Towards OpenURL Quality Metrics: Initial Findings

Towards OpenURL Quality Metrics: Initial Findings Adam Chandler Cornell University Library 2009 American Library Association Annual Conference, Chicago

OpenURL model

OpenURL model cont. incoming OpenURL http://linkresolver.library.cornell.edu:4550/resserv? &url_ver=z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.atitle=item- level+usage+statistics+a+review+of+current+practices+and+recommendations+for+normalization+and+exchange&rft.auinit =c&rft.aulast=merk&rft.date=2009&rft.epage=162&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0737-8831&rft.issue=1&rft.place=bin gley&rft.pub=emerald+group+publishing+limited&rft.spage=151&rft.stitle=libr+hi+tech&rft.title=library+hi+tech& rft.volume=27&rfr_id=info:sid/www.isinet.com:wok:wos&rft.au=scholze,+f&rft.au=windisch, +n&rft_id=info:doi/10.1108%2f07378830910942991/ in our knowledge base? title: Library hi tech issn: 0737-8831 start date: 19970101 end date: link-to syntax for Emerald http://www.emeraldinsight.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/cgi?body=linker&reqidx=#@ISSN- HYPHEN#(#@DATE#)#@VOLUME#:#@ISSUE#L.#@SPAGE#

OpenURL is pervasive Cornell link resolver alone: July 1, 2008 – June 30, 2009: 402,000 OpenURL service requests. Estimate: 402,000 * 123(ARL libraries) = 49 million

Cornell’s top 10 OpenURL sources 1. Web of Knowledge 2. Google Scholar 3. Webfeat (our “Find Articles” service) 4. EBSCOHost 5. OCLC FirstSearch 6. SilverPlatter 7. Weill Cornell Medical Center 8. SciFinder Scholar 9. PubMed 10. Refworks

example OpenURL http://linkresolver.library.cornell.edu:4550/resserv? &url_ver=z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_val_fmt=i nfo:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.atitle=item- level+usage+statistics+a+review+of+current+practices+and+recommendati ons+for+normalization+and+exchange&rft.auinit=c&rft.aulast=merk&rft.da te=2009&rft.epage=162&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0737-8831&rft.issue=1 &rft.place=bingley&rft.pub=emerald+group+publishing+limited&rft.spage= 151&rft.stitle=libr+hi+tech&rft.title=library+hi+tech&rft.volume=27&rfr_id =info:sid/www.isinet.com:wok:wos&rft.au=scholze,+f&rft.au=windisch, +n&rft_id=info:doi/10.1108%2f07378830910942991/

example OpenURL (1) http://linkresolver.library.cornell.edu:4550/resserv?&url_ver=z39.88-2004 &url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal &rft.atitle=item- level+usage+statistics+a+review+of+current+practices+and+recommendati ons+for+normalization+and+exchange &rft.auinit=c &rft.aulast=merk &rft.date=2009 &rft.epage=162 &rft.genre=article &rft.issn=0737-8831

example OpenURL (2) &rft.issue=1 &rft.place=bingley &rft.pub=emerald+group+publishing+limited &rft.spage=151 &rft.stitle=libr+hi+tech &rft.title=library+hi+tech &rft.volume=27 &rfr_id=info:sid/www.isinet.com:wok:wos &rft.au=scholze,+f &rft.au=windisch,+n &rft_id=info:doi/10.1108%2f07378830910942991/

Literature review Since the OpenURL standard was introduced some ten years ago I can identify no systematic study designed and carried out to benchmark the quality of linking.

Wakimoto, Walker, and Dabbour (2006) Main finding: Users just expect full-text. When they do not get it they are disappointed. Jina Choi Wakimoto, David S. Walker, and Katherine S. Dabbour (2006). "The Myths and Realities of SFX in Academic Libraries." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 32 (2): 127–136

Wakimoto, Walker, and Dabbour (2006) "Where does SFX start and where does it end? If an SFX request does not result in a full-text link, does the problem lie with the source database’s metadata, the construction of the OpenURL request, the SFX KnowledgeBase, the SFX software, the resulting target resource, or even the local library’s collection development plan?" (p. 134) Jina Choi Wakimoto, David S. Walker, and Katherine S. Dabbour (2006). "The Myths and Realities of SFX in Academic Libraries." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 32 (2): 127–136

