SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 20
Download to read offline
Unit 1: Prologue
                              The Nature of Science
 When it comes to looking
  at life, I always tend to
 round up, but in Science I
    know to simply flow
directions and the rounding
procedure! P.S. My name is
              Elle




                                Regents Earth Science
                                       Ms. Gill
                                   Note Packet #1




 Name:_______________________ Per:____ Date: ________
Unit 1: Prologue       The Nature of Science   Note Packet #1

Vocabulary:
Area
Bar Graph
Change
Cyclic Change
Classification
Constant Variable
Convection Current
Density
Direct Relationship
Dynamic Equilibrium
Fluid Displacement
Inertia
Inference
Interfaces
Inverse Relationship
Length
Mass
Matter
Measurement
Meniscus
Metric System
Non-cyclic Change
Observation
Parabola
Phases of Matter
Percent Deviation
Pie Graph
Prediction
Pressure
Rate of Change
Rounding
Temperature
Volume




                                                       Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue              The Nature of Science               Note Packet #1

1. An observation is:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything that is happening
around you, paying close attention to detail.




Examples:
i. The rock is smooth and round.
ii. Our Classroom has only one blackboard.
iii. Make an observation: ____________________________________________

2. An inference is
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

In other words, when you infer, you form a conclusion based on something you
____________________.

 Examples:
i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water.
ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail, he must be happy.
iii. Make an inference: ______________________________________________

3. A prediction is:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Examples:
i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream.
ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow.

4. Classification: _________________________________________________
We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common
characteristics.



                                                                               Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue               The Nature of Science                Note Packet #1

5. Measurements: The purpose of this guide is to guide you through converting units
                                  in the metric system!




a. What are some measurable properties?
__________________        __________________              __________________
__________________        __________________              __________________

b. How do we make measurements?
•Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more
detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and
telescopes

c. The Metric System & Unit Conversion:
The fundamental units of the metric system are:
      For Mass     ______________________
      For Length ______________________
      For Liquid Volume __________________

By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will
use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller units.)

_________ _________ _________ basic unit ________ ________ _________

You can remember this by the following sentence.

__________ ________ _________ _______ ________ ________ _________

To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between
them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction.

Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___

How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter (m)? ___________

How many millimeters (mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there are
100 cm in a meter and 10 mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________

                                                                              Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue                The Nature of Science                  Note Packet #1

 Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric
 system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below!

 Length                           Mass                               Liquid Volume
 meter__________                  gram__________                 liter__________
 millimeter_______                milligram______                milliliter______
 centimeter______                 --------------
 -------------kilometer_______                        kilogram_______
 kiloliter________

 Let’s practice some unit conversions now! Convert the following!

 1.     10 mm=       ________________ cm           2. 1 km =         ________________ m
 3.     1000 ml =    ________________ L            4. 12 g   =       ________________ kg

 6. Rounding: The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where
 that place is located. You must remember these place values:

      2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1




                                    Rounding Procedure:
Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky.
Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss.
Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round
the Sparky up one value.
                          Here is a rhyme to help you remember:
                 “Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove”
               For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3

                                                                                    Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue               The Nature of Science                Note Packet #1



           Practice:               Round to the nearest          Round to the nearest
 Round to the nearest tenth:            hundredth:                       ones:
1) 29.45: _______               4) 0.745: ________            7) 30.19: __________
2) 711.319: ________            5) 1.67234: _______           8) 8,799.99: ________
3) 9.999: _________             6) 10.4637: _______           9) 2.94: __________



                                   7. Scientific Notation
   Scientific notation is simply a method for expressing, and working with, very large or
  very small numbers. It is a short hand method for writing numbers, and an easy method
                                      for calculations.

 Numbers in scientific notation are made up of three parts: the coefficient, the base and
                        the exponent. Observe the example below:

                                                             5
                        5.67 x 10
             This is the scientific notation for the standard number: 567,000

 In order for a number to be in correct scientific notation, the following conditions must
                                         be true:
 1. The coefficient must be greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10.
 2. The base must be 10.
 3. The exponent must show the number of decimal places that the decimal needs to be
 moved to change the number to standard notation. A negative exponent means that the
 decimal is moved to the left when changing to standard notation

                                         Practice:

   Convert into Scientific Notation            Convert out of Scientific Notation
   4,600,000,000.0: _______________            3.01 x 107: _______________
   5,700: ________________                     23.782 x 104: ________________
   678,900,000: __________________             1.0x 1015: __________________

                                                                                Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue                The Nature of Science                  Note Packet #1


                             8. Mass :
__________________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________

•It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of atoms in it.

a. How do we measure mass? Can we count the atoms one by one?
   Nope!!! Instead we use a triple beam balance that gives us a value usually in grams.




b. Is Weight the same as Mass?

Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an
object on the Earth. Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the
moon. You would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the
scale, even though your mass did not change.

To play with an interactive virtual triple beam balance like we did in class go to:
http://www.touchspin.com/chem/DisplayTBB.html

To find out your weight on other planets and moons visit this site:
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/




                                     9. Temperature:
                                                                                 Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue              The Nature of Science                Note Packet #1

__________________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________

             Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of
             matter the hotter it is. Let’s model this with our hands!

