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Politics of India 
Political Institutions & Parties
Republic of India 
• A federal republic with a parliamentary 
system of government 
• capital: New Delhi
A federal system 
• 29 states and 7 centrally administered 
Union Territories 
– 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and 
China
What are union territories? 
• A union territory is a type 
of administrative division in the Republic of 
India. 
• Unlike states, which have their own 
elected governments, union territories are 
ruled directly by the Union 
Government (Central Government), hence 
the name 'union territory'.
Union Territories in India 
1.Andaman and Nicobar Islands 
2.Chandigarh 
3.Dadra and Nagar Haveli 
4.Daman and Diu 
5.Lakshadweep 
6.National Capital Territory of Delhi 
7.Puducherry
Federal system 
• Relatively centralized 
• federal government controls the most 
essential government functions 
– defense 
– foreign policy 
– taxation 
– public expenditures 
– economic (industrial) planning
Federal system 
• state governments formally control 
– agriculture 
– education 
– law and order within states 
– dependent on central government for funds
Federal system 
• considerable center-state conflict when 
ruling political party in a state is different 
from national ruling party
Parallel state structure 
• Formal political structure of the states 
parallels that of the national government 
• national state 
• President Governor 
• Prime Minister Chief Minister 
• Parliament Assembly 
• Supreme Court High Court
Organs of government 
• Legislature 
• Executive 
• Judiciary
Government System in Inida
The legislature 
• Parliamentary system of government 
– the executive authority is responsible to the 
Parliament
The legislature 
• bicameral Parliament 
– Rajya Sabha (Council of States) 
– Lok Sabha (House of the People)
Rajya Sabha (Council of States) 
• The Upper House
Upper House 
• Rajya Sabha (Council of States) 
• not more than 250 members(currently 
245) 
– 12 are nominated by the President of India 
– the rest are indirectly elected 
• by state Legislative Assemblies 
• The Council of States can not be 
dissolved 
– members have terms of 6 years 
– 1/3 members retire at end of every 2nd year
Lok Sabha 
• House of the 
People
Lower House 
• Lok Sabha (House of the People) 
• 545 members 
– 2 are appointed by the President of India 
– the rest are directly elected from single-member 
districts 
• 5-year terms unless dissolved 
• Lok Sabha elects its presiding officer 
– the Speaker
Lok Sabha 
• Elections held at least every 5 years 
• Prime Minister may call elections earlier.
Prime Minister 
• Leader of the majority party leader in Lok 
Sabha becomes the prime minister 
• prime minister nominates a cabinet 
– members of Parliament in the ruling coalition 
– Council of Ministers 
• effective power is concentrated in the 
office of the prime minister 
– where most of the important policies originate
Prime Ministers of India 
• 38 years in the Nehru-Gandhi family 
• more and more rapid turnover
The President of India 
• Head of the State 
• Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces 
• elected by an electoral college 
– national Parliament 
– state legislature 
• 5-year terms 
• can be reelected
Government System in Inida
The President of India 
• Ceremonial office 
– symbolize national unity 
– supposedly above partisan politics 
• mostly acts on the advice of the prime 
minister 
• President plays a significant role when the 
selection of a prime minister is complex 
– in 1998 President requested BJP to form govt.
The Judiciary 
• Fundamental contradiction in constitution 
– principle of parliamentary sovereignty 
– principle of judicial review
The Judiciary 
• judiciary tries to preserve the constitution’s 
basic structure 
• to ensure that legislation conforms with 
the intent of the constitution 
• parliament tries to assert its right to amend 
the constitution

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Government System in Inida

  • 1. Politics of India Political Institutions & Parties
  • 2. Republic of India • A federal republic with a parliamentary system of government • capital: New Delhi
  • 3. A federal system • 29 states and 7 centrally administered Union Territories – 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and China
  • 4. What are union territories? • A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. • Unlike states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the Union Government (Central Government), hence the name 'union territory'.
  • 5. Union Territories in India 1.Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2.Chandigarh 3.Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4.Daman and Diu 5.Lakshadweep 6.National Capital Territory of Delhi 7.Puducherry
  • 6. Federal system • Relatively centralized • federal government controls the most essential government functions – defense – foreign policy – taxation – public expenditures – economic (industrial) planning
  • 7. Federal system • state governments formally control – agriculture – education – law and order within states – dependent on central government for funds
  • 8. Federal system • considerable center-state conflict when ruling political party in a state is different from national ruling party
  • 9. Parallel state structure • Formal political structure of the states parallels that of the national government • national state • President Governor • Prime Minister Chief Minister • Parliament Assembly • Supreme Court High Court
  • 10. Organs of government • Legislature • Executive • Judiciary
  • 12. The legislature • Parliamentary system of government – the executive authority is responsible to the Parliament
  • 13. The legislature • bicameral Parliament – Rajya Sabha (Council of States) – Lok Sabha (House of the People)
  • 14. Rajya Sabha (Council of States) • The Upper House
  • 15. Upper House • Rajya Sabha (Council of States) • not more than 250 members(currently 245) – 12 are nominated by the President of India – the rest are indirectly elected • by state Legislative Assemblies • The Council of States can not be dissolved – members have terms of 6 years – 1/3 members retire at end of every 2nd year
  • 16. Lok Sabha • House of the People
  • 17. Lower House • Lok Sabha (House of the People) • 545 members – 2 are appointed by the President of India – the rest are directly elected from single-member districts • 5-year terms unless dissolved • Lok Sabha elects its presiding officer – the Speaker
  • 18. Lok Sabha • Elections held at least every 5 years • Prime Minister may call elections earlier.
  • 19. Prime Minister • Leader of the majority party leader in Lok Sabha becomes the prime minister • prime minister nominates a cabinet – members of Parliament in the ruling coalition – Council of Ministers • effective power is concentrated in the office of the prime minister – where most of the important policies originate
  • 20. Prime Ministers of India • 38 years in the Nehru-Gandhi family • more and more rapid turnover
  • 21. The President of India • Head of the State • Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces • elected by an electoral college – national Parliament – state legislature • 5-year terms • can be reelected
  • 23. The President of India • Ceremonial office – symbolize national unity – supposedly above partisan politics • mostly acts on the advice of the prime minister • President plays a significant role when the selection of a prime minister is complex – in 1998 President requested BJP to form govt.
  • 24. The Judiciary • Fundamental contradiction in constitution – principle of parliamentary sovereignty – principle of judicial review
  • 25. The Judiciary • judiciary tries to preserve the constitution’s basic structure • to ensure that legislation conforms with the intent of the constitution • parliament tries to assert its right to amend the constitution