Motivation in Everyday Life What are the Biological, Cognitive, and Environmental Influences on Your Behavior?

What is M o t i v a t i o n ? A presumed internal state causing you to move toward a goal The factors that initiate, guide, and direct your behaviors toward certain goals and that maintain those actions while the goals are being pursued Motivation may involve ways of thinking and relating to portions of your environment Motivation has an emotional component attached to it

A presumed internal state causing you to move toward a goal

The factors that initiate, guide, and direct your behaviors toward certain goals and that maintain those actions while the goals are being pursued

Motivation may involve ways of thinking and relating to portions of your environment

Motivation has an emotional component attached to it

Biological Influences on Motivation Genetic Factors Instinct An inherited behavior pattern expressed in a uniform and consistent manner, and which occurs in every member of a species that aids in its survival within an environment Human Behavior Flexible and diverse behavior patterns that are guided and shaped by genetics and influenced by cognition and the environment Types of Biological Motives Physical characteristics (desirability as sex partners or strength to protect and provide) Cultural influences (recognition, status, and expression of emotions)

Genetic Factors

Instinct

An inherited behavior pattern expressed in a uniform and consistent manner, and which occurs in every member of a species that aids in its survival within an environment

Human Behavior

Flexible and diverse behavior patterns that are guided and shaped by genetics and influenced by cognition and the environment

Types of Biological Motives

Physical characteristics (desirability as sex partners or strength to protect and provide)

Cultural influences (recognition, status, and expression of emotions)

Needs and Drives Needs are internal biological states that help to initiate, guide, and maintain behavior Drives are internal states of tension or arousal that initiates actions that will try to satisfy the underlying need Homeostasis is an automatic physiological process that responds to drives in order to reduce the internal tension and maintain a physiological balance The Basal Metabolism is the amount of energy the body expends in a resting state The Set Point is the internal standard around which the body weight is regulated

Needs are internal biological states that help to initiate, guide, and maintain behavior

Drives are internal states of tension or arousal that initiates actions that will try to satisfy the underlying need

Homeostasis is an automatic physiological process that responds to drives in order to reduce the internal tension and maintain a physiological balance

The Basal Metabolism is the amount of energy the body expends in a resting state

The Set Point is the internal standard around which the body weight is regulated

The Physiological Needs: Thirst You become thirsty either through a direct loss of fluids or by consuming too much salt The body’s normal balance of water and minerals (i.e. sodium) is upset When fluids are lost, neurons or receptors in the hypothalamus emit a hormone that reduces the amount of water secreted from the kidneys Accompanying this is a change in heart rate and blood pressure The kidneys release a hormone (renin) that acts on the neurons in the hypothalamus creating the sensation of thirst and initiating drinking Managing your need for liquids Alcohol is NOT a thirst quencher due to its dehydration effects Most people attempt to satisfy their thirst with what’s popularly advertised not what they need

You become thirsty either through a direct loss of fluids or by consuming too much salt

The body’s normal balance of water and minerals (i.e. sodium) is upset

When fluids are lost, neurons or receptors in the hypothalamus emit a hormone that reduces the amount of water secreted from the kidneys

Accompanying this is a change in heart rate and blood pressure

The kidneys release a hormone (renin) that acts on the neurons in the hypothalamus creating the sensation of thirst and initiating drinking

Managing your need for liquids

Alcohol is NOT a thirst quencher due to its dehydration effects

Most people attempt to satisfy their thirst with what’s popularly advertised not what they need

The Physiological Needs: Hunger Your body seeks a balance between your food intake and your energy requirements The regulatory system for hunger includes several areas in the brain including the hypothalamus, sensors that monitor nutrients in the blood stream, the liver, and the stomach The body tries to maintain a set point weight and to correct deviations when it gets too low or too high a weight Coping with your need to eat How much and what you eat is under biological control Family, culture, social pressures, physical and psychological problems, and personal preferences influence this Dieting When the body receives an insufficient calorie intake, it goes into a starvation mode and stores every calorie it gets = more weight When the diet is finished, the body brings itself up to set point again The best thing is to go for less than two pounds per week weight loss, get regular exercise, and eat well-balanced meals