There are 3 different systems to measure temperature:
1) English Units: Fahrenheit Degrees (F°)
2) Metric Units: Celsius Degrees (°C)
3) Kelvin Units (K)

                    Fahrenheit            Celsius               Kelvin
Water Freezes
Water Boils
Absolute zero


                                          10. States of matter

                                          What variable determines the 3 states of
                                          Matter? ________________________

                                                The three phases of Matter are:

                                                    ___________________
                                                    ___________________
                                                    ___________________




See page 13 in your ESRT!!!




                                      11. Area:

                                                                              Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue              The Nature of Science                Note Packet #1

        __________________________________________________________________
        __________________________________________________________________

        Formula for Area= L x W
        L: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters,
        centimeters or millimeters.

        W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object.

        Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2


            Lets practice finding the area! Always follow these Steps:

Step 3: Plug inStepnumbers, the formula
                the 1: Write
       WITH UNITS.Example: Area = L x W
   Example: A=4mm x 2mm
               Step 2: List all the variables
Step 4: Calculate WITHthe unknown, WITH UNITS.
               including
UNITS. Example:Example: 2 = 4mm W= 2mm A= ?
                    A= 8mmL




          7 cm                                 4m



                                                                   9m
            Step 1:__________________                 Step cm
                                                         7 1:__________________


            Step 2: _________________                 Step 2: _________________

            Step 3: _________________                 Step 3: _________________

            Step 4:__________________                 Step 4:__________________
                                                                                           12.


                                                                                       Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue                 The Nature of Science                  Note Packet #1

                                            Volume:

 -The amount of _______ an object takes up!
                                                                           Meniscus: 73
                                                                           mL
 -For solid cubes and boxes Volume is equal to: ____________. Depending on the size
 of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3.
 -But for liquids, volume is measured in _________ using a beaker or graduated cylinder.

    1. Read it at eye level              2.                          Fluid Displacement
          Factors that affect Volume: You must read the meniscus to obtain an accurate
1) Temperature                           result. Due to cohesionis easier to measure of fluids, the
                                                            •It (sticky) properties irregular
   Heating a material will cause it to expand of the fluid touching the glass willfluid
                                         edges and          shaped objects using slightly rise.
take up more space because the molecules need               displacement.
more room to move around. Therefore
increasing temperature will increase volume.
_________________                                                         In order to measure
  Cooling a material will result in the opposite.           this irregularly shaped rock you
So decreasing temperature will decrease                     would drop it in a beaker filled
volume. ____________________                                with water and measure the
Think about how your rings fit in the winter…               change in volume.
they seem to be bigger!
2) Pressure:
Increasing pressure will force molecules closer
together there by decreasing volume.
______________________
Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to
spread out and take up more space thereby
increasing volume. _________________
Let’s model this with a sponge.                        There are rules to reading beaker or
                                                       graduated cylinder:




                                                                                   Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue               The Nature of Science                Note Packet #1




                            13. Density:
__________________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________

 • It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are.
                       If they are packed tightly, the density is high.


 •The unit for measuring density is
 grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³

 •Density = Mass
            Volume




          So how do you solve a math problem in science class using a formula?

                              Step 1: Write the formula
                      Example: Density = Mass/Volume or D=M/V

          Step 2: List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS.
                                    Example:      D=?
                                        M = 38.0g
                                       V = 12.0cm3
                     Step 3: Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS.
                              Example:     D=38.0g/12.0cm3

                           Step 4: Calculate WITH UNITS.

                                                                              Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue                    The Nature of Science               Note Packet #1

                                     Example:      D=3.2g/cm3

Example: If an object has a mass of 13.4 grams and a volume 5.7 cm3 what is the
density? Write out each step next to the corresponding number
1.                                          3.



2.                                                 4.

                                       14. More on Density:

 •Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify
                           that material at room temperature.
   •For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1
                        gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml.
    •Solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density.
                                             -Fluids tend to layer based on their density,
 Factors that affect Density                  with less dense fluid on top of more dense
 A. Temperature:                                 fluid. Can you think of any examples?
 •Cooling a material causes its                 ____________________________
 molecules to move closer together,
 making its volume decrease and                             Let’s check out this video:
 causing its density to increase.                 •http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/compo
 ___________________                                       nents/docmgr/default.php?
 •Heating a material causes its
 molecules to move apart making its
 volume increase and causing the
 density to decrease.
 ___________________
 •Note that Mass is staying the same!!!

 B. Pressure:
 •Increasing the pressure (squeeze) on
 a material causes its molecules to get
 pushed closer together, decreasing
 the volume, making the density
 increase. __________________
 •Decreasing the pressure causes the
 opposite effect, since molecules move
                                                                                 Page #___
 further apart, it becomes less dense.
 •Again, note mass remains the same!
 ______________________________________________
Unit 1: Prologue               The Nature of Science                   Note Packet #1

                   sectiondetailid=17500&fileitem=4738&catfilter=445

                                                      15. Density at Different Phases
          Why does density matter?
  If a warm gust of wind meets cold air,           •As a material is heated, it changes from
  will the warm air go above or below the                       solid to liquid.
  cold air?
  •Since hot air is less dense it will rise!        • More heat changes the liquid to gas.
  •And Cold air sinks because it is denser          The molecules move farther apart, so
  than warm air                                       the volume increases, causing the
  •A similar process happens when                           density to decrease.
      you boil water 
                                                     General Rule of Thumb: Solids are
                                                      most dense, gases are least dense


                                                  The ONLY exception to this rule is water!!!
                                               •As water cools, its volume decreases until it
                                               reaches 4° C.

