Adolescence (Part2)

Piaget Formal Operations Abstract thinking using formal logic Hypotheticodeductive reasoning; Start with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome then deduce explanations for specific situations in which that particular outcome is seen Can begin with abstract possibilities & move to the concrete Propositional thought: Reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples It’s a gradual unfolding Culture influences the operations

Formal Operations

Abstract thinking using formal logic

Hypotheticodeductive reasoning;

Start with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome then deduce explanations for specific situations in which that particular outcome is seen

Can begin with abstract possibilities & move to the concrete

Propositional thought:

Reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples

It’s a gradual unfolding

Culture influences the operations

Information Processing Information Processing Approach Seeks to identify the way that we take in, use, & store information Metacognition Knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes & their ability to monitor them Adolescent Egocentricism Teen’s view that everyone is as interested in them as they are Imaginary Audience A teen sees behavior as constantly being watched by others, esp. peers Personal Fable The idea that one’s feelings and experiences are unique & no one else has them

Information Processing Approach

Seeks to identify the way that we take in, use, & store information

Metacognition

Knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes & their ability to monitor them

Adolescent Egocentricism

Teen’s view that everyone is as interested in them as they are

Imaginary Audience

A teen sees behavior as constantly being watched by others, esp. peers

Personal Fable

The idea that one’s feelings and experiences are unique & no one else has them

Adolescent Thinking Mental Sophistication Can think hypothetically The store of knowledge increases as the memory enlarges Improvement of intelligence Egocentricism Constructs elaborate scenarios Tend to become self-absorbed Egocentricism, imaginary audience, personal fable construction

Mental Sophistication

Can think hypothetically

The store of knowledge increases as the memory enlarges

Improvement of intelligence

Egocentricism

Constructs elaborate scenarios

Tend to become self-absorbed

Egocentricism, imaginary audience, personal fable construction

Kohlberg’s Moral Development 6 Stages Preconventional Morality Stage 1 – Desire to avoid punishment Stage 2 – Desire for reward Conventional Morality Stage 3 – Have respect for others Stage 4 – Maintaining social order Postconventional Morality Stage 5 – Respect for individual rights & laws Stage 6 – Universal ethical morality Further research shows moral reasoning depends on the situation

6 Stages

Preconventional Morality

Stage 1 – Desire to avoid punishment

Stage 2 – Desire for reward

Conventional Morality

Stage 3 – Have respect for others

Stage 4 – Maintaining social order

Postconventional Morality

Stage 5 – Respect for individual rights & laws

Stage 6 – Universal ethical morality

Further research shows moral reasoning depends on the situation

Gilligan’s Moral Development 3 Stages Stage 1 The focus is on what is practical & best for one’s self Stage 2 The focus is on self- sacrifice Stage 3 The focus is on the idea that hurting one’s self or others is immoral

3 Stages

Stage 1

The focus is on what is practical & best for one’s self

Stage 2

The focus is on self- sacrifice

Stage 3

The focus is on the idea that hurting one’s self or others is immoral

School Performance 78% of U.S. High School Students Graduate SES Scores Middle- & high-SES students score higher grades on standardized tests of achievement & complete more years of education Poverty contributes to lower scores, less years of education, etc.

78% of U.S. High School Students Graduate

SES Scores

Middle- & high-SES students score higher grades on standardized tests of achievement & complete more years of education

Poverty contributes to lower scores, less years of education, etc.

Ethnic/Racial Differences in Performance African American & Hispanic Performance Asian Americans performance higher Difference in part to SES & their view of education Education is less important than getting a job Hard work in school has no payoff Beliefs Regarding Academic Success African Americans more apt to view success as the result of external causes, luck, or social biases They have no control over their success Adolescent beliefs about the consequences of not doing will may also contribute to the differences in school performance

African American & Hispanic Performance

Asian Americans performance higher

Difference in part to SES & their view of education

Education is less important than getting a job

Hard work in school has no payoff

Beliefs Regarding Academic Success

African Americans more apt to view success as the result of external causes, luck, or social biases

They have no control over their success

Adolescent beliefs about the consequences of not doing will may also contribute to the differences in school performance

