Explores the different types of terrorism, goals, motivations and statistics.

1. Terrorism

2. What is Terrorism? No accepted definition. Dictionary: the use of force or threats to demoralize, intimidate and subjugate, especially as a political weapon Civilians as victims only? innocent civilians in Israel and US do not exist-Bin Laden) Tactic Goals vary by group

3. Types of Terrorism Domestic International Religious/Apocalyptic, Political, Social, Environmental, leftist/fundamentalist

4. Types of Political Terrorism National Separatist: cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial separation from the larger group, often with demands for independence or autonomy

5. Religious/ Apocalyptic Terrorism Killing in the Name of God; Often political undertones. Al-Qaeda? Abortion Clinic Bombers Suicide Bombers? AumShinrikyo

6. Environmental Terrorism Earth Liberation Front: acts of terrorism, violence or sabotage committed in support of ecological, environmental, or animal rights. Common Tactic: Arson, Robbery, Tree Spiking, bombing Recent example: Discovery Channel Hostage taking More common in developed world

7. Leftist Terrorism Maoists in Nepal, East India. Marxists (Shining Path) Techniques generally include: kidnapping, bombing, guerilla warfare

8. Perpetrators of Terror Lone Wolf vs. Sophisticated Group

9. Why? Varies substantially depending on group and region Suggested Theories: Poverty Regime Type Inequality Revenge Lack of Education Religiously Motivated Anger

10. Poverty and lack of education? In international terrorism perpetrators and leaders generally very educated and from a privileged background: 9/11 Hijackers, London Bombers, ‘Underwear bomber’. Domestic Terrorism: Often poor and uneducated; no other path

11. Sex and Money? Lures young men with raging hormones Promise of Houri’s Palestinian/Pakistani groups recruit poor children, offer money and heaven.

12. Revenge In interviews with Palestinian ‘failed suicide bombers’, almost all reported being upset that family members had been killed or incarcerated by Israeli’s.

13. Regime Type Positive correlation between democracy and terrorism Why? Open media Opportunity Civil Liberties Persecution/Rule by Iron Fist in Authoritarian Regimes

14. Goals Fear (most Groups i.e Greek Anarchists, ELF/ALF, ) Media Coverage (Almost all groups) Martyrdom (National Hero) As many deaths as possible (new phenomena; Al Qaeda, Shining Path, Tamil Tigers)

15. Total number of Terrorist Attacks 87,710 Total Attacks 44,715(0 victims) 32,140 (1-10 victims) 3,613 (11-50 victims) 288 (51-100 victims) 112 (101+ victims)

16. Regions with Most Attacks South America (17266) Middle East/North Africa (15346) Western Europe (14474) South Asia (13072) Central America (10539) Sub-Saharan Africa (5825) Southeast Asia (4938)

17. States with most attacks (1970-2007) Colombia (7004) Peru (6082) El Salvador (5347) India (5178) Ireland (3975) Spain (3224) Pakistan (3209) Turkey (2776) Sri Lanka (2498)

18. States with Deadliest Attacks (Over 100 killed in a single attack) Nicaragua (12) El Salvador (10) Burundi (7) Sri Lanka (6) Rwanda (6) Russia (4) Nepal (4) Angola (4) Ethiopia (3)

19. Pape: Strategic Logic of Terrorism Main points: World leader in suicide terrorism is LTTE 180 suicide terrorist attacks from 1980-2001 Why? Because it works; no internment Most common goal: withdrawal of military forces in land; independence