Motivation and Emotion

What is Motivation? A general term describing need & instinct regulated behavior with respect to goals. A presumed internal state causing a “move-toward.” It is a preferential process that affects change in your equilibrium both physiological and psychological. Motivation determines that you will engage in certain responses and ignore others that are possible. Motivated behavior is any behavior that is energized in an organized fashion to satisfy a need or gain a goal. A motive is anything that will move you to action. An incentive is a physical object that can be used to motivate you.

A general term describing need & instinct regulated behavior with respect to goals.

A presumed internal state causing a “move-toward.”

It is a preferential process that affects change in your equilibrium both physiological and psychological.

Motivation determines that you will engage in certain responses and ignore others that are possible.

Motivated behavior is any behavior that is energized in an organized fashion to satisfy a need or gain a goal.

A motive is anything that will move you to action.

An incentive is a physical object that can be used to motivate you.

What is an Instinct? An inherited behavior pattern in response to an environmental stimulus. It is a genetically programmed behavior pattern designed for survival in a particular environment.

An inherited behavior pattern in response to an environmental stimulus.

It is a genetically programmed behavior pattern designed for survival in a particular environment.

When Instinct overcomes a Basic Need

Theories of Motivation Drive Reduction Theory Homeostatic Drives for Physiological Harmony Specific Drives to Satisfy Needs NEED » DRIVE » BEHAVIOR » SATISFACTION » HOMEOSTASIS Primary & Secondary Drives Optimum Level of Arousal Drives seek the Highest Physiological Arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law Expectancy Theory Refers to Goals & their Expected Consequences

Drive Reduction Theory

Homeostatic Drives for Physiological Harmony

Specific Drives to Satisfy Needs

NEED » DRIVE » BEHAVIOR »

SATISFACTION » HOMEOSTASIS

Primary & Secondary Drives

Optimum Level of Arousal

Drives seek the Highest Physiological Arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Expectancy Theory

Refers to Goals & their Expected Consequences

Primary Drives - Hunger The Hypothalamus Monitors Glucose Hunger Detectors “ Hunger center,” “Satiation center,” “Swallow counter,” “Stretch-nerves” Problems with Eating Cultural differences Obesity Anorexia & Bulimia Weight Loss Set-point theory & Metabolism

The Hypothalamus

Monitors Glucose

Hunger Detectors

“ Hunger center,” “Satiation center,” “Swallow counter,” “Stretch-nerves”

Problems with Eating

Cultural differences

Obesity

Anorexia & Bulimia

Weight Loss

Set-point theory & Metabolism

More Primary Drives Thirst The hypothalamus Sleep The hypothalamus Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Psychological motivators Stimulus Change The need for novelty Natural curiosity Need an optimum level of stimulation

Thirst

The hypothalamus

Sleep

The hypothalamus

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Psychological motivators

Stimulus Change

The need for novelty

Natural curiosity

Need an optimum level of stimulation

The Sexual Drive Lower animals driven by hormones Pheromones Human responding Physiological (testosterone & amygdala) & psychological factors involved Gender differences in arousal Men aroused by images; women aroused by touch Psychological factors important Differences in male/female responding Sexual orientation Differences in male & female brains

Lower animals driven by hormones

Pheromones

Human responding

Physiological (testosterone & amygdala) & psychological factors involved

Gender differences in arousal

Men aroused by images; women aroused by touch

Psychological factors important

Differences in male/female responding

Sexual orientation

Differences in male & female brains

Other Important Motives Stimulus Motives 1. Exploration & Curiosity Mammalian trait Need for novel experiences 2. Manipulation Need to experience things for yourself 3. Contact Harlow’s experiments Need to have physical contact & to be with others of the same species (affiliation)

Stimulus Motives

1. Exploration & Curiosity

Mammalian trait

Need for novel experiences

2. Manipulation

Need to experience things for yourself

3. Contact

Harlow’s experiments

Need to have physical contact & to be with others of the same species (affiliation)

Aggression Intentionally inflicting physical or psychological harm on others. Instinctive or learned? Social Learning Theory of Bandura Cultural differences Collectivist vs. Individualist cultures Approval by cultures Gender differences Males higher due to testosterone?

