Super Cars Anil Kumar ISMC

Topics Electric Vehicles (EVs) Fuel Cell Vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Electrical Vehicles Outline Introduction Background How an EV works Batteries used in EVs Efficiency of electric motors Benefits Disadvantages Future outlooks Summary

Introduction

Background

How an EV works

Batteries used in EVs

Efficiency of electric motors

Benefits

Disadvantages

Future outlooks

Summary

Introduction What is an EV? -A vehicle that is run by electrical power instead of gasoline

What is an EV?

-A vehicle that is

run by electrical

power instead of

gasoline

History of Electrical Powered Vehicles EVs were built starting in the late 1890s Outnumbered gasoline powered cars 10:1 Hand assembled Declined due to gasoline-car assembly line

EVs were built starting in the late 1890s

Outnumbered gasoline powered cars 10:1

Hand assembled

Declined due to gasoline-car assembly line

How does an EV work? Charged overnight Twelve to twenty-four batteries used Batteries run the electric motor and motor runs wheels Energy density and power density depend on the types of batteries used

Charged overnight

Twelve to twenty-four batteries used

Batteries run the electric motor and motor runs wheels

Energy density and power density depend on the types of batteries used

Batteries Nickel Metal Hydride (“NiMH”) Higher energy densities Environmentally friendly Higher self-discharge Easy storage and transportaation Nickel Cadmium Quick and easy charge Good load performance Good low temperature performance Must be periodically used or large crystals will form on the cell plates (memory effect) Contains toxic metals Lithium-Ion Used in consumer electronics One of the best energy-to-weight ratios Short life-span if not taken care of properly Low-self discharge

Nickel Metal Hydride (“NiMH”)

Higher energy densities

Environmentally friendly

Higher self-discharge

Easy storage and transportaation

Nickel Cadmium

Quick and easy charge

Good load performance

Good low temperature performance

Must be periodically used or large crystals will form on the cell plates (memory effect)

Contains toxic metals

Lithium-Ion

Used in consumer electronics

One of the best energy-to-weight ratios

Short life-span if not taken care of properly

Low-self discharge

Batteries (continued) Lithium-Ion Polymer 20% higher energy density than Li-ion batteries Greater life cycle than Li-ion Sodium Sulfur Batteries will freeze if left unused for too long 15X more electrical energy than lead-acid batteries Lead-Acid Used in gasoline vehicles

Lithium-Ion Polymer

20% higher energy density than Li-ion batteries

Greater life cycle than Li-ion

Sodium Sulfur

Batteries will freeze if left unused for too long

15X more electrical energy than lead-acid batteries

Lead-Acid

Used in gasoline vehicles

Efficiency of Electric Motors Loading between 75% and 100% of full power rating Heavier copper wire, higher core-steel grade, thinner core laminations, better bearings and reduced windage design help give more efficiency

Loading between 75% and 100% of full power rating

Heavier copper wire, higher core-steel grade, thinner core laminations, better bearings and reduced windage design help give more efficiency

Benefits Lowers fuel dependency from other nations Fuel would be used at least 30% less if more EV cars were used Cheaper than gasoline No oil changes or smog checks No spark plugs, fuel pump, valves, transmission, clutch, crankshaft, flywheel, starter motor, or any other fuel-run equipment. Will not have any problems related to any of these objects Brakes become generators and produce more electrical power = regenerative braking

Lowers fuel dependency from other nations

Fuel would be used at least 30% less if more EV cars were used

Cheaper than gasoline

No oil changes or smog checks

No spark plugs, fuel pump, valves, transmission, clutch, crankshaft, flywheel, starter motor, or any other fuel-run equipment. Will not have any problems related to any of these objects

Brakes become generators and produce more electrical power = regenerative braking

Disadvantages Limited range Not enough charging stations Constant cooling of batteries so vehicle can perform at its best Ideal for driving only in city ranges

Limited range

Not enough charging stations

Constant cooling of batteries so vehicle can perform at its best

Ideal for driving only in city ranges

Future Outlooks for EVs More charging stations contributed by government Marketing more EVs = more affordable

More charging stations contributed by government

Marketing more EVs = more affordable

Summary Introduce an EV History of EVS How an EV operates Various batteries used in EVs Efficiency of electric motors Benefits of owning an EV Disadvantages of owning an EV Future outlooks for EVs

Introduce an EV

History of EVS

How an EV operates

Various batteries used in EVs

Efficiency of electric motors

Benefits of owning an EV

Disadvantages of owning an EV

Future outlooks for EVs

*Fuel Cell Cars* Topics: What are Fuel Cells? The History How a Fuel Cell Works Single Cell v. Stack The Advantages Disadvantages Cars of today and tomorrow

What are Fuel Cells?