Your body seeks a balance between your food intake and your energy requirements

The regulatory system for hunger includes several areas in the brain including the hypothalamus, sensors that monitor nutrients in the blood stream, the liver, and the stomach

The body tries to maintain a set point weight and to correct deviations when it gets too low or too high a weight

Coping with your need to eat

How much and what you eat is under biological control

Family, culture, social pressures, physical and psychological problems, and personal preferences influence this

Dieting

When the body receives an insufficient calorie intake, it goes into a starvation mode and stores every calorie it gets = more weight

When the diet is finished, the body brings itself up to set point again

The best thing is to go for less than two pounds per week weight loss, get regular exercise, and eat well-balanced meals

The Physiological Needs: Sex Sexual responses satisfy both biological and psychological needs Your motivation for sexual activity is affected by cognitive and environmental as well as physiological factors Sex hormones influence sexual arousal through their effects on the hypothalamus Sex hormones’ influence in humans are not as strong as the influence they have on the lower animals When sexually aroused, the levels of sex hormones increase with the human imagination playing a major role in sexual arousal Cultural practices, and religious and moral codes affect the expression of sexual desire

Sexual responses satisfy both biological and psychological needs

Your motivation for sexual activity is affected by cognitive and environmental as well as physiological factors

Sex hormones influence sexual arousal through their effects on the hypothalamus

Sex hormones’ influence in humans are not as strong as the influence they have on the lower animals

When sexually aroused, the levels of sex hormones increase with the human imagination playing a major role in sexual arousal

Cultural practices, and religious and moral codes affect the expression of sexual desire

Arousal The body’s general level of alertness and activity as reflected in muscle tension, heart and respiration rates, and patterns of the brain’s electrical activity The Yerkes-Dodson Law When the level of arousal is too high or too low, performance falls off 1. This is due to the fact that under high levels of arousal, the most recently learned behaviors are often dropped in favor of old habits 2. High arousal interferes with your ability to solve problems and make decisions People vary in what they consider high or low arousal levels Some people are sensation seeking actively seeking ways to maintain high levels of arousal and excitement in their lives Some sensation seekers become artists, competitive sports enthusiasts, scientists, or entertainers; others become criminals, schemers, con artists, or drug addicts

The body’s general level of alertness and activity as reflected in muscle tension, heart and respiration rates, and patterns of the brain’s electrical activity

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

When the level of arousal is too high or too low, performance falls off

1. This is due to the fact that under high levels of arousal, the most recently learned behaviors are often dropped in favor of old habits

2. High arousal interferes with your ability to solve problems and make decisions

People vary in what they consider high or low arousal levels

Some people are sensation seeking actively seeking ways to maintain high levels of arousal and excitement in their lives

Some sensation seekers become artists, competitive sports enthusiasts, scientists, or entertainers; others become criminals, schemers, con artists, or drug addicts

Managing Uncomfortable Levels of Arousal Your optimum level of arousal is the appropriate level of sensation for a given activity To obtain this level, you may need to raise or lower your level of stimulation Develop a small-win mentality Breaking problems into smaller parts, pursuing each part, and developing some successes in tackling each aspect of the problem is how to develop this state of mind Large, unmanageable problems become a series of smaller, manageable situations With a series of smaller wins it becomes much easier to resolve the larger issue --- and you’ll be more motivated to do it

Your optimum level of arousal is the appropriate level of sensation for a given activity

To obtain this level, you may need to raise or lower your level of stimulation

Develop a small-win mentality

Breaking problems into smaller parts, pursuing each part, and developing some successes in tackling each aspect of the problem is how to develop this state of mind

Large, unmanageable problems become a series of smaller, manageable situations

With a series of smaller wins it becomes much easier to resolve the larger issue --- and you’ll be more motivated to do it

Cognitive Influences on Motivation Unconscious Motives Conscious and unconscious needs and drives affect your behavior You’re not overtly aware of the influences, but they do exert a control over you Getting in touch with Unconscious Motives First, be willing to examine your actions: “What made me do this?” Try not to discount or disregard completely the reactions other people have to what you say and do: “What is valid about their point of view?” Try to identify the motivations in your fantasies and dreams: “What is this telling me about my personal desires?” Your dreams and fantasies may indicate you need someone to discuss your deeper feelings and desires with Discuss your concerns and behaviors with friends, parents, or a counselor

Unconscious Motives

Conscious and unconscious needs and drives affect your behavior

You’re not overtly aware of the influences, but they do exert a control over you

Getting in touch with Unconscious Motives

First, be willing to examine your actions: “What made me do this?”

