1750-1914: An Age of Revolutions Latin American Independence Movements

Background Indigenous peoples and civilizations Maya, Aztec, Inca European Colonization, 1500s Spain, Portugal, France American Revolution, 1776 French Revolution and Enlightenment, 1789 Napoleon’s conquests within Europe, 1800s

Indigenous peoples and civilizations

Maya, Aztec, Inca

European Colonization, 1500s

Spain, Portugal, France

American Revolution, 1776

French Revolution and Enlightenment, 1789

Napoleon’s conquests within Europe, 1800s

Latin American Independence Movements, 18th & 19th C.

Results Caudillos Strong military leaders emerge Dictatorship and totalitarian systems emerge Dependency theory challenges “Moderninity” theory Western European markets determine the product South America dependent upon others buying their one crop Banana Republics United Fruit Company controlled Central America in late 19 th and early 20 th century Phrase coined to designate politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and corrupt clique put in power by the United States government in conjunction with the CIA and the US business lobby

Caudillos

Strong military leaders emerge

Dictatorship and totalitarian systems emerge

Dependency theory challenges “Moderninity” theory

Western European markets determine the product

South America dependent upon others buying their one crop

Banana Republics

United Fruit Company controlled Central America in late 19 th and early 20 th century

Phrase coined to designate politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and corrupt clique put in power by the United States government in conjunction with the CIA and the US business lobby

French colonies: Revolution in Haiti Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti Western third of island of Hispanola in Caribbean Sea. Plantation slavery, sugar

Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti

Western third of island of Hispanola in Caribbean Sea.

Plantation slavery, sugar

Toussaint L’Ouverture (too-SAN loo-vair-TOOR) Former slave, self-educated. Untrained in military and political matters, but became a skilled general and diplomat. Allegedly got name (“opening” in French) from being able to find openings in enemy lines. Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke out in 1791. 100,000 slaves in revolt.

(too-SAN loo-vair-TOOR)

Former slave, self-educated.

Untrained in military and political matters, but became a skilled general and diplomat.

Allegedly got name (“opening” in French) from being able to find openings in enemy lines.

Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke out in 1791.

100,000 slaves in revolt.

By 1801, L’Ouverture moved into Spanish Santo Domingo (the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispanola), took control of territory and freed slaves. In January 1802, French troops landed. Toussaint agreed to an end of fighting if the French would end slavery French accused him of planning another uprising. Sent him to a prison in the French Alps. He died 10 months later, April 1803.

By 1801, L’Ouverture moved into Spanish Santo Domingo (the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispanola), took control of territory and freed slaves.

In January 1802, French troops landed.

Toussaint agreed to an end of fighting if the French would end slavery

French accused him of planning another uprising.

Sent him to a prison in the French Alps.

He died 10 months later, April 1803.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines Toussaint’s general. Took up the fight. Jan 1, 1804 - declared an independent country. First black colony to free itself from European control. He called it Haiti, “mountainous land,” in the language of the native Arawak inhabitants. Became first emperor of Haiti; later assassinated in a revolt. 1820: Haiti became an independent republic

Toussaint’s general.

Took up the fight.

Jan 1, 1804 - declared an independent country.

First black colony to free itself from European control.

He called it Haiti, “mountainous land,” in the language of the native Arawak inhabitants.

Became first emperor of Haiti; later assassinated in a revolt.

1820: Haiti became an independent republic

Spanish Colonies Revolutions against Spanish Rule

Latin American social classes Peninsulares - men born in Spain held highest offices Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin America officers in army, but not in government often resented power of the peninsulares Mestizos - mixed European and Indian Mulattos - mixed European and African Indians

Peninsulares - men born in Spain

held highest offices

Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin America

officers in army, but not in government

often resented power of the peninsulares

Mestizos - mixed European and Indian

Mulattos - mixed European and African

Indians

European Background: Napoleon Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808. Removed Spain’s King Ferdinand VII and made Joseph (Nap’s brother) king of Spain. Creoles used it as a reason for revolution. 1810 rebellion across Latin America. 1814, Napoleon defeated and Ferdinand returned to power, but creoles cont’d their movement.

Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808.

Removed Spain’s King Ferdinand VII and made Joseph (Nap’s brother) king of Spain.

Creoles used it as a reason for revolution.

1810 rebellion across Latin America.

1814, Napoleon defeated and Ferdinand returned to power, but creoles cont’d their movement.

Francisco Goya, Executions of May 3, 1808

Simon Bolivar Wealthy Venezuelan creole. “ The Liberator”

Wealthy Venezuelan creole.

“ The Liberator”

Venezuelan Independence, 1821 Venezuela declared independence, 1811. Bolivar’s armies unsuccessful at first. 1819: Bolivar marched armies over Andes into today’s Colombia, defeated Spanish army. 1821: Venezuelan independence. Marched north to Ecuador to meet Jose de San Martin.

Venezuela declared independence, 1811.

Bolivar’s armies unsuccessful at first.

1819: Bolivar marched armies over Andes into today’s Colombia, defeated Spanish army.

1821: Venezuelan independence.

Marched north to Ecuador to meet Jose de San Martin.

Simple, modest man. Born in Argentina, spent time in Spain as military officer. Jose de San Martin

Simple, modest man.

Born in Argentina, spent time in Spain as military officer.

Lima, Peru

Argentina declared independence in 1816. San Martin led army across Andes to Chile, joined by Bernardo O’Higgins, and freed Chile. Ecuador, 1822: San Martin met with Bolivar to decide how to remove remaining Spanish forces in Lima, Peru. Argentinean Independence

Argentina declared independence in 1816.

San Martin led army across Andes to Chile, joined by Bernardo O’Higgins, and freed Chile.

Ecuador, 1822: San Martin met with Bolivar to decide how to remove remaining Spanish forces in Lima, Peru.

San Martin sailed for Europe and died on French soil in 1850. Dec 9, 1824, Bolivar defeated Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho.

San Martin sailed for Europe and died on French soil in 1850.

Dec 9, 1824, Bolivar defeated Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho.

Bolivar San Martin

Bolivar’s vision of a united South America. Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. Short-lived due to dissension amongst various factions. Bolivar resigned in 1828. In 1830, Bolivar’s Gran Colombia divided into Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance, 1903. Gran Colombia, 1820-1830

Bolivar’s vision of a united South America.

Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama.

Short-lived due to dissension amongst various factions.

Bolivar resigned in 1828.

In 1830, Bolivar’s Gran Colombia divided into Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.

Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance, 1903.

Mexico Indians and mestizos, not creoles, played the key role in independence movements. Creoles sided with Spain to avoid violence of lower-class rebellions (until 1820).

Indians and mestizos, not creoles, played the key role in independence movements.

Creoles sided with Spain to avoid violence of lower-class rebellions (until 1820).

Miguel Hidalgo A village priest, believed in Enlightenment ideals. 1810, called for revolution. Grito de Dolores (call for revolution) Hidalgo’s Indian and mestizo followers marched to Mexico City. Spanish army and creoles acted against Hidalgo and defeated him in 1811.

A village priest, believed

in Enlightenment ideals.

1810, called for revolution.

Grito de Dolores (call for revolution)

Hidalgo’s Indian and mestizo followers marched to Mexico City.

Spanish army and creoles acted against Hidalgo and defeated him in 1811.

Jose Maria Morelos Took leadership after Hidalgo’s defeat. Defeated by creoles.

Took leadership after Hidalgo’s defeat.

Defeated by creoles.

Mexican Independence, 1821 1820 revolution in Spain put a liberal government in power. Mexican creoles feared loss of influence, so they united against Spain. Agustin Iturbide declared himself emperor, but was overthrown. 1824: Establishment of the Mexican Republic.

1820 revolution in Spain put a liberal government in power.

