it generally relies of the position of the webs, absence of stabilimenta,and long chelicerae.One common and an unusual spider, often confused with the Araneidae family ofspiders is Herennia ornatissima, the Ornate Orb-weaver. It is another unusual orb-weaver that builds an orb-web on the surface of the tree trunk. I have only seen oneindividual at Yeoor Hills, but have no photographic records of it.PholcidaeWho does not recognize these spiders? Unsurprisingly, many don‟t recognize itsfamily. These are the famous “Daddy-long Legs” of the Spider World! They are the onesyou will most commonly observe in your house, rather than anywhere in thewoodlands. Crossopriza sp.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarGo to the corner of that room, see that messy thin web? On it rests a creepy, longlegged spider with a tiny abdomen, and an invisible head. Yes, this is the family ofPholcidae – the spiders we strive hard to remove from our homes, and yet they end upcoming back. An unidentified Daddy long legs spiderThese, easily identifiable spiders are a doom to an aesthetically beautiful architecture,but the webs that these spiders build, although random and haphazardly built, aregood natural air filters. What‟s more, these spiders never get caught in their own webs!These spiders capture mosquitoes, flies and ants that bite, hence act as goodneighbours! Unfortunately, the aesthetics come first; hence these spiders areconsidered pests at homes.I have observed these spiders to be rather weak and thin inside homes, and theirbrothers and sisters can grow to an impressive size outside, where the prey is moreabundant.OecobiidaeWe all know these spiders, and despise them as much as we hate the Pholcidaespiders. These are small spiders, barely measuring a centimeter, that love to live incorners of our homes. They build a small, oval thin sheet of webs and rest inside it, inwait of prey. They settle where the corners are not routinely cleaned, and run prettyfast if disturbed. These little spiders capture prey, spin web around in circles, andretreat into the tiny web house. A common Oecobiidae spiderLooking up at these is not an easy task, because often they go unnoticed, but theshape of the web, and the picture provided above can be of some help.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarThomisidaeThe infamous Crab Spiders, the masters of camouflage and beautiful colors, arespiders with two pairs of appendages held in front like a crab‟s chelicerae, hence thecommon name. This is actually a pose to strike the prey, or to defend. Thomisus sp. ♀ carrying ♂ Thomisus sp. Runcinia sp.These are rather common on flowers, leaves and seldom occur on non-naturalstructures. It is generally the females that we see commonly, and the males are verytiny, a dimorphism very common in spiders. They do not rely on webs, but use it as“safety lines” and to build a nursery to lay eggs.The most commonly occurring genus is Thomisus sp., which are large and commonlyseen in urban gardens. Other probable genus occurring in Mumbaia are Ozyptila andDiaea but are not commonly sighted – probably because of their inconspicuousappearance.Two of the rather interesting ones – that are not the typical crab-spider looking crabspiders are Runcinia sp., which has a rather elongated abdomen, and Amyciaea sp.,the one that mimic ants – usually Oecophylla smargdina (Weaver Ant), both of thesehave been observed at Sanjay Gandhi National Park.HersilidaeThe “Two-tailed Spider” is a common spider, found on tree trunks and sometimes onwet walls. It is called so because of its two extra-long spinnerets that appear like tails.This spider is not large, but has considerably long feet, and stays motionless on thetree trunk, awaiting the approaching prey.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikar Hersilia sp. with two long spinnerets call tree trunks and walls their homeOnce the prey is close enough, the spider strikes with a blinding speed, and spins weball around the prey in a circle. This spider also does not build a web, but uses it towrap prey and to build a nursery for eggs.ScytodidaeA common, yet uncommon spider of Mumbai forests.Seen exclusively during monsoon seasons, it is a mysterywhere they vanish as soon as monsoon ends. Thesespiders are very unique, and their mysteriousdisappearance only adds to this uniqueness.These spiders are called Spitting spiders, and “spit” outweb from two glands just beside their mouth, and, thissilk is coated in venom. The spider does not bite and theninject the venom, but shoots it at a short distance, andpounces on the unlucky prey. It has long legs, much like Scytodes sp. resting under leafthe Pholcidae spiders, and uses its extra long first pair ofappendages to judge the distance between itself and theprey. Scytodes sp. feeding on an Orb-weaving Spider