… but finding the cause of the problem is hard • Wrong start end date in the local library's holdings knowledge base (see KBART) • Semantically inaccurate metadata from the OpenURL origin (wrong ISSN, for example) • Wrong link-to syntax in link resolver • Fragile handling of incoming links by content provider • Inaccurate or missing Crossref DOI URL (sometimes the DOI registration process is out of sync with the mounting of articles) • Subscription errors (especially with the start of a new calendar year) • Syntactically incorrect metadata from the OpenURL origin

Blake and Knudson (2002) • “Increased communication between primary publishers and secondary publishers. Metadata corrections and updates need to be better coordinated.” See: Culling, James (2007). "Link Resolvers and the Serials Supply Chain." UKSG. <http://www.uksg.org/projects/linkfinal> and NISO/UKSG KBART Blake, Miriam E. and Frances L. Knudson. "Metadata and Reference Linking." Library Collections, Acquisitions & Technical Services 26 (3), (2002): 219-230.

Blake and Knudson (2002) • “Increased awareness of bibliographic/citation standards by authors. Increased submission of publications with bibliographical references reflecting the accepted standards.” Blake, Miriam E. and Frances L. Knudson. "Metadata and Reference Linking." Library Collections, Acquisitions & Technical Services 26 (3), (2002): 219-230.

Blake and Knudson (2002) • “Increased outreach by librarians to authors emphasizing and promoting the importance of citation standards for electronic document retrieval.” Blake, Miriam E. and Frances L. Knudson. "Metadata and Reference Linking." Library Collections, Acquisitions & Technical Services 26 (3), (2002): 219-230.

Blake and Knudson (2002) • “Increased consistency in metadata within a single database and across databases. This would result in a higher success rate of linking and would allow the algorithms to be simpler. Simpler algorithms are easier to maintain and modify.” Blake, Miriam E. and Frances L. Knudson. "Metadata and Reference Linking." Library Collections, Acquisitions & Technical Services 26 (3), (2002): 230.

Hughes (2004) • Hughes describes an initiative of the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC), a consortium of linguistic data archives, to create an infrastructure to support metadata quality assessment within a specialized Open Archives Initiative (OAI) community. . Baden Hughes, Metadata Quality Evaluation: Experience from the Open Language Archives Community. 7th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2004, Shanghai, China, December 13-17, 2004. Proceedings, pp 320-329.

Hughes (2004) • Metadata quality should be evaluated on a per record and per collection basis and assessed against the baseline of broader community practice. Metadata quality requires both structural and semantic validation. . Baden Hughes, Metadata Quality Evaluation: Experience from the Open Language Archives Community. 7th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2004, Shanghai, China, December 13-17, 2004. Proceedings, pp. 320-329.

Hughes (2004) • Goals: – establish a baseline against which future instances can be compared; – provide assistance to data providers; – evaluate a set of domain-grounded controlled vocabularies. Baden Hughes, Metadata Quality Evaluation: Experience from the Open . Language Archives Community. 7th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2004, Shanghai, China, December 13-17, 2004. Proceedings, pp. 320-329.

Hughes’ approach • Each metadata record score from 0 - 10. • There are two parts, a "Code Existence Score and an Element Absence Penalty," with weighting. • The Code Existence Score is specific to the OLAC communities use of Dublin Core extensions. • The Element Absence Penalty is based on the premise that the usefullness of a given metadata decreases in the absence of core metadata fields. • The absence of a core element results in a negative 0.2 penalty. Baden Hughes, Metadata Quality Evaluation: Experience from the Open Language Archives Community. 7th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2004, Shanghai, China, December 13-17, 2004. Proceedings, pp. 320-329.

Hughes’ approach • From this simple approach, an array of metrics are derived: – archive diversity; – metadata quality; – core elements per record; – core element usage; – code usage; – code and element usage; – star rating. • From these metrics a score is computed for each metadata record, each archive, and the community as a whole. Baden Hughes, Metadata Quality Evaluation: Experience from the Open Language Archives Community. 7th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2004, Shanghai, China, December 13-17, 2004. Proceedings, pp. 320-329.

Mellon funded planning grant for L'Année philologique 1. Canonical Citation Linking: http://cwkb.org In collaboration with Eric Rebillard, Professor, Classics and History, and David Ruddy, Cornell University Library 2. OpenURL Quality Is it possible to build a system for evaluating OpenURL quality from a content provider?