  This rising and sinking of fluids due to • As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually
  density and temperature differences is increases, so it becomes less dense again.
  called _________________________.
  We will touch upon this concept many     •Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid.
  times through out the year.
                                           •This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you
                                           will meet him in Chemistry

                                               •Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than
                                               water, so ice floats!!

                                               •Water is the only material whose solid form will
                                               float in its liquid form.

                                               •This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes
                                               first.




                                                                                  Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue                The Nature of Science             Note Packet #1




 16. Does size affect density of an object?
 •You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces.
 •Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore
 each small piece will have the same density as the original large one.




 17. Let review some crucial relationships!!!

 •Temp.                Volume           Density
 •Temp.                Volume           Density
 •Pressure             Volume           Density
 •Pressure             Volume           Density

                   You must understand and know these by heart!!!

                                                                           Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue             The Nature of Science               Note Packet #1

                                   18. Graphing:

 •Direct Relationship:                   •Inverse Relationship: Variables
 both variables “move in the same        “move in opposite directions”. One
 direction” They both increase or both   variable goes up and the other goes
 decrease.                               down.




 •Constant Variable:                           •Parabola:
 One variable changes, but the other remains   As one variable increases, the
 the same.                                     other increases and then
                                               decreases.




                          19. More on charts and Graphs:




                                                                           Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue   The Nature of Science   Note Packet #1




                         20. Change:




                                                   Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue               The Nature of Science              Note Packet #1

•When something observed is different from when it was last observed

 Frames of reference to study change:                    Rate of Change:

 •What has caused the change?                •How fast did the change happen?
 •Time and Space.
 •An example is: The Earth’s moon            How much a measurable aspect of the
 changes because we observe it in            environment, called a field, is altered
 different locations in the sky and in       over a given amount of time – years,
 different phases at different times         hours, or seconds.
 during a month.
                                             Formula:
                                             Rate of = ________________
                                             Change

                                             •Formula is on p. 1 in ESRT
                                             “Change in Field Value” is the difference
                                             in what you are measuring.


               Cyclic Change                            Non-cyclic Changes:

 •Changes that repeat over and over in a     •Changes that do not repeat at all or do
 known period of time.                       not repeat in a known period of time.
 •Examples are: seasons, sun motions,
 moon and tides                              •Some examples are: Earthquakes and
 •Most changes are cyclic and they are       Hurricanes.
 very good to use when we are trying to
 make predictions
 Cyclic: repeats at known intervals




                                    21. Interfaces:

                                                                              Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue                The Nature of Science                Note Packet #1

•Changes cannot take place unless there is a flow of energy from one location, which
loses its energy, to another location, which gains the energy.
•The energy flows across a boundary where the two materials or systems meet.
•This boundary is known as the INTERFACE


           Sharp Interface:                        Diffuse Interface:
 •These interfaces are very easy to       •Some interfaces are not easy to see.
 locate.
 •An example of an sharp interface        •An example is the boundary between
 is the line where a wall meets the       the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific
 floor.                                   Ocean.




                               22. Dynamic Equilibrium:
•Sometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science
test grades: some high, some low, but they even out.

•This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
                                                               Pollution:
                                                •When the amount of ANY substance,
•Our natural environment is normally in a
                                                found ANYWHERE, becomes high
state of dynamic equilibrium, but this
                                                enough to affect people, their
balance can be upset. It is easy to
                                                properties, or plant or animal life.
temporarily upset this balance, especially
on a small, local scale as can happen just in
the town of Long Beach.

Unfortunately, human activities tend to
cause permanent disruptions, especially
when we pollute …



                                 23. How to make a graph

                                                                                  Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue              The Nature of Science                  Note Packet #1

                   It's probably better to do a graph in pencil first, then in pen.

 1.         1. Collect your data. After you have it all in one place, you should have one
    independent variable (like time) and one dependent variable (like something you measure
    as a function of time). Here are some points we will use as an example; we've measured
    position of a ball as a function of time:
                                    2.       time (s) position (cm)
                                         3.        1       3.0
                                         4.        2       3.4
                                         5.        3       4.8
                                         6.        4       5.0
                                         7.        5       5.3
                                                8.
 9.         2. Determine the range of your data. In order to determine how big a graph to
    make, we need to determine how much the numbers vary. In this case, time varies from 1
    to 5 seconds, and position varies from 3.0 to 5.3 cm. We have to make sure that there is
    enough space on the graph to fit all the data.
10.         3.The independent variable (time, in this case) will go on the x-axis (the one
    parallel to the bottom of the page), and the dependent variable (position, in this case)
    will go on the y-axis (parallel to the left hand side of the page). So, draw axes that are
    big enough for all the data.
11.         4. Give your graph a Title. Titles of graphs are usually "Y versus X"; so in this
    case, our title is "Position versus Time." (NOT position divided by time, or position minus
    time.)
12.         5. Label your graph and your axes. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! When
    presented with your graph, other people should be able to figure out what is plotted
    without asking you.
13.         6. Labels on the axes must have units! So, in this case, the label on the x axis
    (the one on the bottom) should be "Time (seconds)" and the label on the y axis (the one
    on the left) should be "Position (centimeters)."
14.         7.Remember to write the numbers on the graph, too. The numbers should be
    evenly and logically spaced - what I mean by this is the following: for our position data
    here, the y-axis should be marked off in increments like (1,2,3,4,5,6) or (2,4,6,8), NOT
    (1.3, 2.6, 4.8,...) or anything else weird.
            8. Plot your data. Now, go ahead and place your data points on the graph. Make
    them big enough to be seen, but not big enough to look like you were eating pizza while
    making your graph.
            9. Draw a "line of best fit." THIS DOES NOT MEAN CONNECT THE DOTS!

