Geocomputation for Widening Participation in Higher Education

GEOCOMPUTATION FOR WIDENING PARTICIPATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION Alex Singleton Paul Longley Oliver O'Brien Department of Geography and Centre for Advance Spatial Analysis , University College London

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 THE HE PROBLEM: 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 ACCEPTANCES 1962 - 2003 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

OCCUPATIONAL GROUP: 1968-1978 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Professional & Technical 40% Administrators & Managers 30% Clerical & Armed Forces 20% Manual 10% 0% 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978

SOCIAL CLASS: 1980 - 2001 100% 90% 80% V Unskilled 70% IV Partly Skilled 60% IIIN Skilled non- Manual 50% IIIM Skilled Manual 40% II Intermediate 30% I Professional 20% 10% 0% 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP: 2002 - 2007 100% Higher managerial and 90% professional occupations 80% Lower managerial and professional occupations 70% Intermediate 60% occupations 50% Small employers and own account workers 40% Lower supervisory and 30% technical occupations 20% Semi-routine 10% occupations 0% Routine occupations 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

WIDENING PARTICIPATION • Government have set 50% participation target • Standard fees - ~£1500 • Topup fees - Up to a cap of ~£3000 • Can only be charged if university signs “access agreement” - States how the money will be used to “widen participation” • University performance indicators (State School Students, NS-SEC, Neighbourhood) • WP Funding - POLAR

PROBLEM • How to reach those students who are unlikely to attend HE? • University recruitment often un-systematic • lack spatial decision support tools • What data are available? • LOTS!

SOLUTION • Give stakeholders of HE better access to data! • Simple to use • Data • Simple to use • Record for every state school pupils in England • Simple to use • Spatial reference • Simple to use • Attainment / demographic attributes • Simple to use!

STARTING POINT p hy g ra to ar yc us r yb Ve Goog le API

OpenStreetMap Google Maps Hillshading + Network Google’s Terrain Layer Schools Atlas London Profiler REVISED CARTOGRAPHY / DISPLAY

CONTEXTUAL DATA • Spatial Location - proﬁle of schools • Geodemographics • Deprivation classiﬁcation • POLAR • Model school catchments

Physical Geography Music

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OSM OAC Hillshading Tiles Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS OAC OSM Tiling Script OpenLayers (.js) (.py) R PVCs (.kml) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR AJAX Requests PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI mySQL DB Google Chart Chart Architecture API Cache Diagram

OpenStreetMap (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql PostgreSQL DB with PostGIS Shapeﬁles Tiles Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) OSM Tiling Script (.py) PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Network Layer

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS GDAL Tools Shapeﬁles PerryGeo Hillshading Tiles Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) OSM Tiling Script (.py) PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Hillshading Layer

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OAC Hillshading Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) OSM Tiling Script (.py) PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas Choropleth Layers

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OAC Hillshading Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) OAC OSM Tiling Script (.py) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI mySQL DB School Statistics

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OAC Hillshading Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS OAC OSM Tiling Script (.py) R PVCs (.kml) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI mySQL DB School Catchment Areas

Run: bandwidth 200 - 2000m Until: Single polygon Else: Reduce conﬁdence 10% Run: bandwidth 200 - 2000m Until: Single polygon KDE / PVC

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OAC Hillshading Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS OAC OSM Tiling Script OpenLayers (.js) (.py) R PVCs (.kml) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI mySQL DB Serving Tiles

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OSM OAC Hillshading Tiles Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS OAC OSM Tiling Script OpenLayers (.js) (.py) R PVCs (.kml) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI mySQL DB Other Tile Sources

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OSM OAC Hillshading Tiles Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS OAC OSM Tiling Script OpenLayers (.js) (.py) R PVCs (.kml) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR AJAX Requests PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI mySQL DB Google Chart Chart Showing the API Cache Statistics

OpenStreetMap NASA’s (via Cloudmade) great_britain.osm (.xml) osm2pgsql SRTM PostgreSQL DB DEMs with PostGIS UKBorders English MSOAs and GDAL Tools Postcodes Shapeﬁles PerryGeo OSM OAC Hillshading Tiles Color Brewer DCSF. gov.uk ArcGIS Tiles National Pupil Database Mapnik Stylesheets(.xml) ArcGIS OAC OSM Tiling Script OpenLayers (.js) (.py) R PVCs (.kml) HEFCE.ac.uk POLAR AJAX Requests PublicProﬁler Schools Atlas DCSF.gov.uk EduBase and IDACI mySQL DB Google Chart Chart Showing API Cache Catchments

Version One

SCHOOL SELECTION

SCHOOL PROFILES

AREA PROFILES

Version Two

3 WEBSITES • HE / Widening Participation • Choosing a school • Atlas website

Individual level Individuals schools data Output Output Area Areas Classiﬁcation POLAR HE CAS Wards Participation rates Shuttle Radar Surface Topography Mission Network Street network data Index multiple LSOA deprivation

Map display and controls Tile processing areal and network data KDE / PVA automation for school catchment areas Processing SRTM data in terrain relief Charts API

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Geocomputation for Widening Participation in Higher Education

by Alex Singleton

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