Try not to discount or disregard completely the reactions other people have to what you say and do: “What is valid about their point of view?”

Try to identify the motivations in your fantasies and dreams: “What is this telling me about my personal desires?”

Your dreams and fantasies may indicate you need someone to discuss your deeper feelings and desires with

Discuss your concerns and behaviors with friends, parents, or a counselor

Expectations Beliefs that anticipate or estimate how you and others will or should behave Expectations are present in: statements about your hopes for the future, rules of social behavior, and whether you’ll achieve success or not They compel you to respond in certain ways The role of personal expectations in your successes and failures Expectations are a good predictor of achievement in school, the job, and in relationships Anticipation that what you’ll do will or will not lead to something productive is part of the story Self-efficacy ( the expectancy that your efforts will lead to success ) must be examined Self-efficacy has two components: the perception that you possess the skills and abilities to achieve the goals; and your estimate that if those skills are used, there will be a positive outcome

Beliefs that anticipate or estimate how you and others will or should behave

Expectations are present in: statements about your hopes for the future, rules of social behavior, and whether you’ll achieve success or not

They compel you to respond in certain ways

The role of personal expectations in your successes and failures

Expectations are a good predictor of achievement in school, the job, and in relationships

Anticipation that what you’ll do will or will not lead to something productive is part of the story

Self-efficacy ( the expectancy that your efforts will lead to success ) must be examined

Self-efficacy has two components: the perception that you possess the skills and abilities to achieve the goals; and your estimate that if those skills are used, there will be a positive outcome

More on expectations Perceptions of self-efficacy predict grades in school, the development of social skills, stopping smoking, career choices, coping with feared events, and performance of sales people Self-efficacy is necessary to make changes in your life The higher the sense of self-efficacy, the better the performance As the performance increases, the self-efficacy is enhanced Four factors produce an effective level of self-efficacy 1. The number of success experiences on a task --- particularly if they are early in learning 2. Observing admired and respected models obtaining productive outcomes from their efforts 3. Listening to others when they try to boost your morale 4. Correctly interpreting information from your psychological states

Perceptions of self-efficacy predict grades in school, the development of social skills, stopping smoking, career choices, coping with feared events, and performance of sales people

Self-efficacy is necessary to make changes in your life

The higher the sense of self-efficacy, the better the performance

As the performance increases, the self-efficacy is enhanced

Four factors produce an effective level of self-efficacy

1. The number of success experiences on a task --- particularly if they are early in learning

2. Observing admired and respected models obtaining productive outcomes from their efforts

3. Listening to others when they try to boost your morale

4. Correctly interpreting information from your psychological states

Locus of Control Beliefs Positive and negative outcomes result from the perception of where your personal control is located Beliefs in locus of control are learned through past experience and are not fixed Internal locus of control – the belief that your efforts are under your control and that they will lead to positive outcomes Tend to be assertive, extroverted, self-directed, prosocial, and interested in developing social relationships External locus of control – the belief that externals (e.g. fate, luck, the stars, or powerful others) control most aspects of your life

Positive and negative outcomes result from the perception of where your personal control is located

Beliefs in locus of control are learned through past experience and are not fixed

Internal locus of control – the belief that your efforts are under your control and that they will lead to positive outcomes

Tend to be assertive, extroverted, self-directed, prosocial, and interested in developing social relationships

External locus of control – the belief that externals (e.g. fate, luck, the stars, or powerful others) control most aspects of your life

Promoting an Internal Locus of Control Assume more responsibility for tasks at work and at school Volunteer to do things other people normally take on Begin with easy things, then select more and more difficult tasks Try new activities rather than the usual safe, secure ways of doing things Try a new sport, a new food, a new way to get home from school or work; just break old habit patterns People with strong external locus of control beliefs do things which reinforce those beliefs Consider changing aspects of your current environment “ How does everyone in my life contribute to my locus of control beliefs?” “ What types of people do I need around me to change that?” “ What about my current job or school contributes to my believing I’m not in control of things?”

