Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization II. The Aryans III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance

I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization II. The Aryans III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance

River valley systems I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E. Indus river system Valley plains, snow-fed rivers A. The Great Cities of the Indus Valley Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro Densely populated Walled Square grid pattern Construction: kiln-dried bricks Citadels Defensive retreats Civic centers Bathing tanks Granaries Sewage system Residences Courtyards India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan Migrations

River valley systems

I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization

Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.

Indus river system

Valley plains, snow-fed rivers

A. The Great Cities of the Indus Valley Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro

Densely populated Walled

Square grid pattern

Construction: kiln-dried bricks Citadels

Defensive retreats

Civic centers

Bathing tanks Granaries

Sewage system Residences

Courtyards

I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization B. Harappan Culture and Society Agriculture Wheat, rye, peas, cotton, and possibly rice Domesticated animals Irrigation systems Trade with Mesopotamia, China, and Burma Priests Privileged Intermediaries Fertility central Female figures and phallic symbols common C. The Slow Demise of Harappan Civilization c. 1150 B.C.E. Causes unclear Floods at Mohenjo-Daro Fertile areas drier Migrants lead to deterioration of irrigation system

I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization

B. Harappan Culture and Society

Agriculture

Wheat, rye, peas, cotton, and possibly rice Domesticated animals

Irrigation systems

Trade with Mesopotamia, China, and Burma

Priests

Privileged

Intermediaries

Fertility central Female figures and phallic symbols common

C. The Slow Demise of Harappan Civilization c. 1150 B.C.E.

Causes unclear

Floods at Mohenjo-Daro

Fertile areas drier Migrants lead to deterioration of irrigation system

II. The Aryans Indo-Europeans Pastoralists From Black and Caspian areas 3rd, 2nd millennia B.C.E. Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran Indus and Ganges river systems A. Aryan Warrior Culture Dominated by warriors Turn to agriculture in Ganges Villages Oral literature The Vedas Religious hymns Horses Chariots Indra, god of battle and lightning

II. The Aryans

Indo-Europeans

Pastoralists

From Black and Caspian areas

3rd, 2nd millennia B.C.E.

Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran Indus and Ganges river systems

A. Aryan Warrior Culture

Dominated by warriors

Turn to agriculture in Ganges Villages Oral literature The Vedas Religious hymns

Horses

Chariots

Indra, god of battle and lightning

II. The Aryans B. Aryan Society Originally: warriors, priests, and commoners Added serfs ( dasas ) from indigenous Indians Develops into caste system Four castes ( varnas ) Priests (brahmin) Warriors Merchants Peasants Plus non-Aryan conquered peoples Patriarchal, patrilinial, patrilocal Brides bring dowries

II. The Aryans

B. Aryan Society

Originally: warriors, priests, and commoners Added serfs ( dasas ) from indigenous Indians

Develops into caste system

Four castes ( varnas )

Priests (brahmin)

Warriors

Merchants

Peasants Plus non-Aryan conquered peoples

Patriarchal, patrilinial, patrilocal Brides bring dowries

II. The Aryans C. Aryan Religion Polytheistic Male gods dominate D. Harappa’s Fall After 1500 B.C.E. , civilization > pastoralism, small settlements Tribal organization predominates Comparatively egalitarian Aryans later turn to agriculture Form small kingdoms New culture forms from synthesis

II. The Aryans

C. Aryan Religion

Polytheistic

Male gods dominate

D. Harappa’s Fall

After 1500 B.C.E. , civilization > pastoralism, small settlements

Tribal organization predominates

Comparatively egalitarian

Aryans later turn to agriculture

Form small kingdoms

New culture forms from synthesis

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China A. Beginnings Peking man Neolithic Ordos Bulge of Huanghe Migrants By 4000 B.C.E. , two cultural centers Yangshao culture (2500-2000 B.C.E. ) Longshan culture (2000-1500 B.C.E. ) Millet, larger villages Controlled river with dikes Rulers associated with flood control Mythical Yu, ruler of Xia China in the Shang and Zhou Eras

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China

A. Beginnings

Peking man

Neolithic

Ordos Bulge of Huanghe

Migrants

By 4000 B.C.E. , two cultural centers

Yangshao culture (2500-2000 B.C.E. )

Longshan culture (2000-1500 B.C.E. )

Millet, larger villages

Controlled river with dikes

Rulers associated with flood control

Mythical Yu, ruler of Xia

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China B. The Warrior Kings of the Shang Era Early legend Yu’s rule of Xia c. 1500 B.C.E. Small kingdoms near Ordos Bulge Culture develops Divination, using bones Silk worms, silk fabrics Ancestor worship Shang tribe Nomadic Kings Intermediaries China in the Shang and Zhou Eras

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China

B. The Warrior Kings of the Shang Era

Early legend

Yu’s rule of Xia

c. 1500 B.C.E. Small kingdoms near Ordos Bulge

Culture develops

Divination, using bones Silk worms, silk fabrics

Ancestor worship

Shang tribe

Nomadic

Kings Intermediaries

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China C. Shang Society Anyang, capital Farming Peasant cooperatives Millet, wheat, beans, rice Slaves Ruling class Walled towns Extended families Patrilocal Commoners Nuclear families

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China

C. Shang Society

Anyang, capital

Farming

Peasant cooperatives

Millet, wheat, beans, rice

Slaves

Ruling class

Walled towns

Extended families

Patrilocal Commoners

Nuclear families

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China D. Shang Culture Religion Fertility central Human sacrifice Shamans Divination Bones, tortoise shells Writing From religious script Pictograms initially 3000 characters Paper used by 100 C.E.

III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China

D. Shang Culture Religion

Fertility central

Human sacrifice

Shamans

Divination

Bones, tortoise shells

Writing

From religious script

Pictograms initially

3000 characters

Paper used by 100 C.E.

IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance Zhou Turkic Initially vassals of Shang Take power by 1100 B.C.E. Feudal Oaths of allegiance Grants of fiefs for military service Wu Extended rule to east and south A. Changes in the Social Order Two developments weaken feudal order Idea of Mandate of Heaven begins with Wu Professional bureaucracy Shi China in the Shang and Zhou Eras

IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance

Zhou

Turkic

Initially vassals of Shang

Take power by 1100 B.C.E.

Feudal

Oaths of allegiance

Grants of fiefs for military service Wu

Extended rule to east and south

A. Changes in the Social Order

Two developments weaken feudal order Idea of Mandate of Heaven

begins with Wu

Professional bureaucracy

Shi

IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance B. New Patterns of Life Capitals, Xian and Loyang Garrison towns Peasants Military, labor requirements C. Migrations and the Expansion of the Chinese Core Movement along Huanghe Valley, then into Huai, Yangzi basins Non-Chinese displaced D. Cultural Change in the Early Zhou Period Patriarchy reinforced Correct behavior, ritual important Decline by 8th 771 B.C.E., assassination Xian abandoned Loyang the basis of smaller realm Fragmentation, disunity follows

IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance

B. New Patterns of Life Capitals, Xian and Loyang

Garrison towns

Peasants

Military, labor requirements

C. Migrations and the Expansion of the Chinese Core

Movement along Huanghe Valley,

then into Huai, Yangzi basins

Non-Chinese displaced

D. Cultural Change in the Early Zhou Period Patriarchy reinforced Correct behavior, ritual important

Decline by 8th

771 B.C.E., assassination

Xian abandoned

Loyang the basis of smaller realm Fragmentation, disunity follows