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarOnly one genus Scytodes is found here, which are somewhat orange, with a lightorange, striped small abdomen and a rather flat but dome shaped cephalothorax.These spiders rest in folded leaves.They appear with the onset of monsoon – as soon as new leaves blossom. As themonsoon proceeds, their size increases, and become more and more commonthroughout the forest trails. Yet, as soon as the leaves dry, they vanish. During theirprimetime, it is not uncommon to find two spiders in one folded leaf – perhaps a pair?GnaphosidaeGround Spiders belong to this family, and are common throughout Mumbai, be it inyour backyard or the forests or a rocky terrain. They are small, dark brown in colorand quick runners. They appear more or less similar to jumping spiders (Salticidae),but are less hairy, with longer, fat legs and the two spinnerets are visible at the end ofthe abdomen.SparrasidaeThe Huntsman spiders, belonging to the family Sparrasidae, arelarge spiders, and are rather commonly seen in homes andsuburbs, than in forests. This could be because of their crypticcoloration, and nocturnal behavior. A Huntsman Spider carrying egg-sac Heteropoda sp. prefer hiding under rocksThey may appear like Wolf (Lycosidae) or Nursery Web (Pisauridae) spider, but areconsiderably different if looked closely. These have a different eye-pattern, bodypattern, and as well as prefer different habitat. These are commonly seen on walls andtree trunks or on/ under rocks. They are also called Giant Crab Spiders, but are in noway related to the Crab Spiders (Thomisidae).PisauridaeThe Nursery Web Spiders or simply Water Spiders belong to this family. These areunique spiders, as all spiders are! They go by latter name of Water Spiders since theseare mostly seen around waters, and sometimes onto waters, but it is not uncommon

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikarto see them on forest paths. The previous name of Nursery Web Spider is a misnomerin India since only a European species, Pisaura mirabilis builds a nursery for thespiderlings. Thalassius albocinctus A Water Spider waits for a passing fish or aquatic insectThey are often confused with Wolf Spiders (Lycosidae) but the easiest way todistinguish is the eye-pattern. These spiders are called Water Spiders because theyhunt under water! They can maneuver themselves onto the water surface, and a fishor an invertebrate swimming by is attacked. Thalassius is the most common genusthat occurs around Mumbai.ClubionidaeThis is a confusing family of Spiders; hence I shouldn‟t really be talking about themhere. These spiders are off white in color, and rather faintly red. A Clubionidae spider in its retreatThey tend to roll the leaf/leaves and spin a web on the inside to rest. They have bigfangs compared to their body size, and are seldom seen out of their retreats.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarUloboridaeThis is a unique family of spiders, commonly called Hackled Orb-weavers. Now theseare also confused with the Orb-weavers of the family Araneidae, however, thesespiders have a distinct, random hackled web around the center of the web. Thishackled structure is different compared to the Signature Spiders as well as theCyclosa sp. discussed in the Araneidae family. Unidentified species Zeiss sp. Hackled Orb-weavers showing large front appendages and hackled webThese spiders are not special because they build a hackled orb web. It is because ofsomething rather surprising – they are the only spiders that are non-venomous!However, they possess a special web-spinning apparatus which produces this hackledweb, which aides them to capture the prey more efficiently, without the use of venom.These spider are very small, and may appear to be an Araneidae belonging orb-weaver,however, it has a rather distinct, long and large first pair of appendages which is thekey for its identification.Seeing them is tough, thanks to their small webs, and even smaller sizes, but onceyou see and recognize them, you won‟t forget them ever. These spiders remain wellcamouflaged and tend to prefer shaded places.NephilidaeThe Golden Orb Weavers or Giant Wood Spiders that rein the forests around Mumbaicome from this small spider family, Nephilidae. These spiders are orb-weavers andwere formerly placed in Tetragnathidae and Araneidae. Nephila sp.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarThe spiders of this family spin largest orb-webs in the world, and have the strongestwebs than any other spider species. They are abundant during post-monsoon months,and throughout the dry season. They tend to disappear during monsoon and manyyoung spiderlings are seen as monsoon starts waning.TheridiidaeThis is another common family seen around Mumbai, and are sometimes referred toas Tangled-web or Cob-web spiders. Their webs are dense, appear messy and are oftenregarded dirty. But these webs are more like a maze, and only the owners of this mazenever get tangled in it. The web is built in three dimensions, and often containsseveral layers of thin sheets of webs. Two types of Tangled-web spiders seen at SGNPThese spiders are commonly seen in and around suburbs, and more so in abandonedhouses. The spiders are not big, and prefer dark corners. The deadly Black Widowspider (Latrodectus sp.) belongs to this family. The first venomous Brown WidowSpider (Latrodectus geometricus) was reported in India in Pune, you can access thearticle here.There is no easy way to distinguish them from others unless you are able to observedbrush-like hairy structures on the last appendages, but this might be of some use ifyou were locked in a room full of Theridiidae spiders.EresidaeThis is a rather special family of spiders that are social in nature, in the sense; thesespiders build a large web on trees by webbing leaves together. This spider colony iscommonly seen during monsoon and post-monsoon months. I do not have a picture ofthese spiders, but it is easy to identify them by the appearance of the tangled web ofsilk and leaves – much distinct from that of Weaver Ant nests. These social spiderswork as one. If a prey is stuck in the web, several individual spiders take it down, bystinging and wrapping it. There are six different types of spider sociality.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarPhilodromidaeCommonly called Running Crab Spiders, they are thought to closely resembleThomisidae, but look more like Pisauridae spiders. Easiest way to distinguish thesespiders from the above mentioned families is their rather flat shape, the eye patternwhich is similar to Thomisidae, and the second pair of legs is are longer than the rest. Tibellus sp (elongatus?) at SGNPThey are usually seen in grasses and on leaf surfaces closer to the ground. I hadoverlooked this one as a Pisaurid spider, but only after some close inspection can wesee the difference.

