5. (a) Real GDP 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 $7,000 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Recessions Billions of 1992 Dollars Real GDP
9. (c) Unemployment Rate 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Recessions Unemployment rate Percent of Labor Force
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12. The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations Economist use the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend.
17. The Aggregate-Demand Curve... 0 Quantity of Output Price Level Aggregate demand P 1 Y 1 Y 2 P 2 2. …increases the quantity of goods and services demanded. 1. A decrease in the price level...
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24. Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve... 0 P 1 Y 1 Quantity of Output Price Level Aggregate demand, D 1 D 2 Y 2
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27. The Long-Run Aggregate- Supply Curve... Price Level 0 Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Long-run aggregate supply P 1 P 2 2. …does not affect the quantity of goods and services supplied in the long run. 1. A change in the price level…
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31. Long-Run Growth and Inflation... Price Level 0 P 1980 Y 1980 AD 1980 LRAS 1980 1. In the long-run, technological progress shifts long-run aggregate supply... LRAS 2000 LRAS 1990 Quantity of Output P 2000 P 1990 2. …and growth in the money supply shifts aggregate-demand... AD 2000 AD 1990 4. …and ongoing inflation. Y 1990 Y 2000 3. …leading to growth in output...
32. Long-Run Growth and Inflation Short-run fluctuations in output and price level should be viewed as deviations from the continuing long-run trends.
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34. The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve... Price Level 0 Quantity of Output Short-run aggregate supply Y 1 P 1 Y 2 2. reduces the quantity of goods and services supplied in the short run. P 2 1. A decrease in the price level
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41. The Long-Run Equilibrium Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply Long-run aggregate supply Aggregate demand A Equilibrium price Natural rate of output
45. An Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply... Long-run aggregate supply Short-run aggregate supply, AS 1 0 Aggregate demand A Y 1 P 1 1. An adverse shift in the short-run aggregate-supply curve… AS 2 Quantity of Output Price Level 3. …and the price level to rise. P 2 2. …causes output to fall… B Y 2
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48. Accommodating an Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply... 0 Short-run aggregate supply, AS 1 Aggregate demand, AD 1 Long-run aggregate supply A P 1 AS 2 1. When short-run aggregate supply falls… Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Price Level P 2 P 3 3....which causes the price level to rise 4. …but keeps output at its natural rate. C 2. …policymakers can accommodate the shift by expanding aggregate demand… AD 2
51. A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Recessions (a) Real GDP Billions of 1992 Dollars 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 $7,000 Real GDP
55. The Aggregate-Demand Curve... Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate demand P 1 Y 1 Y 2 P 2 2. …increases the quantity of goods and services demanded. 1. A decrease in the price level...
56. Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve... Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate demand, D 1 P 1 Y 1 D 2 Y 2
57. The Long-Run Aggregate- Supply Curve... Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Price Level 0 Long-run aggregate supply P 1 P 2 2. …does not affect the quantity of goods and services supplied in the long run. 1. A change in the price level…
58. Long-Run Growth and Inflation... 1. In the long-run, technological progress shifts long-run aggregate supply... LRAS 2000 LRAS 1990 Quantity of Output Price Level 0 P 1980 Y 1980 AD 1980 P 2000 P 1990 LRAS 1980 2. …and growth in the money supply shifts aggregate-demand... AD 2000 AD 1990 4. …and ongoing inflation. Y 1990 Y 2000 3. …leading to growth in output...
59. The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve... Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply Y 1 P 1 Y 2 2. reduces the quantity of goods and services supplied in the short run. P 2 1. A decrease in the price level
60. The Long-Run Equilibrium Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply Long-run aggregate supply Aggregate demand A Equilibrium price Natural rate of output
62. An Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply... 1. An adverse shift in the short-run aggregate-supply curve… AS 2 Long-run aggregate supply Short-run aggregate supply, AS 1 Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate demand A Y 1 P 1 3. …and the price level to rise. P 2 2. …causes output to fall… B Y 2
63. Accommodating an Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply... AS 2 1. When short-run aggregate supply falls… Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply, AS 1 Aggregate demand, AD 1 Long-run aggregate supply A P 1 P 2 P 3 3....which causes the price level to rise 4. …but keeps output at its natural rate. C 2. …policymakers can accommodate the shift by expanding aggregate demand… AD 2