Assume more responsibility for tasks at work and at school

Volunteer to do things other people normally take on

Begin with easy things, then select more and more difficult tasks

Try new activities rather than the usual safe, secure ways of doing things

Try a new sport, a new food, a new way to get home from school or work; just break old habit patterns

People with strong external locus of control beliefs do things which reinforce those beliefs

Consider changing aspects of your current environment

“ How does everyone in my life contribute to my locus of control beliefs?”

“ What types of people do I need around me to change that?”

“ What about my current job or school contributes to my believing I’m not in control of things?”

Values Stable beliefs that underlie and are observed in your behaviors across a wide variety of situations in your life Values affect your willingness to initiate actions designed to obtain certain goals Values affect the degree of effort you put into an activity and how well you persist in pursuing certain goals Values affect the choices you make in life Examining your values What do I currently value, and am I satisfied with what I value? What discrepancies exist between what I value and my behaviors? Cognitive dissonance What discrepancies exist among the things I value? Inconsistent beliefs alone can create cognitive dissonance

Stable beliefs that underlie and are observed in your behaviors across a wide variety of situations in your life

Values affect your willingness to initiate actions designed to obtain certain goals

Values affect the degree of effort you put into an activity and how well you persist in pursuing certain goals

Values affect the choices you make in life

Examining your values

What do I currently value, and am I satisfied with what I value?

What discrepancies exist between what I value and my behaviors?

Cognitive dissonance

What discrepancies exist among the things I value?

Inconsistent beliefs alone can create cognitive dissonance

Environmental Influences on Motivation Incentives A physical object that can be used to motivate you to act; Any external stimulus or goal in an environment that motivates your actions Incentives are goals you’ll pursue in attempting to reduce certain drives or obtain something you consider important and personally valuable Some incentives are more valuable than others, hence, they have incentive value Problems pursuing incentives Two or more goals may have similar positive features, negative features, or a combination of both When there are combinations of features there is goal conflict

Incentives

A physical object that can be used to motivate you to act; Any external stimulus or goal in an environment that motivates your actions

Incentives are goals you’ll pursue in attempting to reduce certain drives or obtain something you consider important and personally valuable

Some incentives are more valuable than others, hence, they have incentive value

Problems pursuing incentives

Two or more goals may have similar positive features, negative features, or a combination of both

When there are combinations of features there is goal conflict

Goal Conflicts Identifying and resolving common goal conflicts Approach-Approach conflict When two goals are equally attractive or desirable Avoidance-Avoidance conflict When two goals are equally undesirable Must weigh the negative qualities of both and choose the “lesser of two evils” Another solution is to find a different option that has more positive qualities Approach-Avoidance conflict One goal is attractive and one isn’t Double Approach-Avoidance conflict Two or more goals have both attractive and unattractive qualities Ways of resolving the conflicts produced by goals with both positive and negative qualities 1. Find more reasons for making one goal more attractive than the other 2. Find a new goal that has the positive characteristics of both goals 3. Just go ahead and pick one

Identifying and resolving common goal conflicts

Approach-Approach conflict

When two goals are equally attractive or desirable

Avoidance-Avoidance conflict

When two goals are equally undesirable

Must weigh the negative qualities of both and choose the “lesser of two evils”

Another solution is to find a different option that has more positive qualities

Approach-Avoidance conflict

One goal is attractive and one isn’t

Double Approach-Avoidance conflict

Two or more goals have both attractive and unattractive qualities

Ways of resolving the conflicts produced by goals with both positive and negative qualities

1. Find more reasons for making one goal more attractive than the other

2. Find a new goal that has the positive characteristics of both goals

3. Just go ahead and pick one

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation Benefits associated with incentives Both tangible rewards and subjective thoughts and feelings accompany the goal-seeking Extrinsic motivation The desire to perform a behavior to get an external reward or avoid punishment Intrinsic motivation The desire to perform a behavior where pleasure is derived from performing the behavior Sometimes external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation External rewards are important in many activities. If they are expected, it is unlikely that the activity would continue without them.