Key findings from 2008 Mellon OpenURL quality investigation Hughes’ approach to metadata evaluation is excellent scaffolding to help build a model for OpenURL metadata evaluation, but it does not match the problem exactly.

Constant 1: Key elements used by content providers in their link-to targets title - 64% spage - 64% volume - 61% issue - 60% Based on an analysis of link- tos in the Cornell instance of date - 48% the III WebBridge link resolver aulast - 47% product. issn - 35% atitle - 35% DOI - 14% ISBN – 5%

Constant 2: Frequency of element string patterns for all sources

Relational model

aulast if ($element =~ /aulast/) { if ($sid =~ /firstsearch/) { if ($element =~ /rft.aulast/) { next; } } $patterns{allsids}{$genre}{"aulast"}++; $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"aulast"}++; if ($value =~ /^[A-Za-z]+$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"aulast_simple"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^[A-Za-z]+, .+$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"aulast_comma"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^[A-Z][a-z]+( [A-Z].)+$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"aulast_simpleplusinitial"}++; } else {$patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"aulast_other"}++; } }

Simple flat structure

aulast_other examples Ryan S Miller Louise D Bryant DAVID J MCKENZIE %C4%90okovi%C4%87 Indu B Ahluwalia Carreras-Sangr%c3%a0 Bautista-Casta%C3%B1o O%27Shea Melissa Ventura Marra Guan XueYing%3B Yu Nan%3B Shangguan XiaoXia

spage if ($element =~ /spage/) { if ($sid =~ /firstsearch/) { if ($element =~ /rft.spage/) { next; } } $patterns{allsids}{$genre}{"spage"}++; $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"spage"}++; if ($value =~ /^d+$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"spage_number"}+ +; } elsif ($value =~ /^d+-d+$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"spage_number_number"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /[A-Za-z].+d/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"spage_string_w_number"}++; } else {$patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"spage_other"}++; } }

spage_other examples • 1033 (6 pages) • 85(19) • 575 (11 pages) • 283...290 • PHYS • GLRM • 58,+VI

date if ($element =~ /date/) { if ($sid =~ /firstsearch/) { if ($element =~ /rft.date/) { next; } } $patterns{allsids}{$genre}{"date"}++; $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"date"}++; if ($value =~ /^d{4}$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"date_dddd"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^d{4}-d{2}$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"date_dddd- dd"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^d{4}-d{2}-d{2}$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"date_dddd-dd-dd"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^d{4}-d{4}$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"date_dddd- dddd"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^d{8}$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"date_dddddddd"}++; } else {$patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"date_dateother"}++;} }

date_other examples • 1956 July • %7E1994 • June 5%2C 2002 • JUN 30 05 • 2006%282007%29 • 1922,+April+25th • %5B%5B1943-06-19%5D%5D

issn_other if ($element =~ /issn/) { if ($sid =~ /firstsearch/) { if ($element =~ /rft.issn/) { next; } } $patterns{allsids}{$genre}{"issn"}++; $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"issn"}++; if ($value =~ /^d+-d+$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"issn_number_number"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^d+$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"issn_number"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^d+X$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"issn_numberX"}++; } elsif ($value =~ /^d+-d+X$/) { $patterns{$sid}{$genre} {"issn_number_numberX"}++; } else {$patterns{$sid}{$genre}{"issn_other"}++; print "$valuen";} }

issn_other examples • 0065-2598%28print%29 • 0018-5345+%28ISSN+print%29 • ISSN ISBN 0-9525091-5-6. • 0021-8375%28print %29%7C1439-0361%28electronic%29 • 1471-2164+%28ISSN+online%29 • 0191-8699%3B0191-8699 • 0741-8329 (Print)%3B NLM Unique Journal Identifier%3A 8502311

How often? metric frequency in July-Sep 2008 sample au_last_other 5476 spage_other 772 date_other 591 issn_other 200

Demo of OQ UI

Element report

Pattern report

Next steps • add non-Cornell data, from libraries or link resolver vendors (model is agnostic to source) • confirm and publicize key elements used by target syntaxes • outreach to content providers • refine and expand metrics • more reports – longitudinal by source – compare frequency of an element’s use across sources – compare frequency of an element pattern across sources

How to stay in the loop http://openurlquality.blogspot.com/ Adam Chandler Database Management and Electronic Resources Librarian Library Technical Services Cornell University Library tel: 607-255-5760 email: alc28@cornell.edu

Towards OpenURL Quality Metrics: Initial Findings

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