Part-time Job Advantages 38% of 15 yr. olds have a regular job Money for recreation & clothes Workplace skills learned Understand the nature of work & specific employment settings Disadvantages Low on transferable skills Can affect school performance Prevents the participation in extracurricular activities

Advantages

38% of 15 yr. olds have a regular job

Money for recreation & clothes

Workplace skills learned

Understand the nature of work & specific employment settings

Disadvantages

Low on transferable skills

Can affect school performance

Prevents the participation in extracurricular activities

Dropping Out Statistics ½ million drop out each year Earn 42% less than high school grads Unemployment rate for drop outs is 50% Males drop out more than females Hispanic & African Americans are more likely to drop out Poverty plays a major role in who completes high school

Statistics

½ million drop out each year

Earn 42% less than high school grads

Unemployment rate for drop outs is 50%

Males drop out more than females

Hispanic & African Americans are more likely to drop out

Poverty plays a major role in who completes high school

College Gaining a Degree 40% starting college get a degree 50% of those not completing eventually get a degree Gender & College Women tend toward education & social sciences Men tend toward engineering, physical sciences, & mathematics Professors (male & female) treat males & females differently Call on & make more eye contact with males than females Males tend to receive more positive reinforcement

Gaining a Degree

40% starting college get a degree

50% of those not completing eventually get a degree

Gender & College

Women tend toward education & social sciences

Men tend toward engineering, physical sciences, & mathematics

Professors (male & female) treat males & females differently

Call on & make more eye contact with males than females

Males tend to receive more positive reinforcement

Gender/Racial Barriers to Achievement Stereotyping in Academics Women seem to accept social stereotypes about themselves That’s the reason they take less math & science classes They tend to be more concerned about failure Women are more vulnerable to stereotype expectations about success Hispanic & African Americans may be vulnerable as well

Stereotyping in Academics

Women seem to accept social stereotypes about themselves

That’s the reason they take less math & science classes

They tend to be more concerned about failure

Women are more vulnerable to stereotype expectations about success

Hispanic & African Americans may be vulnerable as well

Choosing a Career 3 Stages of Career Choosing Fantasy period Period of life when careers choices are made solely on the basis of what sounds appealing Tentative period Beginning to think practically about jobs & their requirements that may fit abilities Realistic period Narrowing down choices to a few alternatives & eventually committing to one

3 Stages of Career Choosing

Fantasy period

Period of life when careers choices are made solely on the basis of what sounds appealing

Tentative period

Beginning to think practically about jobs & their requirements that may fit abilities

Realistic period

Narrowing down choices to a few alternatives & eventually committing to one

Personality Types & Careers Realistic Down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, but lack social skills Make good farmers, laborers, & truck drivers Intellectual Oriented toward the theoretical & abstract, not particularly good with people Math & science careers Social Good verbal skills & interpersonal relations Salespersons, teachers, & counselors Conventional Prefer highly structured tasks Clerks, secretaries, & bank tellers Enterprising Risk takers & take-charge types Managers & politicians Artistic Use art to express themselves, prefer art to interaction with people Anything to do with art

Realistic

Down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, but lack social skills

Make good farmers, laborers, & truck drivers

Intellectual

Oriented toward the theoretical & abstract, not particularly good with people

Math & science careers

Social

Good verbal skills & interpersonal relations

Salespersons, teachers, & counselors

Conventional

Prefer highly structured tasks

Clerks, secretaries, & bank tellers

Enterprising

Risk takers & take-charge types

Managers & politicians

Artistic

Use art to express themselves, prefer art to interaction with people

Anything to do with art

Women’s Careers Communal Professions Occupations associated with relationships Traditionally, considered the best profession for women Agentic Professions Professions associated with getting things done Traditionally, considered the best profession for men Earning Power ¾ of a man’s earnings Glass ceiling Invisible barrier in an organization that prevents one from being promoted beyond a certain level due to discrimination

Communal Professions

Occupations associated with relationships

Traditionally, considered the best profession for women

Agentic Professions

Professions associated with getting things done

Traditionally, considered the best profession for men

Earning Power

¾ of a man’s earnings

Glass ceiling

Invisible barrier in an organization that prevents one from being promoted beyond a certain level due to discrimination