Exploratory Research
(a) • Secondary Data Conclusive Research
Analysis •Descriptive/Causal
• Focus Groups
(b) Conclusive Research
•Descriptive/Causal
Exploratory Research
(c) Conclusive Research
• Secondary Data
•Descriptive/Causal
Analysis
• Focus Groups

Total Error
Random Non-sampling
Sampling Error Error
Response Non-response
Error Error
Researcher Interviewer Respondent
Error Error Error
Surrogate Information Error Respondent Selection Error Inability Error
Measurement Error Questioning Error Unwillingness Error
Population Definition Error Recording Error
Sampling Frame Error Cheating Error
Data Analysis Error