Neonatal

Birth & Being a Newborn

Birth
Birth Hormones
Corticotrophic-releasing Hormone
A stress hormone. It triggers the release of other hormones.
Oxytocin
An attachment hormone. Begins uterine contractions.
Endorphins
Pleasure hormones. Help in some of the pain.
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
The catecholamines. They activate the sympathetic nervous system.
Prolactin
Involved in submission or surrender. Triggers the ability to breastfeed.

The Stages of Labor
First Stage: Longest stage. Uterine contractions occur every 8 – 10 minutes and last about 30 seconds.
Second Stage: Lasts about 90 minutes. The head emerges & with each contraction the vaginal opening increases in size.
Third Stage: Umbilical cord & placenta are expelled from the mother.

The Neonate
Birth
Occurs when the fetus emerges from the mother’s body
Checking the Neonate’s Health
Apgar scale
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, & Respiration,
Assessing reflexes
N eonatal B ehavioral A ssessment S cale (NBAS)
18 item test to evaluate 4 systems: autonomic, motor, state, & social

Bonding
Close Physical & Emotional Contact Between an Infant & the Mother
Controversial theory
Seen as important to form a lasting relationship
Neonates need to be touched & massaged after birth

Approaches to Childbirth
LaMaze
Weekly training sessions to teach relaxation & breathing
Natural Childbirth
Birth without drugs or surgery; involves coaching & classes
LeBoyer
Birth without violence
Caesarian Section
Medical procedure; generally used in problem births

Preterm Infants
Born Prior to 38 weeks
At high risk for illness or death
Low-birthweight
Weighing less than 5 ½ pounds
Small-for-gestational-age
Weigh less than 90% of the average
Causes
About ½ unexplained
Stress on the mother’s reproductive system
Father’s age
Mother’s general health

Infant Mortality
Death in the 1 st Year After Birth
1 in 100 births is stillbirth
African American babies 2X more likely to die than Caucasian
Infant mortality rate in U.S. very high for a developed country
High rate of preterm & low- birthweight babies
High rate of poverty
Prenatal services not as good as other countries

Postpartum Depression
Deep Depression following Childbirth
10% of mothers
1 in 500 have the worst symptoms
Who?
Those clinically depressed before
Those with family members who were depressed
Those unprepared for the emotional upheavals after a birth

What the Neonate Can Do
Reflexes
Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that assist in life outside the womb.
Senses
Vision is not fully developed.
Hearing, touch, smell, & taste well-developed.

What the Neonate Can Do
Learning Capabilities
Classical Conditioning
Is operating from birth
Operant Conditioning
Acting deliberately on the environment
Crying brings attention
Habituation
A decrease in response to a stimulus
Linked to physical & cognitive maturation
Present at birth & becomes more pronounced over the 1 st 12 weeks
Responding to Others
Imitation
Infants imitate others’ expressions
This is the foundation for social interaction
States of Arousal
Regularization of sleep/wakefulness cycles
With caregivers seeking to assist in the regularization of cycles social interaction is promoted
Speech by the caregivers aids social interaction

Neonatal

by Alex Holub

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Neonatal

by Alex Holub

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Neonatal Presentation Transcript

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