                                                                                      Page #___
Unit 1: Prologue               The Nature of Science                 Note Packet #1

Only rarely will a graph need to have the data points connected by a jagged line. Usually,
it is best to guess at a (straight) line that goes as near as possible to as many points as
possible. (See example.) THE ORIGIN IS NOT ALWAYS INCLUDED AS A POINT! And,
sometimes there will be a LOT of scatter and it might not be clear where a line should
go. Now you're done with your graph, but you're not finished yet.
        10. Think about what your graph means. What type of relationship do the
variables have?




                                                                                Page #___

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Grade 8: senior Phase Geography - The Globe
Grade 8: senior Phase Geography - The GlobeGrade 8: senior Phase Geography - The Globe
Grade 8: senior Phase Geography - The GlobeLebo Tlhoaele
 
Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4
Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4
Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4guestf56644d
 
Social science projects
Social science projectsSocial science projects
Social science projects3esobil
 
Steps To Conduct A Science Project
Steps To Conduct A Science ProjectSteps To Conduct A Science Project
Steps To Conduct A Science ProjectWong Li Wen
 
How does temperature affect air movement
How does temperature affect air  movementHow does temperature affect air  movement
How does temperature affect air movementantrese
 
Contours and geographical skills
Contours and geographical skillsContours and geographical skills
Contours and geographical skillslavenderbongo
 
Air pressure and Wind
Air pressure and WindAir pressure and Wind
Air pressure and Windhschiesher
 
Hjulstrom Curve Notes
Hjulstrom Curve NotesHjulstrom Curve Notes
Hjulstrom Curve NotesMalia Damit
 
Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)
Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)
Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)Ar Vandana Talikoti
 
Geography PPT lesson
Geography PPT lessonGeography PPT lesson
Geography PPT lessonDMN072812
 
Sea animals
Sea animals Sea animals
Sea animals Trish H
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Geologic History Powerpoint Notes
Geologic History Powerpoint NotesGeologic History Powerpoint Notes
Geologic History Powerpoint Notes
 
Total Weather (in progress)
Total Weather (in progress)Total Weather (in progress)
Total Weather (in progress)
 
Welcome to Regents Earth Science
Welcome to Regents Earth ScienceWelcome to Regents Earth Science
Welcome to Regents Earth Science
 
Grade 8: senior Phase Geography - The Globe
Grade 8: senior Phase Geography - The GlobeGrade 8: senior Phase Geography - The Globe
Grade 8: senior Phase Geography - The Globe
 
Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4
Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4
Steven Gill Powerpoint Cv, V4
 
Geologic Time
Geologic TimeGeologic Time
Geologic Time
 
Social science projects
Social science projectsSocial science projects
Social science projects
 
Steps To Conduct A Science Project
Steps To Conduct A Science ProjectSteps To Conduct A Science Project
Steps To Conduct A Science Project
 
How does temperature affect air movement
How does temperature affect air  movementHow does temperature affect air  movement
How does temperature affect air movement
 
Apparent Motion Ditto
Apparent Motion DittoApparent Motion Ditto
Apparent Motion Ditto
 
Contours and geographical skills
Contours and geographical skillsContours and geographical skills
Contours and geographical skills
 
Mrs. Wayne's Class Animal PowerPoints
Mrs. Wayne's Class Animal PowerPointsMrs. Wayne's Class Animal PowerPoints
Mrs. Wayne's Class Animal PowerPoints
 
Profile Practice worksheet
Profile Practice worksheetProfile Practice worksheet
Profile Practice worksheet
 
Air pressure and Wind
Air pressure and WindAir pressure and Wind
Air pressure and Wind
 
Hjulstrom Curve Notes
Hjulstrom Curve NotesHjulstrom Curve Notes
Hjulstrom Curve Notes
 
Moon Do Now
Moon Do NowMoon Do Now
Moon Do Now
 
Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)
Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)
Landscape (drainage and drainage pattern)
 
Geography PPT lesson
Geography PPT lessonGeography PPT lesson
Geography PPT lesson
 
Earth's dimensions
Earth's dimensions Earth's dimensions
Earth's dimensions
 
Sea animals
Sea animals Sea animals
Sea animals
 

Similar to Prologue np1 2012

Honors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power Point
Honors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power PointHonors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power Point
Honors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power PointWest Hollow MS Ms. Gill
 
Collision theory student guide
Collision theory student guideCollision theory student guide
Collision theory student guideMaria Donohue
 
Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02
Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02
Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02stephaniejograff
 
1. introduction to physics
1. introduction to physics1. introduction to physics
1. introduction to physicsEllen Koh
 
Measuring packet
Measuring packetMeasuring packet
Measuring packetMrs. Henley
 
Research On Density Essay
Research On Density EssayResearch On Density Essay
Research On Density EssayJean Arnett
 
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docxLab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docxsmile790243
 
Newton's first law of motion activities
Newton's first law of motion activitiesNewton's first law of motion activities
Newton's first law of motion activitiesSilpakorn University
 
3 term final review for evaluation 4 th
3 term final review for evaluation 4 th3 term final review for evaluation 4 th
3 term final review for evaluation 4 thJaime Pena
 
2014 15 unit 1
2014 15 unit 12014 15 unit 1
2014 15 unit 1prattgms
 
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docxLab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docxDIPESH30
 
