1. Perioperative fluid therapy aims to maintain hemodynamic stability and organ perfusion. Fluid requirements depend on maintenance needs, deficits from fasting or drainage, third spacing from surgery, and blood or other losses. 2. Transfusion is considered when hemoglobin levels compromise oxygen delivery, depending on patient tolerance. Blood groups and cross-matching guide compatible transfusions to avoid reactions. Component therapy allows targeted treatment with specific blood products. 3. Careful fluid and transfusion management can prevent complications like hypotension, edema, and transfusion reactions from improper products or volumes. Alternatives like autologous donation or blood substitutes aim to reduce donor dependence.