This presentation is all about Punctuation marks we use while writing. Hope you will find it useful.

1. ONON
PUNCUATIONPUNCUATION
TYPES &TYPES &
RULESRULES
Subject:Subject:
FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONAL
ENGLISHENGLISH

2. OutlineOutline
The Period or Full StopThe Period or Full Stop
The CommaThe Comma
The Question MarkThe Question Mark
The Exclamation MarkThe Exclamation Mark
The ApostropheThe Apostrophe
The Quotation MarkThe Quotation Mark
The SemicolonThe Semicolon
The ColonThe Colon
The HyphenThe Hyphen

3. PunctuationPunctuation

It helps making meaning clear in written texts.It helps making meaning clear in written texts.

It shows where one chunk meaning ends andIt shows where one chunk meaning ends and
another starts.another starts.

It shows where to pause or change tone whenIt shows where to pause or change tone when
reading aloud.reading aloud.

4. The Full Stop or PeriodThe Full Stop or Period
( . )( . )

It is used to end a sentence. e.g.It is used to end a sentence. e.g.
““He goes to schoolHe goes to school..””
 It is used to show a word that has been madeIt is used to show a word that has been made
shorter which is called abbreviation. e.g.shorter which is called abbreviation. e.g.
““Doctor= DrDoctor= Dr..””
““Assistant= AsstAssistant= Asst..””

5. The Comma ( , )The Comma ( , )
 It is used to list things. e.g.It is used to list things. e.g.
““cowscows,, horseshorses,, pigs e.t.c”pigs e.t.c”
 It is used to separate two sentences withIt is used to separate two sentences with
conjunction. e.g. “You have to study hardconjunction. e.g. “You have to study hard,, if youif you
want to get good marks.”want to get good marks.”
 To indicate a pause in a sentence or a question.To indicate a pause in a sentence or a question.
e.g.e.g.
““AliAli,, did you remember to feed the cat?”did you remember to feed the cat?”

6. The Question Mark ( ? )The Question Mark ( ? )
o It is used to write questions, to make an inquiry,It is used to write questions, to make an inquiry,
or to ask something. e.g.or to ask something. e.g.
““How are youHow are you??””
““Why is the sky blueWhy is the sky blue??””
Can you hear me?Can you hear me?

7.  It is used to write about strong emotions.It is used to write about strong emotions.
 It is used to write the words a personIt is used to write the words a person
shouted.shouted.
 It is used to make a statement strong &It is used to make a statement strong &
forceful. e.g. “Ali, come hereforceful. e.g. “Ali, come here!!””
 It is used with question mark to makeIt is used with question mark to make
question more forceful. e.g. “’What did youquestion more forceful. e.g. “’What did you
do that for?do that for?!’!’ she said angrily.she said angrily.
The Exclamation Mark ( !The Exclamation Mark ( !
))
HELP!HELP!

8. Apostrophe ( ‘ )Apostrophe ( ‘ )
• It has two uses:It has two uses:
Ownership:Ownership:
 It is used to show something belong toIt is used to show something belong to
something else.something else.
 If there is singular letter ‘s’ is used afterIf there is singular letter ‘s’ is used after
apostrophe to show ownership. e.g. “Mimi’sapostrophe to show ownership. e.g. “Mimi’s
car”, “Boy’s dog”.car”, “Boy’s dog”.
 If there is plural or word ends already with ‘s’If there is plural or word ends already with ‘s’
then apostrophe come without ‘s’. e.g. “Girls’then apostrophe come without ‘s’. e.g. “Girls’
clothes (several girls)” not “Girl’s clothes(onlyclothes (several girls)” not “Girl’s clothes(only
one girl)”.one girl)”.