Benefits associated with incentives

Both tangible rewards and subjective thoughts and feelings accompany the goal-seeking

Extrinsic motivation

The desire to perform a behavior to get an external reward or avoid punishment

Intrinsic motivation

The desire to perform a behavior where pleasure is derived from performing the behavior

Sometimes external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation

External rewards are important in many activities. If they are expected, it is unlikely that the activity would continue without them.

Enhancing Intrinsic Motivation in the Workplace Five principles 1. Variety should be present in the tasks that employees perform 2. People need a certain amount of autonomy to do their jobs Managers need to avoid over-supervising every detail of the job 3. People work better when they can identify how their efforts contribute to the final product or outcome of the task Employees need to feel ownership for a product or outcome so they can feel they’ve made a difference 4. Regular feedback on how well an employee is performing needs to be provided This allows corrections to be made and positive feedback makes people feel good about their efforts 5. Opportunities to work on tasks and/or to discuss job-related issues with other employees need to be part of the work environment This allows for ideas to be shared and for people to recognize each other’s contributions as well as having some of their social needs met

Five principles

1. Variety should be present in the tasks that employees perform

2. People need a certain amount of autonomy to do their jobs

Managers need to avoid over-supervising every detail of the job

3. People work better when they can identify how their efforts contribute to the final product or outcome of the task

Employees need to feel ownership for a product or outcome so they can feel they’ve made a difference

4. Regular feedback on how well an employee is performing needs to be provided

This allows corrections to be made and positive feedback makes people feel good about their efforts

5. Opportunities to work on tasks and/or to discuss job-related issues with other employees need to be part of the work environment

This allows for ideas to be shared and for people to recognize each other’s contributions as well as having some of their social needs met

Combined Effects of Needs, Expectations, & the Incentive Values Achievement The need to achieve is the desire to compete successfully with standards of excellence Satisfying the need to achieve over time produces a number of desirable consequences: Persistence on tasks, initiative, assuming personal responsibility for doing things, and setting realistic goals Three factors influence your level of achievement motive 1. It is a learned drive which developed from childhood when excellence and competition are stressed and successes rewarded with praise and affection 2. It is an expectation about whether or not your attempts to satisfy this need are likely to be successful. This develops from having success experiences in the past. 3. It has the incentive value of goals which are the positive and negative qualities associated with the goals For you to achieve and get ahead in life, you need to have an appropriate amount of internal need or drive to achieve, expect success that will help you meet this need, and value obtaining goals that represent an accomplishment

Achievement

The need to achieve is the desire to compete successfully with standards of excellence

Satisfying the need to achieve over time produces a number of desirable consequences: Persistence on tasks, initiative, assuming personal responsibility for doing things, and setting realistic goals

Three factors influence your level of achievement motive

1. It is a learned drive which developed from childhood when excellence and competition are stressed and successes rewarded with praise and affection

2. It is an expectation about whether or not your attempts to satisfy this need are likely to be successful. This develops from having success experiences in the past.

3. It has the incentive value of goals which are the positive and negative qualities associated with the goals

For you to achieve and get ahead in life, you need to have an appropriate amount of internal need or drive to achieve, expect success that will help you meet this need, and value obtaining goals that represent an accomplishment

More on Achievement Those with a High Need to Achieve are realistic about what they can accomplish They derive satisfaction from accomplishing challenging tasks or goals A challenge is defined as a goal or task of intermediate difficulty The Fear of Failure is associated with the need to achieve It is the anxiety that occurs when a challenge is faced and you are concerned about your ability to handle it People vary in terms of how much the fear of failure affects their lives

Those with a High Need to Achieve are realistic about what they can accomplish

They derive satisfaction from accomplishing challenging tasks or goals

A challenge is defined as a goal or task of intermediate difficulty

The Fear of Failure is associated with the need to achieve

It is the anxiety that occurs when a challenge is faced and you are concerned about your ability to handle it

People vary in terms of how much the fear of failure affects their lives

More on the Fear of Failure Strategies used by those with a Fear of Failure 1. Easy tasks or goals are attempted insuring success 2. Difficult tasks or goals are attempted insuring failure 3. Tasks are attempted with a lack of investment of time or effort 4. Procrastination increases so things never get done on time or at the last minute thus insuring that the work isn’t done appropriately 5. Superstriving occurs so that they make a supreme effort and work beyond their capabilities ending up exhausted and “burned out” 6. Lying and cheating are sometimes used to get ahead only giving temporary relief from the anxiety over failing