Mexican creoles feared loss of influence, so they united against Spain.

Agustin Iturbide declared himself emperor, but was overthrown.

1824: Establishment of the Mexican Republic.

Mexico's Congress then followed the wishes of the liberals and began to write a constitution for a federal republic. But the criollos still disagreed on how the constitution should be written. Conservatives wanted a strong central government and wanted Roman Catholicism to be the national religion, as it had been under Spanish rule. Liberals wanted the central government to have less power and the states more, and they called for freedom of religion. The groups finally reached a compromise, though many conservative criollos did not support it. In 1824, Mexico became a republic with a president and a two-house Congress heading the national government, and governors and legislatures heading the states. Guadalupe Victoria, a follower of Hidalgo and Morelos, became the first president. http://www.vivasancarlos.com/call_ind.html

Mexico's Congress then followed the wishes of the liberals and began to write a constitution for a federal republic. But the criollos still disagreed on how the constitution should be written. Conservatives wanted a strong central government and wanted Roman Catholicism to be the national religion, as it had been under Spanish rule. Liberals wanted the central government to have less power and the states more, and they called for freedom of religion. The groups finally reached a compromise, though many conservative criollos did not support it. In 1824, Mexico became a republic with a president and a two-house Congress heading the national government, and governors and legislatures heading the states. Guadalupe Victoria, a follower of Hidalgo and Morelos, became the first president.

http://www.vivasancarlos.com/call_ind.html

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna A caudillo, strong arm ruler. Fought for independence from Spain in 1821 and again in 1829 when Spain tried to reconquer Mexico. Between 1833 and 1855, president four times switched sides to keep himself in power Santa Anna was Emperor of the largest empire in world history, stretching from southern Mexico through Texas, all of what is now the US southwest, California and some of Oregon, a rather large parcel of territory. Was Emperor for a short time – until Texas defeated Mexico in its War of Independence, but never really had control of his empire

A caudillo, strong arm ruler.

Fought for independence from Spain in 1821 and again in 1829 when Spain tried to reconquer Mexico.

Between 1833 and 1855, president four times

switched sides to keep himself in power

Santa Anna was Emperor of the largest empire in world history, stretching from southern Mexico through Texas, all of what is now the US southwest, California and some of Oregon, a rather large parcel of territory.

Was Emperor for a short time – until Texas defeated Mexico in its War of Independence, but never really had control of his empire

Texas Revolt 1820s, Mexico invited English-speaking settlers (Anglos) to settle Mexican territory of Texas. Cheap land if they supported the Mexican govt. Texans soon wanted self-govt, Mexico refused. 1835, Stephen Austin encouraged revolt. Santa Anna led Mexican troops; defeated, 1836. 1845, US annexed Texas; invaded Mexico. 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave US land.

1820s, Mexico invited English-speaking settlers (Anglos) to settle Mexican territory of Texas.

Cheap land if they supported the Mexican govt.

Texans soon wanted self-govt, Mexico refused.

1835, Stephen Austin encouraged revolt.

Santa Anna led Mexican troops; defeated, 1836.

1845, US annexed Texas; invaded Mexico.

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave US land.

Benito Juarez Poor, orphaned Zapotec Indian; law degree and local governor. La Reforma: reform movement redistribution of land, separation of church and state, education Santa Anna sent him into exile. Set up a liberal government, but plagued by conservative rebels.

Poor, orphaned Zapotec Indian; law degree and local governor.

La Reforma: reform movement

redistribution of land, separation of church and state, education

Santa Anna sent him into exile.

Set up a liberal government, but plagued by conservative rebels.

French Rule Conservative rebels plotted with France to reconquer Mexico. Napoleon III sent armies to Mexico. Cinco de Mayo, 1862: Zaragoza won the Battle of Puebla against the French, but the French won the war. Napoleon III appointed a relative, Austrian archduke Maximilian, as emperor of Mexico. Juarez resisted, US sent troops to Mexico - French gave up in 1867. Juarez continued reforms.