Intentionally inflicting physical

or psychological harm on others.

Instinctive or learned?

Social Learning Theory of Bandura

Cultural differences

Collectivist vs. Individualist cultures

Approval by cultures

Gender differences

Males higher due to testosterone?

Psychological Motivators Achievement Mastery of objects, people, & ideas Increases self-esteem High achievers vs. low achievers High achievers are not gamblers Low achievers take big risks Personality factors involved Power Need to win recognition or to influence & control others Builds self-esteem Respect vs. envy Tiger Woods Henry Kissinger

Achievement

Mastery of objects, people, & ideas

Increases self-esteem

High achievers vs. low achievers

High achievers are not gamblers

Low achievers take big risks

Personality factors involved

Power

Need to win recognition or to influence & control others

Builds self-esteem

Respect vs. envy

Areas of Achievement Intrinsic motivation Motivation based on internal rewards (i.e. the basic pleasure of the activity itself, the intellectual challenge, or the satisfaction of curiosity). Extrinsic motivation Motivation based on external incentives (i.e. pay, praise, attention, or the avoidance of punishment). Achievement Productivity Knowledge Justice Autonomy Power Duty Excellence Money

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation based on internal rewards (i.e. the basic pleasure of the activity itself, the intellectual challenge, or the satisfaction of curiosity).

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation based on external incentives (i.e. pay, praise, attention, or the avoidance of punishment).

Classical Theories of Motivation Psychoanalytic Theory Initially, the source of motivation is libido or sexual energy. Later, thanatos and anxiety were motivators . Analytic Theory Motivation is through moral & “religious” values. Understanding the personality is the key to how one is motivated. Homeostatic Drive Theory Need > Drive > Response > Goal > Reduced Need Humanistic Theory Motivation involves more than one’s physical state. We are capable of evaluating possibilities & incentives & choosing among them. We have some degree of “free will.” We are motivated to actualize our potential (self-actualization) and become a fully-functioning individual. Self-actualization is using your talents, capacities, & potentials to their fullest.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Initially, the source of motivation is libido or sexual energy. Later, thanatos and anxiety were motivators .

Analytic Theory

Motivation is through moral & “religious” values. Understanding the personality is the key to how one is motivated.

Homeostatic Drive Theory

Need > Drive > Response > Goal > Reduced Need

Humanistic Theory

Motivation involves more than one’s physical state.

We are capable of evaluating possibilities & incentives & choosing among them.

We have some degree of “free will.”

We are motivated to actualize our potential (self-actualization) and become a fully-functioning individual.

Self-actualization is using your talents, capacities, & potentials to their fullest.

The Hierarchy of Needs First Priority Needs Physiological Needs Air, Water, Food, Sleep, Protection from the Elements, etc. Safety & Security Caring for & Being Cared for; Structure, Order, & Predictability Second Order Needs Third Order Needs Love & Belongingness Community, Friends, & Family Fourth Order Needs Self-Esteem Self-Respect & Respect from Others Highest Order Needs Self-Actualization Using Talents & Capabilities to the Fullest; Know & Understand Self & Others More Fully

E m o t i o n s A state of affectively toned arousal. Basic emotions: Fear Anger Sadness Joy Disgust Surprise These are seen in many mammals.

A state of affectively toned arousal.

Basic emotions: Fear

Anger

Sadness

Joy

Disgust

Surprise

These are seen in many mammals.