Strategies used by those with a Fear of Failure

1. Easy tasks or goals are attempted insuring success

2. Difficult tasks or goals are attempted insuring failure

3. Tasks are attempted with a lack of investment of time or effort

4. Procrastination increases so things never get done on time or at the last minute thus insuring that the work isn’t done appropriately

5. Superstriving occurs so that they make a supreme effort and work beyond their capabilities ending up exhausted and “burned out”

6. Lying and cheating are sometimes used to get ahead only giving temporary relief from the anxiety over failing

The Fear of Success Some people actually fear becoming successful People with a fear of success worry about social rejection or disapproval from their less successful peers . They also may fear losing control over their independence and autonomy if they became too successful Often, if they do become successful, they feel that they somehow fooled the world and fear someone uncovering their great “deception”

Some people actually fear becoming successful

People with a fear of success worry about social rejection or disapproval from their less successful peers .

They also may fear losing control over their independence and autonomy if they became too successful

Often, if they do become successful, they feel that they somehow fooled the world and fear someone uncovering their great “deception”

Reactions of High & Low nACH to their Successes and Failures High achievement motivation people believe that ability and effort pay off Will dig in and work harder when things aren’t working out Take their time by considering all possibilities before making a decision Low achievement people believe outside factors control their successes Tend to stop trying and don’t believe that their skills and abilities make much of a difference They’ll generally wait for easier tasks Gamblers and high risk takers

High achievement motivation people believe that ability and effort pay off

Will dig in and work harder when things aren’t working out

Take their time by considering all possibilities before making a decision

Low achievement people believe outside factors control their successes

Tend to stop trying and don’t believe that their skills and abilities make much of a difference

They’ll generally wait for easier tasks

Gamblers and high risk takers

Modifying Your Need for Achievement Six Steps Engage in self-study Become sensitive to the presence of achievement motivation in your thoughts and actions and assess the skills you have that will help you get ahead Think creatively and imaginatively Find unique ways to become more successful in your career and set goals for future activities Establish moderate goals Select goals you have a realistic chance of obtaining Take initiative and responsibility Don’t depend on others, get things done yourself Attribute your successes more to your skills, ability, and effort Don’t choose easy tasks or attribute your success to luck Think positively Imagine yourself becoming successful due to the actions you took

Six Steps

Engage in self-study

Become sensitive to the presence of achievement motivation in your thoughts and actions and assess the skills you have that will help you get ahead

Think creatively and imaginatively

Find unique ways to become more successful in your career and set goals for future activities

Establish moderate goals

Select goals you have a realistic chance of obtaining

Take initiative and responsibility

Don’t depend on others, get things done yourself

Attribute your successes more to your skills, ability, and effort

Don’t choose easy tasks or attribute your success to luck

Think positively

Imagine yourself becoming successful due to the actions you took

The Power Motive The desire to have an impact on others, arouse strong emotions in them, or maintain your reputation and prestige Three factors affect the attempt to gain or use power: 1. An internal need or drive to feel powerful 2. Personal expectations or estimates of whether the efforts to obtain influence will be successful 3. The incentive value of the goals being pursued Power is a complex force Both men and women have similar interests in obtaining “socially appropriate” power indicators (e.g. prestige, the ability to exert leadership) Men have a stronger tendency to abuse power High needs for power are associated with alcoholism, reckless driving, gambling, verbal and physical aggression and abuse, and overcontrolling in a relationship Early family history plays a role in socially unacceptable displays of power The misuse of power affects other areas of your life Those with a high need for power have a difficult time establishing close relationships

The desire to have an impact on others, arouse strong emotions in them, or maintain your reputation and prestige

Three factors affect the attempt to gain or use power:

1. An internal need or drive to feel powerful

2. Personal expectations or estimates of whether the efforts to obtain influence will be successful

3. The incentive value of the goals being pursued

Power is a complex force

Both men and women have similar interests in obtaining “socially appropriate” power indicators (e.g. prestige, the ability to exert leadership)