Conservative rebels plotted with France to reconquer Mexico.

Napoleon III sent armies to Mexico.

Cinco de Mayo, 1862:

Zaragoza won the Battle of Puebla against the French, but the French won the war.

Napoleon III appointed a relative, Austrian archduke Maximilian, as emperor of Mexico.

Juarez resisted, US sent troops to Mexico - French gave up in 1867.

Juarez continued reforms.

Porfirio Diaz, 1870s-1911 Mid-1870s, new caudillo. Indian who rose up through the ranks. Supported by Indians, small landowners and military. “ Order and progress,” but no liberty.

Mid-1870s, new caudillo.

Indian who rose up through the ranks.

Supported by Indians, small landowners and military.

“ Order and progress,” but no liberty.

Mexican Revolution (against Diaz) Francisco “Pancho” Villa - Robin-Hood policy Emiliano Zapata - “Tierra y libertad” Francisco Madero - appointed President, but resigned and was murdered. General Victoriano Huerta took presidency. Villa and Zapata supported Venustiano Carranza, overthrew Huerta. Carranza murdered Zapata. 1917, new constitution (in use today). Carranza otherthrown by Alvaro Obregon.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa - Robin-Hood policy

Emiliano Zapata - “Tierra y libertad”

Francisco Madero - appointed President, but resigned and was murdered.

General Victoriano Huerta took presidency.

Villa and Zapata supported Venustiano Carranza, overthrew Huerta.

Carranza murdered Zapata.

1917, new constitution (in use today).

Carranza otherthrown by Alvaro Obregon.

Portuguese Rule Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal. Portugal was mostly focused on routes to Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal.

Portugal was mostly focused on routes to Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Brazilian Independence In 1807, Napoleon marched on Iberian peninsula, forcing Portuguese royal family of King John VI to escape to Brazil, Portugal’s largest colony. From 1807 to 1815, Brazil was center of Portuguese empire.

In 1807, Napoleon marched on Iberian peninsula, forcing Portuguese royal family of King John VI to escape to Brazil, Portugal’s largest colony.

From 1807 to 1815, Brazil was center of Portuguese empire.

With defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Portugal wanted Brazil to become a colony again. By 1822, creoles demanding independence signed a petition asking Portugal’s prince, Dom Pedro, to rule Brazil. On Sept 7, 1822, Dom Pedro agreed, and declared Brazil’s independence Emperor Pedro I, to emulate Napoleon and to unify various elements of Brazil. Pedro’s political and personal problems led to a decline in his popularity. 1889, Brazilians overthrew Pedro’s successor and declared their country a republic.

With defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Portugal wanted Brazil to become a colony again.

By 1822, creoles demanding independence signed a petition asking Portugal’s prince, Dom Pedro, to rule Brazil.

On Sept 7, 1822, Dom Pedro agreed, and declared Brazil’s independence

Emperor Pedro I, to emulate Napoleon and to unify various elements of Brazil.

Pedro’s political and personal problems led to a decline in his popularity.

1889, Brazilians overthrew Pedro’s successor and declared their country a republic.

United Provinces of Central America Several other Central American states declared their independence from both Spain and Mexico to create the United Provinces of Central America.

Several other Central American states declared their independence from both Spain and Mexico to create the United Provinces of Central America.

By 1841, United Provinces of Central America had split into republics of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras. Conservative clergy and wealthy landowners resisted liberal, democratic reforms. Inability to agree to terms of a canal cost it much-needed revenue.

By 1841, United Provinces of Central America had split into republics of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras.

Conservative clergy and wealthy landowners resisted liberal, democratic reforms.

Inability to agree to terms of a canal cost it much-needed revenue.