Ap chemistry notes chapter 1
Ap chemistry notes   chapter 1Ap chemistry notes   chapter 1
Ap chemistry notes chapter 1Sherri Mazzone
 
Base unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.ppt
Base unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.pptBase unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.ppt
Base unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.pptSanaSheikh51
 
Exercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group Nu
Exercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group NuExercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group Nu
Exercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group NuBetseyCalderon89
 

Similar to Prologue np1 2012 (20)

Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)
Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)
Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)
 
Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)
Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)
Prologue Note Packet 1 Handout (Blue)
 
Prologue np1
Prologue np1Prologue np1
Prologue np1
 
Prologue Note Packet 1 Sci 8
Prologue Note Packet 1 Sci 8Prologue Note Packet 1 Sci 8
Prologue Note Packet 1 Sci 8
 
Honors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power Point
Honors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power PointHonors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power Point
Honors ES Prologue Note Packet 1 Power Point
 
Prologue Note Packet 1 Powerpoint
Prologue Note Packet 1 PowerpointPrologue Note Packet 1 Powerpoint
Prologue Note Packet 1 Powerpoint
 
Collision theory student guide
Collision theory student guideCollision theory student guide
Collision theory student guide
 
Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02
Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02
Measurepacketbville 100929153103-phpapp02
 
1. introduction to physics
1. introduction to physics1. introduction to physics
1. introduction to physics
 
Measuring packet
Measuring packetMeasuring packet
Measuring packet
 
BIOLOGY SI UNITS LAB
BIOLOGY SI UNITS LABBIOLOGY SI UNITS LAB
BIOLOGY SI UNITS LAB
 
Research On Density Essay
Research On Density EssayResearch On Density Essay
Research On Density Essay
 
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docxLab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docx
 
Newton's first law of motion activities
Newton's first law of motion activitiesNewton's first law of motion activities
Newton's first law of motion activities
 
3 term final review for evaluation 4 th
3 term final review for evaluation 4 th3 term final review for evaluation 4 th
3 term final review for evaluation 4 th
 
2014 15 unit 1
2014 15 unit 12014 15 unit 1
2014 15 unit 1
 
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docxLab 1  Measurement  Accuracy and Precision  Lab Materi.docx
Lab 1 Measurement Accuracy and Precision Lab Materi.docx
 
Ap chemistry notes chapter 1
Ap chemistry notes   chapter 1Ap chemistry notes   chapter 1
Ap chemistry notes chapter 1
 
Base unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.ppt
Base unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.pptBase unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.ppt
Base unit and Derived units, Volume and Density.ppt
 
Exercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group Nu
Exercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group NuExercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group Nu
Exercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group Nu
 

More from West Hollow MS Ms. Gill (20)

Geologic History Note Packet
Geologic History Note PacketGeologic History Note Packet
Geologic History Note Packet
 
Earthquakes final
Earthquakes finalEarthquakes final
Earthquakes final
 
Dynamic earth np1
Dynamic earth np1Dynamic earth np1
Dynamic earth np1
 
Earthquakes final
Earthquakes finalEarthquakes final
Earthquakes final
 
Plates ex2
Plates ex2Plates ex2
Plates ex2
 
Plates Lab
Plates LabPlates Lab
Plates Lab
 
Oceans and Basin Do Now
Oceans and Basin Do NowOceans and Basin Do Now
Oceans and Basin Do Now
 
Pangaea lab
Pangaea labPangaea lab
Pangaea lab
 
Ocean bottom profiles
Ocean bottom profilesOcean bottom profiles
Ocean bottom profiles
 
Global Tectonic Plates HW
Global Tectonic Plates HWGlobal Tectonic Plates HW
Global Tectonic Plates HW
 
Earths Interior Questions HW
Earths Interior Questions HWEarths Interior Questions HW
Earths Interior Questions HW
 
Dynamic Earth Note Packet
Dynamic Earth Note PacketDynamic Earth Note Packet
Dynamic Earth Note Packet
 
Dynamic Earth
Dynamic EarthDynamic Earth
Dynamic Earth
 
Earths dimension sci 8 ppt np1
Earths dimension sci 8 ppt np1Earths dimension sci 8 ppt np1
Earths dimension sci 8 ppt np1
 
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
 
Igneous Rocks
Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks
 
Sedimentary rocks of the esrt
Sedimentary rocks of the esrtSedimentary rocks of the esrt
Sedimentary rocks of the esrt
 
Np complete
Np completeNp complete
Np complete
 
Sedimentary
SedimentarySedimentary
Sedimentary
 
Sedimentary rocks of the esrt
Sedimentary rocks of the esrtSedimentary rocks of the esrt
Sedimentary rocks of the esrt
 

Recently uploaded

Outage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedIn
Outage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedInOutage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedIn
Outage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedInThousandEyes
 
TrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie World
TrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie WorldTrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie World
TrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie WorldTrustArc
 
Novo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4j
Novo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4jNovo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4j
Novo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4jNeo4j
 
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfKey Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
 
Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)
Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)
Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)Muhammad Tiham Siddiqui
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2DianaGray10
 
March Patch Tuesday
March Patch TuesdayMarch Patch Tuesday
March Patch TuesdayIvanti
 
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...DianaGray10
 
The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)
The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)
The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)IES VE
 
.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptx
.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptx.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptx
.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptxHansamali Gamage
 
Extra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdf
Extra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdfExtra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdf
Extra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdfInfopole1
 
Planetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile Brochure
Planetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile BrochurePlanetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile Brochure
Planetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile BrochurePlanetek Italia Srl
 
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0DanBrown980551
 
Patch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 update
Patch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 updatePatch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 update
Patch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 updateadam112203
 
Scenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenarios
Scenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenariosScenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenarios
Scenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenariosErol GIRAUDY
 
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced ComputingIT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced ComputingMAGNIntelligence
 
CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024
CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024
CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024Brian Pichman
 
2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf
2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf
2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdfThe Good Food Institute
 
Top 10 Squarespace Development Companies
Top 10 Squarespace Development CompaniesTop 10 Squarespace Development Companies
Top 10 Squarespace Development CompaniesTopCSSGallery
 
The Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and Insight
The Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and InsightThe Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and Insight
The Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and InsightSafe Software
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Outage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedIn
Outage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedInOutage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedIn
Outage Analysis: March 5th/6th 2024 Meta, Comcast, and LinkedIn
 
TrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie World
TrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie WorldTrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie World
TrustArc Webinar - How to Live in a Post Third-Party Cookie World
 
Novo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4j
Novo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4jNovo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4j
Novo Nordisk's journey in developing an open-source application on Neo4j
 
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfKey Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
 
Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)
Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)
Trailblazer Community - Flows Workshop (Session 2)
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
 
March Patch Tuesday
March Patch TuesdayMarch Patch Tuesday
March Patch Tuesday
 
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
 
The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)
The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)
The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (English)
 
.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptx
.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptx.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptx
.NET 8 ChatBot with Azure OpenAI Services.pptx
 
Extra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdf
Extra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdfExtra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdf
Extra-120324-Visite-Entreprise-icare.pdf
 
Planetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile Brochure
Planetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile BrochurePlanetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile Brochure
Planetek Italia Srl - Corporate Profile Brochure
 
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
 
Patch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 update
Patch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 updatePatch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 update
Patch notes explaining DISARM Version 1.4 update
 
Scenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenarios
Scenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenariosScenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenarios
Scenario Library et REX Discover industry- and role- based scenarios
 
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced ComputingIT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
 
CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024
CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024
CyberSecurity - Computers In Libraries 2024
 
2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf
2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf
2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf
 
Top 10 Squarespace Development Companies
Top 10 Squarespace Development CompaniesTop 10 Squarespace Development Companies
Top 10 Squarespace Development Companies
 
The Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and Insight
The Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and InsightThe Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and Insight
The Zero-ETL Approach: Enhancing Data Agility and Insight
 

