1. Lymphatic and Immune System
Terms
Biology 120
Presentation 6
Allyson Lofgren
Professor Abdullah
2. H.I.V.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
H.I.V. is the virus that can lead to a person
developing A.I.D.S.
H.I.V. attacks the patient’s immune system,
specifically the T-Cells (also know as the CD4
cells).
Eventually, H.I.V. kills so many T-Cells that the
body cannot fight infections any longer.
3. Causes of H.I.V.
H.I.V. is found in body fluids like
Blood
Vaginal fluids
Semen
Rectal Mucous
These fluids can be passed on by
Blood transfusions
Unprotected sex
Medical accidents
Intravenous drug users sharing needles
4. Symptoms of H.I.V.
• No Symptoms
• Some patients show no apparent symptoms. The patient
sometimes only begin to feel sick when they develop
A.I.D.S.
• Also called the Chronic or Latent phase
• Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS)
• An early symptom that manifests as a horrible flu
• Vomiting
• Soreness
• Fatigue
• Fever
• It (ARS) is the body’s first response to infection
5. Treatments for H.I.V.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current
treatment for A.I.D.S. and H.I.V.
ART keeps the amount of H.I.V. in the
body in check
Stops the virus from reproducing
Blocks the virus from entering more cells
ART does not cure H.I.V. or A.I.D.S.
6. A.I.D.S
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Patients are not directly infected with A.I.D.S. They
are infected with HIV and may develop A.I.D.S. as a
result of the infection.
According to the CDC, a patient must fulfill the
following criteria to have A.I.D.S.
CD4 count drops to below 200. Threshold for a poor immune system
Viral load increases to levels considered high. The virus is reproducing in
high quantities
The presence of opportunistic infections. The body is becoming sick with
infections because the immune system cannot fight them.
7. Symptoms of A.I.D.S.
A.I.D.S. symptoms are the result of infections that
normally do not happen in healthy people
Chills
Fevers
Sweats
Swollen lymph glands
Weakness
Weight loss
8. Treatments for A.I.D.S
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current
treatment for A.I.D.S. and H.I.V.
ART keeps the amount of H.I.V. in the body in
check
Stops the virus from reproducing
Blocks the virus from entering more cells
ART does not cure A.I.D.S.
9. Elephantiasis
also known as Lymphatic Filariasis
Elephantiasis is the enlargement and disfigurement caused by
blockage of the lymphatic system It is much more common in
subtropic and tropical areas of the world
1/3 of the patients live in India
1/3 of the patients live in Africa
10. Cause of Elephantiasis
Elephantiasis is caused by parasitic worms Wuchereria
bancrofti and Brugia malayi living in the host’s lymphatic
system. The worms block the lymph nodes so the fluids
can not drain and the body part swells
Elephantiasis is spread by mosquitoes
Mosquitoes bite infected patients and pick up the
microfilariae (immature worm) that develop, inside the
mosquito, into the infective stage in 1 to 3 weeks.
The mosquito larvae move to its mouth and enter a
person’s skin while the mosquito bites them.
11. Symptoms of Elephantiasis
Acute swelling and disfigurement
Limbs
Genitals
Breasts
Kidneys
Lymphatic system
12. Treatments for Elephantiasis
Albendazole and DEC kills the parasite
Deep cleaning of the infected area or areas
that have been affected by the blockage
increases the flow of the lymphatic fluids
13. Works Cited
Staff of U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Guidelines fo the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV- Infected Adults and
Adolescents”, http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines
Staff of CDC, “Symptoms & Signs”, http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/overview/signs-and-symptoms/index.html
Staff of Aids.org, “What is A.I.D.S.?”, updated 2011, http://www.aids.org/topics/aids-factsheets/aids-background-information/what-
is-aids/
Staff of Center For Disease Control, Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB
Prevention, “Fact Sheets”, 11/30/10, http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/
Goldman L, Ausiello, Del Rio C, Curran JWSterling TR, Chaisson RE, “A.I.D.S.”, 05/25/10, The New York Times On Line,
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/aids/overview.html
Staff of World Health Organization, “Lymphatic filariasis, Fact Sheet # 102”, 2011,
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/