Period of Consolidation, 1825-1850 Breakdown of original nations and groups: Gran Colombia an original union between Bolivia and Peru United Provinces of Central America Instability of internal politics Bolivia experienced 60 revolts and coups. Venezuela experienced 52 revolts and coups Liberals - free trade, representative govt, federal government system Conservatives - protect church and upper classes controlled most regimes between 1830 and 1870. Independence movements and new governments run by Creoles Spanish administrators had excluded Creoles from political leadership, so few leaders could actually run a government.

Breakdown of original nations and groups:

Gran Colombia

an original union between Bolivia and Peru

United Provinces of Central America

Instability of internal politics

Bolivia experienced 60 revolts and coups.

Venezuela experienced 52 revolts and coups

Liberals - free trade, representative govt, federal government system

Conservatives - protect church and upper classes

controlled most regimes between 1830 and 1870.

Independence movements and new governments run by Creoles

Spanish administrators had excluded Creoles from political leadership, so few leaders could actually run a government.

Growing significant role of the military Stepped in to fill admin positions where inexperienced Creoles failed. Often drawn from independence armies. Possessed organization skills Gained support of Creole landowners and church officials eager to suppress peasant unrest. Often faced revolts and coups, too. Military hierarchy helped compensate for weakly developed civil administrations.

Stepped in to fill admin positions where inexperienced Creoles failed.

Often drawn from independence armies.

Possessed organization skills

Gained support of Creole landowners and church officials eager to suppress peasant unrest.

Often faced revolts and coups, too.

Military hierarchy helped compensate for weakly developed civil administrations.

Achievements Expansion of education system, open new lands to settlement, abolish slavery. Stability in foreign affairs - map fixed after 1850 In 1820, Britain established Uruguay as a buffer between Argentina and Brazil US provoked the only major changes Mexican-American War, Cuba, Panama

Expansion of education system, open new lands to settlement, abolish slavery.

Stability in foreign affairs - map fixed after 1850

In 1820, Britain established Uruguay as a buffer between Argentina and Brazil

US provoked the only major changes

Mexican-American War, Cuba, Panama

Late 19th century Trends: Strongman Rule, Liberalism, commercial development Dictators in Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia Caudillo = strongman leader Relied on force outlawed opposition, regulated schools and newspapers used jails, police and firing squads often corrupt sometimes supported liberal policies Liberal governments return to power Even strongmen often supported “liberal” policies regular elections, but with restricted voting rights (oligarchic democracies)

Dictators in Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia

Caudillo = strongman leader

Relied on force

outlawed opposition, regulated schools and newspapers

used jails, police and firing squads

often corrupt

sometimes supported liberal policies

Liberal governments return to power

Even strongmen often supported “liberal” policies

regular elections, but with restricted voting rights (oligarchic democracies)

Trend towards Commercial Development Mining Estate agriculture (Shift from plantation) Extension of road and rail networks. Foreign investment. Immigration. End of slavery in 1880s Leads to new demand for labor Argentina’s policies encouraging immigration led to 3/4 of the pop foreign-born.

Mining

Estate agriculture (Shift from plantation)

Extension of road and rail networks.

Foreign investment.

Immigration.

End of slavery in 1880s

Leads to new demand for labor

Argentina’s policies encouraging immigration led to 3/4 of the pop foreign-born.

Results of Latin American Independence Movements Political/Social: Continued battles between liberals, conservatives and the military over how to best rule. Tensions between articulate political forces and the separate masses. Economic: Unable to free itself from dependence on Western-controlled economic patterns. Cultural/intelligent: Distinct cultural entity combination of Western styles and values plus its racial diversity, colonial past, and social structure of a semi-colonial economy.

Political/Social:

Continued battles between liberals, conservatives and the military over how to best rule.

Tensions between articulate political forces and the separate masses.

Economic:

Unable to free itself from dependence on Western-controlled economic patterns.

Cultural/intelligent:

Distinct cultural entity

combination of Western styles and values plus its racial diversity, colonial past, and social structure of a semi-colonial economy.

Latin American Independence Movements, 18th & 19th C.