Prologue np1 2012

  • 1. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science When it comes to looking at life, I always tend to round up, but in Science I know to simply flow directions and the rounding procedure! P.S. My name is Elle Regents Earth Science Ms. Gill Note Packet #1 Name:_______________________ Per:____ Date: ________
  • 2. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 Vocabulary: Area Bar Graph Change Cyclic Change Classification Constant Variable Convection Current Density Direct Relationship Dynamic Equilibrium Fluid Displacement Inertia Inference Interfaces Inverse Relationship Length Mass Matter Measurement Meniscus Metric System Non-cyclic Change Observation Parabola Phases of Matter Percent Deviation Pie Graph Prediction Pressure Rate of Change Rounding Temperature Volume Page #___
  • 3. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 1. An observation is: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything that is happening around you, paying close attention to detail. Examples: i. The rock is smooth and round. ii. Our Classroom has only one blackboard. iii. Make an observation: ____________________________________________ 2. An inference is __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ In other words, when you infer, you form a conclusion based on something you ____________________. Examples: i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water. ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail, he must be happy. iii. Make an inference: ______________________________________________ 3. A prediction is: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Examples: i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream. ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow. 4. Classification: _________________________________________________ We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common characteristics. Page #___
  • 4. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 5. Measurements: The purpose of this guide is to guide you through converting units in the metric system! a. What are some measurable properties? __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ b. How do we make measurements? •Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and telescopes c. The Metric System & Unit Conversion: The fundamental units of the metric system are: For Mass ______________________ For Length ______________________ For Liquid Volume __________________ By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller units.) _________ _________ _________ basic unit ________ ________ _________ You can remember this by the following sentence. __________ ________ _________ _______ ________ ________ _________ To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction. Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___ How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter (m)? ___________ How many millimeters (mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there are 100 cm in a meter and 10 mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________ Page #___
  • 5. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below! Length Mass Liquid Volume meter__________ gram__________ liter__________ millimeter_______ milligram______ milliliter______ centimeter______ -------------- -------------kilometer_______ kilogram_______ kiloliter________ Let’s practice some unit conversions now! Convert the following! 1. 10 mm= ________________ cm 2. 1 km = ________________ m 3. 1000 ml = ________________ L 4. 12 g = ________________ kg 6. Rounding: The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values: 2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1 Rounding Procedure: Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky. Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss. Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value. Here is a rhyme to help you remember: “Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove” For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3 Page #___
  • 6. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 Practice: Round to the nearest Round to the nearest Round to the nearest tenth: hundredth: ones: 1) 29.45: _______ 4) 0.745: ________ 7) 30.19: __________ 2) 711.319: ________ 5) 1.67234: _______ 8) 8,799.99: ________ 3) 9.999: _________ 6) 10.4637: _______ 9) 2.94: __________ 7. Scientific Notation Scientific notation is simply a method for expressing, and working with, very large or very small numbers. It is a short hand method for writing numbers, and an easy method for calculations. Numbers in scientific notation are made up of three parts: the coefficient, the base and the exponent. Observe the example below: 5 5.67 x 10 This is the scientific notation for the standard number: 567,000 In order for a number to be in correct scientific notation, the following conditions must be true: 1. The coefficient must be greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10. 2. The base must be 10. 3. The exponent must show the number of decimal places that the decimal needs to be moved to change the number to standard notation. A negative exponent means that the decimal is moved to the left when changing to standard notation Practice: Convert into Scientific Notation Convert out of Scientific Notation 4,600,000,000.0: _______________ 3.01 x 107: _______________ 5,700: ________________ 23.782 x 104: ________________ 678,900,000: __________________ 1.0x 1015: __________________ Page #___
  • 7. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 8. Mass : __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ •It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of atoms in it. a. How do we measure mass? Can we count the atoms one by one? Nope!!! Instead we use a triple beam balance that gives us a value usually in grams. b. Is Weight the same as Mass? Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an object on the Earth. Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the moon. You would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the scale, even though your mass did not change. To play with an interactive virtual triple beam balance like we did in class go to: http://www.touchspin.com/chem/DisplayTBB.html To find out your weight on other planets and moons visit this site: http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/ 9. Temperature: Page #___
  • 8. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of matter the hotter it is. Let’s model this with our hands! There are 3 different systems to measure temperature: 1) English Units: Fahrenheit Degrees (F°) 2) Metric Units: Celsius Degrees (°C) 3) Kelvin Units (K) Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin Water Freezes Water Boils Absolute zero 10. States of matter What variable determines the 3 states of Matter? ________________________ The three phases of Matter are: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ See page 13 in your ESRT!!! 11. Area: Page #___
  • 9. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Formula for Area= L x W L: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters, centimeters or millimeters. W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object. Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2 Lets practice finding the area! Always follow these Steps: Step 3: Plug inStepnumbers, the formula the 1: Write WITH UNITS.Example: Area = L x W Example: A=4mm x 2mm Step 2: List all the variables Step 4: Calculate WITHthe unknown, WITH UNITS. including UNITS. Example:Example: 2 = 4mm W= 2mm A= ? A= 8mmL 7 cm 4m 9m Step 1:__________________ Step cm 7 1:__________________ Step 2: _________________ Step 2: _________________ Step 3: _________________ Step 3: _________________ Step 4:__________________ Step 4:__________________ 12. Page #___
  • 10. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 Volume: -The amount of _______ an object takes up! Meniscus: 73 mL -For solid cubes and boxes Volume is equal to: ____________. Depending on the size of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3. -But for liquids, volume is measured in _________ using a beaker or graduated cylinder. 1. Read it at eye level 2. Fluid Displacement Factors that affect Volume: You must read the meniscus to obtain an accurate 1) Temperature result. Due to cohesionis easier to measure of fluids, the •It (sticky) properties irregular Heating a material will cause it to expand of the fluid touching the glass willfluid edges and shaped objects using slightly rise. take up more space because the molecules need displacement. more room to move around. Therefore increasing temperature will increase volume. _________________  In order to measure Cooling a material will result in the opposite. this irregularly shaped rock you So decreasing temperature will decrease would drop it in a beaker filled volume. ____________________ with water and measure the Think about how your rings fit in the winter… change in volume. they seem to be bigger! 2) Pressure: Increasing pressure will force molecules closer together there by decreasing volume. ______________________ Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to spread out and take up more space thereby increasing volume. _________________ Let’s model this with a sponge. There are rules to reading beaker or graduated cylinder: Page #___
