REFERENCES: Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia. Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson. Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill. Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill. Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.

1. ANTHROPOLOGY
Reference: EMBER & EMBER

2. Anthropology?
It is the discipline of infinite curiosity
about human beings
Anthropos= man
Logos= study
Broader in scope, geographically and historically
correct or mistaken beliefs about people

3. Fields of Anthropology
1. Biological
a. Human paleontology
b. Human variation
2. Cultural
a. Archeology
b. Linguistics
c. Ethnology
3. Applied Anthropology
4. Archeology

4. Reflect a possible social concern
issue or problem in which you think
you would face in the exercise of
the profession you are preparing
for. How can the discipline of
anthropology be used in
understanding this concern?

5. Culture is the entire way of
life of society including its
customs, values, social
institutions, attitudes, music
and arts.

6. Material Culture
Made up of the artifacts
people construct on the basis
of cultural norms

7. Non-material Culture
Abstract aspect

8. Non-material Culture
1. Norms
Rules of conduct that guide the
behavior of people in society
Examples:
•Obedience to Elders
•Applaud after a musical
performance but not when a
priest finishes a sermon

9. 1.A Folkways
Have the force of custom but do
not necessarily have a moral
connotation
Examples:
•Simple greetings
•Dress code
Norms for routine, casual interaction

10. 1.B Mores
Ideas of right or wrong
Example:
•Not engage in pre-marital sex; concept of
morality (not provided by law)
•Not engage in infidelity (provided by law)
May be sanctified by religion and strengthened by
incorporation into a law

11. 1.C Laws
Formalized social norms
Examples:
•Smoking
•Pedestrian Crossing
Recognized and should be followed

12. 2. Cognitive
a. Values
Culturally defined measures of goodness or desires
Example: equal opportunities for men
and women, good looks, success
b. Beliefs
Example: Pamahiin (Superstitious),
Supernatural

13. Subculture
Behavior and value system of a
group which is a part of the society
but has a unique cultural patterns
Example: subculture of poverty,
subculture of students

14. Counter Culture
A subculture which is not merely
different but sharply opposed to
the dominant values of the society
Examples: Criminals, NPA, CPP

15. Cultural Relativism
Function and meaning of a
culture depends on its setting
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority if one’s
culture

16. Culture Shock
Reaction on things or
traditions they encounter or
the first time
Enculturation
Process of socialization
Learn the culture

17. Characteristics of Culture
• It is learned
• It is shared
• It is transmitted from one
generation to generation
• It is adaptive/dynamic
• It is diverse
• It is integrated
• It is symbolic

18. Features of Human Language
Conventionality
Human language use a limited
number of sounds in combination to
make an infinite number of
utterances/meanings

19. Productivity
Humans produce and understand an
infinite number of utterances they have
never said or heard before
Eg. I don’t know the man who took the spoon
that Jordan left on the table that was lying upside
down in the upstairs hallway of the building that
burned down last night.

20. All human speech is adaptive allows
humans to think to plan, coordinate
activities to store up knowledge and
teach others.
Human beings have innate language
learning capacity.
Eg. Take a child’s initiative in learning language and to
speak grammatically. This potential for speech will only be
realized, however, through interaction with other humans
speaking a language.

21. Descriptive/Structural Linguistics
Discovers the rules that predict how most
speakers of a language talk
Phonology
Pattern/system of sounds
Morphology
Pattern of sound sequences to form
meaningful units
Syntax
Pattern of phrases and sentences

22. Historical Linguistics
Focuses on how language changes
over time records and dates linguistics
divergence
Geographic separation
Racial or social distance
Conquest and colonization

23. What language would a human
speak if he/she were not taught
any particular language?
Linguistically impaired
Do animals have culture?
No, because only humans
have culture and humans are
able to adapt.

24. Variations in getting Food
Food collectors
Horticulturalists
Pastoralists
Intensive Agriculture

25. Food Collection
• Food getting strategy that obtains wild
plants and animals thru hunting (men),
gathering (women), scavenging or
fishing.
• Don’t own land.
• Nomadic.
• Division of labor in food collecting in
based age and gender.

26. Food Collection
Example
Hadza of Tanzania
Do not believe that they have
exclusive rights over land on
which they hunt

27. Horticulture
• Growing of crops with simple hand
• Allocate plots of land to industries or
families for their use but don’t own these.
• More sedentary communities may more
after several years
• Exhibit social differentiation part time
political officials certain members of a kin
group may have more status

28. Horticulture
Example
Mundurucu of Brazil
The village controls the rights to use land
A person who cultivates the land owns the
produce

29. Pastoralism
• Depend on domesticated herds of
animals
• Animals are owned by
industries/families but decisions
about where and when to move
them are made by the community

30. Pastoralism
Example
Basseri
Have rights to pass through certain areas but do
not own the entire territory
Baluch
Claim a tribal territory which they defend by
force, if necessary

31. Intensive Agriculture
• Cultivate fields permanently rely
on mechanization
• Individual ownership of land
resources
• Concept of ownership is a political
and social matter

32. Intensive Agriculture
Example
Under the Homestead Act of 1862
If a person cleared a 160 acre piece
of land and farmed it for 5 years, the
federal government would consider
that person the owner of the land

33. Intensive Agriculture societies are more
likely to face famines and food shortage
than horticultural societies. Why?
• They are producing crop for the market
• Ergo farmers cultivate plants that give them the
higher yield that those that are drought resistant
• Farmers also concentrate on one crop. Crop
diversity is a protection against total crop failure
• There are fluctuations in market demands. If the
prices fall for a particular crop, farmers may not
have money

34. Conversion to resources/types of
economic production
• Domestic family or kinship mode of production
• Industrial mechanized production
• Tributary, most people produce their own food
but an elite or aristocracy controls of production
(feudal, medieval, western)
• Postindustrial computer drive, machines and
robots
• Businesses are more knowledgeable

35. Why do people work?
• Household consumption
• For survival
• Profit motive universal
• Need for achievement
• Social Rewards
• Forced Labor
• Taxation
Inca Empire in the Central Andres; work for the state or as
personal servants; the draft or compulsory military service
Emperors of China (Great Wall)
Egyptians (Pyramid)

36. Distribution of Goods and Services
Reciprocity
Giving and taking without the use of money
Generalized
Without any apparent expectation
Balanced
Immediately or in the short term

37. Redistribution
Accumulation of goods by a particular
person for subsequent distribution
Competitive feasting in New
Guinea; produce more than what
they need, adaptive in agricultural
activities

38. Market or Commercial
Exchange
Prices depend on supply and demand
Occurs with increasing level
of economic productivity