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha DhamorikarConclusionThese are the families I have been coming across on most nature trails. I am surethere are other families, perhaps more common than the ones mentioned here. Thereare some spider families that are very confusing, even to the scientists, that it becomeshard to identify a spider, and impossible to do the same through a photograph.The spider families of Mumbai are diverse, in their habitats and their behaviour.Understanding them will not only help us know our neighbors that dwell in thecorners well, but also broaden our sense of sharing a tiny space with such ecologicallyimportant creatures. We must not forget that they lived here long before we did, and itis their right to live wherever they wish. Spiders feed on pests that damage crops, orspread diseases. Keeping houses clean is not bad, but killing the ones that live in thenatural habitat – in your backyard, for instance, must be discouraged.Other Families of SpidersI did not include Theraphosidae in this „commonly‟ occurring families of spiders since,although common where they are seen (SGNP, Matheran), they are not as abundantand are not seen regularly on nature trails. A Theraphosid spider seen at MatheranAnother rare or uncommon family is Deinopidae, a unique family where the spidershave mastered the art of “web-casting” the prey. I have seenonly one in SGNP, Deinopis sp., it is a very well camouflaged,small spider, hence perhaps not seen so commonly, and can beconfused for Tetragnathidae (if seen without its web).Other families that might be common, but confusing to identifyare Dictynidae – which can be confused with Gnaphosidae andTheridiidae; Hahniidae – confused with Gnaphosidae;Linyphiidae can be confused with Theridiidae; Ctenidae can be Deinopis sp. at SGNP

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikarconfused with Lycosidae and Pisauridae or Theraphosidae; Coriniidae – confused withGnaphosidae or Clubionidae; even the common families can be difficult to distinguishmerely on their morphology, such as Araneidae from Tetragnathidae; Theridiidae fromLinyphiidae; Zodariidae with Gnaphosidae and Clubionidae, and so on. A Corinnidae spider, Castianeria zetes seemingly mimicking Camponotus sp. of antsIdentifying spiders is not an easy task. It is a task that requires patience and the skillsof dissection. Only by observing a spider under a microscope can one be certain of itsspecific name, or sometimes just the family. Arachnologists are still baffled by thesheer number of spiders all across the world, and are still struggling to classify them,often coming out with rather surprising results, and occasionally new families. Iwelcome suggestions and critiques in this little effort of calling these spiders „common‟,and appreciate any recommendations and corrections to further better myunderstanding.As a nature enthusiast, this is just a summary of the vast spider diversity of Mumbai Idocumented over two years. Imagine how diverse our surrounding is, yet many of usmerely overlook or are too busy to appreciate the biologically diverse metropolitan welive in. The spiders are so significant to the ecosystems and its survival that everyspider killed is, (quite literally) a mosquito rescued to bite freely!Online Resources:Spider India Yahoo GroupSpiders of Central IndiaSouth Indian Spiders

Common Spider Families of Mumbai Aniruddha Dhamorikar All contents Copyright © 2010 Aniruddha Dhamorikar unless otherwise mentioned. All rights reserved. No parts of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means without prior written permission of the publisher.

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Common Spider Families of Mumbai by Aniruddha Dhamorikar

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Common Spider Families of Mumbai by Aniruddha Dhamorikar — Document Transcript