The Dimensions of an Emotional State 2. Level of Tension Emotions give Rise to differing Amounts of activity 4. Complexity Experience is a Mixture of Thoughts & Feelings 1. Intensity of Feeling Emotions vary in intensity 3. Affective Tone The degree of Pleasantness & Unpleasantness

Classifying Emotions Simplest classification Pleasant or unpleasant Location in the brain Limbic system Hypothalamus, pituitary, & amygdala Biochemistry  - endorphins & neuropeptides

Simplest classification

Pleasant or unpleasant

Location in the brain

Limbic system

Hypothalamus, pituitary, & amygdala

Biochemistry

 - endorphins & neuropeptides

Theories of Emotional Responding James-Lange Theory Stimulus > Physical Changes > Emotional Response Canon-Bard Theory Stimulus > Simultaneous Physical Changes & Emotional Response Cognitive Theory Stimulus > Physical Changes > Interpretation > Emotional Response

James-Lange Theory

Stimulus > Physical Changes > Emotional Response

Canon-Bard Theory

Stimulus > Simultaneous Physical Changes & Emotional Response

Cognitive Theory

Stimulus > Physical Changes > Interpretation > Emotional Response

Experiencing Emotions Subjective Experiences Composed of: 2. Thoughts 3. Socio-Cultural Factors 4. Behaviors 1. “ Feelings”

Subjective Experiences

Composed of:

Communicating Emotions Verbal Communications About 20% of communications Unable to describe an emotional state Non-verbal Communications Conveys more about emotions “ Body language” & gestures Many facial expressions are universal

Verbal Communications

About 20% of communications

Unable to describe an emotional state

Non-verbal Communications

Conveys more about emotions

“ Body language” & gestures

Many facial expressions are universal

Other Forms of Non-verbal Communication Emblems (Symbols) Differ in their meaning from culture to culture. The Serpent The Dragon Wisdom Sin Higher Self Animal Nature

Emblems (Symbols)

Differ in their meaning from culture to culture.

The Serpent

The Dragon

Gender Differences in Emotional Expression Differences in the same situation Men tend to show less emotion; women show more concern Men inhibit their emotions; women express them Betrayal produces anger in men; hurt & sadness in women Men & women interpret non-verbal emotional cues differently .

Differences in the same situation

Men tend to show less emotion; women show more concern

Men inhibit their emotions; women express them

Betrayal produces anger in men; hurt & sadness in women

Men & women interpret non-verbal emotional cues differently .

Sure Cure for Stress

Dealing with Emotions The ABCs of Emotional Change A = Activating Event B = Irrational Beliefs C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences D = Disputing E = New Emotional Reaction Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational Belief. Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world. A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction. 1. I must be loved and approved by almost every significant other person in my life. 2. I should be completely competent and achieving in all ways to be a worthwhile person. 3. Certain people I must deal with are thoroughly bad and should be severely blamed and punished for it. 4. It is awful and upsetting when things are not the way I would very much like them to be. 5. My happiness is always caused by external events; I cannot control my emotional reactions. 6. If something unpleasant might happen, I should keep dwelling on it. 7. It is easier to avoid difficulties and responsibilities than to face them. 8. I should depend on others who are stronger than I am. 9. Because something once strongly affected my life, it will do so indefinitely. 10. There is always a perfect solution to human problems, and it is awful if this solution is not found. 10 Common Irrational Beliefs

The ABCs of Emotional Change

A = Activating Event

B = Irrational Beliefs

C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences

D = Disputing

E = New Emotional Reaction

Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational Belief.

Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world.

A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction.

1. I must be loved and approved by almost every significant other person in my life.

2. I should be completely competent and achieving in all ways to be a worthwhile person.

3. Certain people I must deal with are thoroughly bad and should be severely blamed and punished for it.

4. It is awful and upsetting when things are not the way I would very much like them to be.

5. My happiness is always caused by external events; I cannot control my emotional reactions.

6. If something unpleasant might happen, I should keep dwelling on it.

7. It is easier to avoid difficulties and responsibilities than to face them.

8. I should depend on others who are stronger than I am.

9. Because something once strongly affected my life, it will do so indefinitely.

10. There is always a perfect solution to human problems, and it is awful if this solution is not found.