9. Contraction:Contraction:
 It is use to put two small words together.It is use to put two small words together.
Those words that are put together byThose words that are put together by
apostrophe is called contraction. e.g.apostrophe is called contraction. e.g.
““Cannot = Can’t”Cannot = Can’t”
““It is = It’s”It is = It’s”
Apostrophe ( ‘ ) 1Apostrophe ( ‘ ) 1

10.  These marks are used around words thatThese marks are used around words that
people said, or direct speech. They are used inpeople said, or direct speech. They are used in
pairs. e.g.pairs. e.g.
““Hina said,Hina said, ‘‘Sana, please wash the dishes.Sana, please wash the dishes.’”’”
 They are used in other cases besides directThey are used in other cases besides direct
speech like around a song. e.g.speech like around a song. e.g.
““After recordingAfter recording ““Beat itBeat it””, Michael Jackson went, Michael Jackson went
on to record several more hits.on to record several more hits.””
Quotation Marks (“ “) orQuotation Marks (“ “) or
(‘ ‘)(‘ ‘)

11. The Semicolon ( ; )The Semicolon ( ; )
 It is used to connect two independent clausesIt is used to connect two independent clauses
in a single sentence. e.g.in a single sentence. e.g.
““I could tell that it was getting lateI could tell that it was getting late;; it wasit was
growing darker by the second.”growing darker by the second.”
 It is used to separate items in series when theIt is used to separate items in series when the
items contain parenthetical elements withinitems contain parenthetical elements within
themselves.themselves.
 It is also used with a conjunctive adverb whenIt is also used with a conjunctive adverb when
joining two clauses. e.g. "The environment isjoining two clauses. e.g. "The environment is
the context in which all life existsthe context in which all life exists;; consequently,consequently,
it is more than a political issue."it is more than a political issue."

12. The Colon ( : )The Colon ( : )
 It is used at beginning of any list, an example, orIt is used at beginning of any list, an example, or
quotation. e.g.quotation. e.g.
““This is the list of AnimalsThis is the list of Animals:: Cats, Dogs, HorsesCats, Dogs, Horses
e.t.c”.e.t.c”.
•
It is used to separate two main clauses, whereIt is used to separate two main clauses, where
the second clause expands on or illustrates thethe second clause expands on or illustrates the
first. e.g.first. e.g.
““It was very coldIt was very cold:: the temperature was belowthe temperature was below
zero.”zero.”
 Standard English usage is to have no spaceStandard English usage is to have no space
before, and one space after a colon.before, and one space after a colon.

13. The Hyphen ( - )The Hyphen ( - )
 Some words can have (-) added to changeSome words can have (-) added to change
meaning. e.g. “re-form means ‘start again’ butmeaning. e.g. “re-form means ‘start again’ but
reform means ‘change’.”reform means ‘change’.”
 It is used to spell out numbers. e.g. “Thirty-two”.It is used to spell out numbers. e.g. “Thirty-two”.
 Some words have letters or prefixes atSome words have letters or prefixes at
beginning (-) used with them. e.g. “non-living,beginning (-) used with them. e.g. “non-living,
anti-pollution”.anti-pollution”.
 Used with writing words that a person havingUsed with writing words that a person having
‘difficulty speaking’ spoken. e.g. “I reached for‘difficulty speaking’ spoken. e.g. “I reached for
the w-w-w-watering can.” This is calledthe w-w-w-watering can.” This is called
stammer.stammer.

14. The Hyphen ( - ) 1The Hyphen ( - ) 1
 If a word for a person(a name or proper noun)If a word for a person(a name or proper noun)
is used with another name. e.g. “Merriam-is used with another name. e.g. “Merriam-
Webster Dictionary”Webster Dictionary”
 A hyphen is also used when a word is too longA hyphen is also used when a word is too long
to fit in one row of writing. e.g. “ What was doneto fit in one row of writing. e.g. “ What was done
was not go-od, not helpful, nor was it verywas not go-od, not helpful, nor was it very
useful.”useful.”

15. PREPARED BYPREPARED BY
 JAVAID AHMADJAVAID AHMAD
 M.SALMAN SAMIM.SALMAN SAMI
 MUHAMMAD ASIFMUHAMMAD ASIF
 MUHAMMAD KHANMUHAMMAD KHAN
 MUNEEB TAHIRMUNEEB TAHIR
 NOOR HASSAN (LEADER)NOOR HASSAN (LEADER)
 TAYYAB WAHABTAYYAB WAHAB
 TOUQEER AKBARTOUQEER AKBAR
 TOUSEEF AHMADTOUSEEF AHMAD
 WASEEM ARSHADWASEEM ARSHAD

16. THE ENDTHE END
SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING & TECHNOLOGYSWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING & TECHNOLOGY
PREPARED BY STUDENTS OFPREPARED BY STUDENTS OF