Men have a stronger tendency to abuse power

High needs for power are associated with alcoholism, reckless driving, gambling, verbal and physical aggression and abuse, and overcontrolling in a relationship

Early family history plays a role in socially unacceptable displays of power

The misuse of power affects other areas of your life

Those with a high need for power have a difficult time establishing close relationships

Affiliation: The Need for Human Contact It is better to seek moderate levels of Affiliation Moderate levels of affiliation produces more satisfaction in social interactions Women with high needs for affiliation have more negative moods Often, your expectations of how others should act leaves you disappointed If you’re relatively unconcerned about affiliation you’ll have a difficult time with intimate relationships and be suspicious of others, eventually withdrawing from social contact and the chance for personal growth Anxiety increases the need for Affiliation Having others around when you’re anxious helps you to feel better Having people who take a more active role in helping you to cope is much more effective

It is better to seek moderate levels of Affiliation

Moderate levels of affiliation produces more satisfaction in social interactions

Women with high needs for affiliation have more negative moods

Often, your expectations of how others should act leaves you disappointed

If you’re relatively unconcerned about affiliation you’ll have a difficult time with intimate relationships and be suspicious of others, eventually withdrawing from social contact and the chance for personal growth

Anxiety increases the need for Affiliation

Having others around when you’re anxious helps you to feel better

Having people who take a more active role in helping you to cope is much more effective

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Not all needs are created equal Our needs are arranged along a hierarchy of importance Motivation is more than physio-logical drives You have some degree of independent control over your behavior You are capable of evaluating possibilities and incentives and choosing among them Higher order needs are motivators Self-actualization is a major need, but lower order needs must be met first

Not all needs are created equal

Our needs are arranged along a hierarchy of importance

Motivation is more than physio-logical drives

You have some degree of independent control over your behavior

You are capable of evaluating possibilities and incentives and choosing among them

Higher order needs are motivators

Self-actualization is a major need, but lower order needs must be met first

The Hierarchy of Needs First Priority Needs The Physiological Needs The most important to fulfill Air, water, food, sleep, protection from the elements, etc. Second Order Needs Safety and Security The need to be cared for and protected, and to care for and protect others The need for structure, order, and predictability in the environment We live with two conflicting needs: safety and security and the need to express our talents and energies in self-fulfilling ways Most people don’t get beyond Safety and Security Will stay in a situation even when it’s destructive often through fear of disapproval from others

First Priority Needs

The Physiological Needs

The most important to fulfill

Air, water, food, sleep, protection from the elements, etc.

Second Order Needs

Safety and Security

The need to be cared for and protected, and to care for and protect others

The need for structure, order, and predictability in the environment

We live with two conflicting needs: safety and security and the need to express our talents and energies in self-fulfilling ways

Most people don’t get beyond Safety and Security

Will stay in a situation even when it’s destructive often through fear of disapproval from others

More on the Hierarchy of Needs Third Order Needs Love and Belongingness Includes the desire for community and to feel a part of a place called “home” Shows up as the need for close, meaningful relationships with family and friends The widespread loneliness in our society reflects the difficulty in fulfilling this need Fourth Order Needs Self-Esteem The need for a healthy sense of self respect and to be respected by others Included are the needs for feelings of competence, mastery, and achievement

Third Order Needs

Love and Belongingness

Includes the desire for community and to feel a part of a place called “home”

Shows up as the need for close, meaningful relationships with family and friends

The widespread loneliness in our society reflects the difficulty in fulfilling this need

Fourth Order Needs

Self-Esteem

The need for a healthy sense of self respect and to be respected by others

Included are the needs for feelings of competence, mastery, and achievement

More on the Hierarchy of Needs Highest Order Need Self-Actualization The need for completeness, using your talents and capabilities, to know and understand yourself and others more fully, and to contribute to the world in a positive way Less than 10% of the people in the world achieve self- actualization All the lower needs must be met before self-actualization can be attempted

Highest Order Need

Self-Actualization

The need for completeness, using your talents and capabilities, to know and understand yourself and others more fully, and to contribute to the world in a positive way

Less than 10% of the people in the world achieve self- actualization

All the lower needs must be met before self-actualization can be attempted