The History

How a Fuel Cell Works

Single Cell v. Stack

The Advantages Disadvantages

Cars of today and tomorrow

Introduction Internal Combustion engines: not environmentally friendly. emit gases that cause global warming. Gas is really expensive What can we do about this??

Internal Combustion engines:

not environmentally friendly.

emit gases that cause global warming.

Gas is really expensive

What can we do about this??

What is a Fuel Cell “ A fuel cell is an electrochemical direct energy conversion device which uses a single-step energy conversion process directly from chemical energy to electric energy” (Montes).

“ A fuel cell is an electrochemical direct energy conversion device which uses a single-step energy conversion process directly from chemical energy to electric energy” (Montes).

History Sir William Grove(1839)- completed experiments on the electrolysis of water Francis Bacon (1932)- made 1 st successful fuel cell (<http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/FuelCell/History.htm> ) 1950’s NASA used fuel cells on some of the Apollo missions.

Sir William Grove(1839)- completed experiments on the electrolysis of water

Francis Bacon (1932)- made 1 st successful fuel cell (<http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/FuelCell/History.htm> )

1950’s NASA used fuel cells on some of the Apollo missions.

The Fuel Cell Air from the atmosphere and hydrogen from a compressed tank are sent through the cell creating an reaction Has a Proton Exchange Membrane(PEM) that only allows protons to go through. Electrons moving around external circuit produce electrical energy. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fc_pics/fuel_cell_still.gif http:// www.gl-group.com/images/glgroup/fuel_cells_working_principle.jpg

Air from the atmosphere and hydrogen from a compressed tank are sent through the cell creating an reaction

Has a Proton Exchange Membrane(PEM) that only allows protons to go through.

Electrons moving around external circuit produce electrical energy.

Fuel Cell Assembly Hydrogen goes through vertical flow path Oxygen goes through Horizontal flow path Catalyst and an electrolyte is placed in between plates

Hydrogen goes through vertical flow path

Oxygen goes through Horizontal flow path

Catalyst and an electrolyte is placed in between plates

Single Cell vs. Stack Many Cells + Many Cells = A stack

Many Cells + Many Cells = A stack

Where to get the Hydrogen? Hydrocarbon Fuels: Methane, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Ethanol, etc. Water (H 2 O) Solar power Algae Hydrogen: Compressed into a 5000 psi or more tank

Hydrocarbon Fuels:

Methane, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Ethanol, etc.

Water (H 2 O)

Solar power

Algae

Hydrogen:

Compressed into a 5000 psi or more tank

The Car– The Motor and other power sources Has an electric induction motor and electric power inverter Batteries are used as an alternate source of power Regenerative braking

Has an electric induction motor and electric power inverter

Batteries are used as an alternate source of power

Regenerative braking

The Advantages Only emits water Easy to find hydrogen More energy efficient Low Maintenance Quiet http:// www.googobits.com/articles/p2-2840-fuel-cells-engines-of-the-future.html

Only emits water

Easy to find hydrogen

More energy efficient

Low Maintenance

Quiet

The disadvantages Currently expensive Hydrogen is easily combustible Difficult to store and has to be pure Has to be taken from other materials  more energy costs Platinum is rare and expensive. http:// www.googobits.com/articles/p2-2840-fuel-cells-engines-of-the-future.html

Currently expensive

Hydrogen is easily combustible

Difficult to store and has to be pure

Has to be taken from other materials  more energy costs

Platinum is rare and expensive.

Some of the Cars Two 5000 psi aluminum tanks on board 80 Horsepower, 201 lbs of torque Can go 170 miles 93 mph (top speed) http://www.aiada.org/images/news_photos/Honda_FCX.jpg

Two 5000 psi aluminum tanks on board

80 Horsepower, 201 lbs of torque

Can go 170 miles

93 mph (top speed)

Summary What is a fuel cell? How a fuel cell works The advantages The disadvantages Sources for Hydrogen The cars of Tomorrow

What is a fuel cell?

How a fuel cell works

The advantages

The disadvantages

Sources for Hydrogen

The cars of Tomorrow