  • 11. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 13. Density: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ • It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are. If they are packed tightly, the density is high. •The unit for measuring density is grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³ •Density = Mass Volume So how do you solve a math problem in science class using a formula? Step 1: Write the formula Example: Density = Mass/Volume or D=M/V Step 2: List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: D=? M = 38.0g V = 12.0cm3 Step 3: Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS. Example: D=38.0g/12.0cm3 Step 4: Calculate WITH UNITS. Page #___
  • 12. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 Example: D=3.2g/cm3 Example: If an object has a mass of 13.4 grams and a volume 5.7 cm3 what is the density? Write out each step next to the corresponding number 1. 3. 2. 4. 14. More on Density: •Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify that material at room temperature. •For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1 gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml. •Solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density. -Fluids tend to layer based on their density, Factors that affect Density with less dense fluid on top of more dense A. Temperature: fluid. Can you think of any examples? •Cooling a material causes its ____________________________ molecules to move closer together, making its volume decrease and Let’s check out this video: causing its density to increase. •http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/compo ___________________ nents/docmgr/default.php? •Heating a material causes its molecules to move apart making its volume increase and causing the density to decrease. ___________________ •Note that Mass is staying the same!!! B. Pressure: •Increasing the pressure (squeeze) on a material causes its molecules to get pushed closer together, decreasing the volume, making the density increase. __________________ •Decreasing the pressure causes the opposite effect, since molecules move Page #___ further apart, it becomes less dense. •Again, note mass remains the same! ______________________________________________
  • 13. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 sectiondetailid=17500&fileitem=4738&catfilter=445 15. Density at Different Phases Why does density matter? If a warm gust of wind meets cold air, •As a material is heated, it changes from will the warm air go above or below the solid to liquid. cold air? •Since hot air is less dense it will rise! • More heat changes the liquid to gas. •And Cold air sinks because it is denser The molecules move farther apart, so than warm air the volume increases, causing the •A similar process happens when density to decrease. you boil water  General Rule of Thumb: Solids are most dense, gases are least dense The ONLY exception to this rule is water!!! •As water cools, its volume decreases until it reaches 4° C. This rising and sinking of fluids due to • As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually density and temperature differences is increases, so it becomes less dense again. called _________________________. We will touch upon this concept many •Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid. times through out the year. •This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you will meet him in Chemistry •Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than water, so ice floats!! •Water is the only material whose solid form will float in its liquid form. •This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes first. Page #___
  • 14. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 16. Does size affect density of an object? •You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces. •Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore each small piece will have the same density as the original large one. 17. Let review some crucial relationships!!! •Temp. Volume Density •Temp. Volume Density •Pressure Volume Density •Pressure Volume Density You must understand and know these by heart!!! Page #___
  • 15. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 18. Graphing: •Direct Relationship: •Inverse Relationship: Variables both variables “move in the same “move in opposite directions”. One direction” They both increase or both variable goes up and the other goes decrease. down. •Constant Variable: •Parabola: One variable changes, but the other remains As one variable increases, the the same. other increases and then decreases. 19. More on charts and Graphs: Page #___
  • 16. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 20. Change: Page #___
  • 17. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 •When something observed is different from when it was last observed Frames of reference to study change: Rate of Change: •What has caused the change? •How fast did the change happen? •Time and Space. •An example is: The Earth’s moon How much a measurable aspect of the changes because we observe it in environment, called a field, is altered different locations in the sky and in over a given amount of time – years, different phases at different times hours, or seconds. during a month. Formula: Rate of = ________________ Change •Formula is on p. 1 in ESRT “Change in Field Value” is the difference in what you are measuring. Cyclic Change Non-cyclic Changes: •Changes that repeat over and over in a •Changes that do not repeat at all or do known period of time. not repeat in a known period of time. •Examples are: seasons, sun motions, moon and tides •Some examples are: Earthquakes and •Most changes are cyclic and they are Hurricanes. very good to use when we are trying to make predictions Cyclic: repeats at known intervals 21. Interfaces: Page #___
  • 18. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 •Changes cannot take place unless there is a flow of energy from one location, which loses its energy, to another location, which gains the energy. •The energy flows across a boundary where the two materials or systems meet. •This boundary is known as the INTERFACE Sharp Interface: Diffuse Interface: •These interfaces are very easy to •Some interfaces are not easy to see. locate. •An example of an sharp interface •An example is the boundary between is the line where a wall meets the the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific floor. Ocean. 22. Dynamic Equilibrium: •Sometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science test grades: some high, some low, but they even out. •This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Pollution: •When the amount of ANY substance, •Our natural environment is normally in a found ANYWHERE, becomes high state of dynamic equilibrium, but this enough to affect people, their balance can be upset. It is easy to properties, or plant or animal life. temporarily upset this balance, especially on a small, local scale as can happen just in the town of Long Beach. Unfortunately, human activities tend to cause permanent disruptions, especially when we pollute … 23. How to make a graph Page #___
  • 19. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 It's probably better to do a graph in pencil first, then in pen. 1. 1. Collect your data. After you have it all in one place, you should have one independent variable (like time) and one dependent variable (like something you measure as a function of time). Here are some points we will use as an example; we've measured position of a ball as a function of time: 2. time (s) position (cm) 3. 1 3.0 4. 2 3.4 5. 3 4.8 6. 4 5.0 7. 5 5.3 8. 9. 2. Determine the range of your data. In order to determine how big a graph to make, we need to determine how much the numbers vary. In this case, time varies from 1 to 5 seconds, and position varies from 3.0 to 5.3 cm. We have to make sure that there is enough space on the graph to fit all the data. 10. 3.The independent variable (time, in this case) will go on the x-axis (the one parallel to the bottom of the page), and the dependent variable (position, in this case) will go on the y-axis (parallel to the left hand side of the page). So, draw axes that are big enough for all the data. 11. 4. Give your graph a Title. Titles of graphs are usually "Y versus X"; so in this case, our title is "Position versus Time." (NOT position divided by time, or position minus time.) 12. 5. Label your graph and your axes. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! When presented with your graph, other people should be able to figure out what is plotted without asking you. 13. 6. Labels on the axes must have units! So, in this case, the label on the x axis (the one on the bottom) should be "Time (seconds)" and the label on the y axis (the one on the left) should be "Position (centimeters)." 14. 7.Remember to write the numbers on the graph, too. The numbers should be evenly and logically spaced - what I mean by this is the following: for our position data here, the y-axis should be marked off in increments like (1,2,3,4,5,6) or (2,4,6,8), NOT (1.3, 2.6, 4.8,...) or anything else weird. 8. Plot your data. Now, go ahead and place your data points on the graph. Make them big enough to be seen, but not big enough to look like you were eating pizza while making your graph. 9. Draw a "line of best fit." THIS DOES NOT MEAN CONNECT THE DOTS! Page #___
  • 20. Unit 1: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1 Only rarely will a graph need to have the data points connected by a jagged line. Usually, it is best to guess at a (straight) line that goes as near as possible to as many points as possible. (See example.) THE ORIGIN IS NOT ALWAYS INCLUDED AS A POINT! And, sometimes there will be a LOT of scatter and it might not be clear where a line should go. Now you're done with your graph, but you're not finished yet. 10. Think about what your graph means. What type of relationship do the variables have? Page #___