This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project. Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut. In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load. When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved. In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished. Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.

1. DHAANISH AHMED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
INTELLIGENT ELECTRIC POWER MANAGEMENT USING ZIGBEE WITH
ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE
(EMBEDDED)
PRESENTED BY GUIDED BY
S.AKBAR BADUSHA Mr.IRSHAD AHAMED M.Tech.,Ph.D
A.MOHAMED SARJUN ASST.PROFESSOR,
Z.IHSANULLAH DEPARTMENT OF ECE
M.MOHAMED IBRAHIM

3. CAUSES
 We have chosen this to do our final year project inorder to avoid
power theft, power cut and also to provide easy service to the
customers.
 In Tamil Nadu, we have faced 4hours of power cut daily,due to the
shortage of power supply. Due to this power cut many small scale
industries has faced a heavy loss in their production and also people
living in the homes has suffered more.
 Also many people has faced the low voltage problem during night
times due to the usage of heavy loads such AC, Refrigerator and so
on.
 In many homes the electric energy meter is placed at the location
where it is not easily accessible. So the consumer cant unable to
monitor the daily energy usage .
 Inorder to overcome this issues, we tends to do this project to help
the people and also to the government.

4. ABSTRACT
 This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason
for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem
through our project.
 Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the
power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to
only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will
be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
 In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever
generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched
off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE
command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular
load.
 When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the
equipment. So the power will be saved.
 In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other
methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be
detected and can be punished.
 Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically
updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the
user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.

5. LITERATURE SURVEY
 Z. Xiao, Y. Xiao, and D. H.-C.
Du, “NON-REPUDIATION IN
NEIGHBORHOOD AREA
NETWORKS FOR SMART
GRID,” IEEE Commun. Mag.,
vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 18–26, 2013.
Lack of non-repudiation is a
major barrier to building a
trustworthy smart grid. On current
power systems, bills are generated
based on the amount of service
consumed by residential or
commercial users. However, meter
readings may not be trustworthy
due to malicious behavior (e.g.,
energy theft) or external attacks.
The root cause is that power
providers have no means to obtain
the reading value other than
receiving it from the others. To
resolve this issue, we present a
mutual inspection strategy, which
enables no repudiation on meter
readings for smart grid. The goal of
our scheme is to discover
problematic meters that report
inaccurate reading values.

6.  G. Hart, “NONINTRUSIVE
APPLIANCE LOAD
MONITORING,” Proc. IEEE,
vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 1870–1891,
1992.
A nonintrusive appliance load
monitor that determines the energy
consumption of individual
appliances turning on and off in an
electric load, based on detailed
analysis of the current and voltage
of the total load, as measured at the
interface to the power source is
described. The theory and current
practice of nonintrusive appliance
load monitoring are discussed,
including goals, applications, load
models, appliance signatures,
algorithms, prototype field-test
results, current research directions,
and the advantages and
disadvantages of this approach
relative to intrusive monitoring.

7. EXISTING SYSTEM
 Meter reading taken manually
 Consumer can know the unit consumed by seeing through their EB
card
 Huge Manpower needed
 Power shutdown to save power
 Low voltage due to power theft
 No protection for their electric meters

8. PROPOSED SYSTEM
 The amount of unit consumed is displayed to the customer along
with the amount
 Power theft, Restricted entry can be intimated through alarm for
the meter protection
 If any load consumes more power,based on priority the supply to
the load is automatically switched off
 After two months the readings/units consumed will be
automatically resetted
 The load can be controlled through an interrupt given from the
admin section via Zigbee

9. ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
 Normal work happen at any time and external conditions
 Less Manpower needed
 High accurate meter reading
 Customer service well
 Power management
 Meter Protection
 Power cut can be achieved wirelessly
 Units consumed by the user is sent to the admin section wirelessly
via Zigbee

10. BLOCK DIAGRAM
CUSTOMER SECTION

11. ADMIN SECTION
ZIGBEE

12. PROPOSED TOPOLOGY

13. HARDWARES USED
• PIC 16F877A Microcontroller
• PC/Laptop
• Current transformer
• Potential transformer
• Zigbee (CC2500)
• Relay drivers
• IR Sensor
• Load(Bulbs)
• Switches
• 16X2 LCD display
• RS 232 Cable

14. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 A current transformer (CT) is used for the measurement of
alternating electric currents.
 Current transformers, together with voltage (or potential)
transformers (VT or PT), are known as instrument transformers.
 When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be
conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments.
(i) Schematic diagram (ii) Basic Operation of CT

15. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 The Voltage Transformer is also known as Potential
Transformer(PT).Voltage Transformers are devices used in electrical
circuits to change the voltage of electricity flowing in the circuit.
 A transformer basically is very simple static (or stationary) electro-
magnetic passive electrical device that works on the principle of
Faraday’s law of induction by converting electrical energy from one
value to another.
 The Transformers can be used either to increase the voltage (called
"stepping up") or decrease the voltage ("step down").

16. POWER SUPPLY
 The AC voltage, typically 220V, is connected to a transformer,
which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired DC
output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage
that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage.
 This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage
variation.
 A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc
value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the
output dc voltage changes.

17. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

18. BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a
bridge circuit configuration which provides the same output polarity
for either input polarity.
 It is used for converting an alternating current (AC) input into a
direct current (DC) output.
 A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire
AC input, therefore resulting in lower weight and cost when
compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a
center-tapped secondary winding.

19. (a) Symbol (b) Conversion of AC
to DC
(C) Bridge Rectifier

20. VOLTAGE REGULATOR
 IC 7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit.
 It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator IC’s
 The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not
give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the
output voltage at a constant value.
 The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to
provide.
 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply.
 If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output
current.

21. (a) Pin diagram of IC 7805 (b) Circuit Diagram for IC 7805

22. MICROCONTROLLER(PIC 16F877A )
 PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers
made by Microchip Technology, originally developed by General
Instrument's Microelectronics Division.
 The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller"
now it is "PIC" only.
 PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike
due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive
collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free
development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming
with flash memory) capability.

23. FEATURES
 8kB of flash program memory
 368bytes of Data memory
 256-EEPROM data memory
 15 Interrupts
 In-circuit programming
 3 internal hardware timers
 Capture/Compare/PWM modules
 Up to 8 channels of 10-Bit A/D
 Built-in USART for serial communication
 5 digital I/O ports (Up to 22 lines)
 PIC 16F877A has FIVE I/O Ports
 A total of 33 pins are used for I/O operations.

24. Microcontroller (PIC16F877A)
PIC-Peripheral Interface
Controller
16- SERIAL NO
F- MEMORY
877A- PART NO

25. ZIGBEE
 Technological standard created for control and sensor networks
 Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
 Wireless personal area networks(WPANs)
 High level communication
 Frequency band up to 2.4GHz
Zigbee CC 2500

26. ZIGBEE CHARACTERISTICS
 Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps
 Support for Low Latency Devices
 CSMA-CA Channel Access
 Low Power Usage consumption
 3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels
 Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
 Supports large number of nodes
 Very long battery life
 Covers upto a range of 10 to 100 meters

27. LCD DISPLAY
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module
and find a wide range of applications.
 A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits.
 These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
 A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

28. RS232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
 RS-232 is a Recommended Standard communication protocol for
linking computer and its peripheral devices to allow serial data
exchange.
 In simple terms RS232 defines the voltage for the path used for data
exchange between the devices. It specifies common voltage and
signal level, common pin wire configuration and minimum, amount
of control signals.
 A single integrated circuit called as UART known as universal
asynchronous receiver/transmitter is used in conjunction with
RS232.

29. RS 232 PIN SPECIFICATION

30. UART
 UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
 In RS 232 we implement serial port with UART
 Actually UART receives/sends data to
microprocessor/microcontroller through data bus. The remaining
part of signal handling of RS-232 is done by UART i.e. start bit,
stop bit, parity etc.
 A UART is used when high speed and an inexpensive
communication link between two devices is required.

31. MAX 232
 The MAX232 is an IC, that converts signals from an RS-232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic
circuits.
 The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the
RX, TX.
 The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V)
from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external
capacitors.

32. RELAY DRIVERS ADVANTAGES
 A relay is an electrically operated
switch. Current flowing through the
coil of the relay creates a magnetic
field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contacts.
 The relay's switch connections are
usually labelled as COM, NC and
NO:
– COM = Common, always
connect to this, it is the moving
part of the switch.
– NC = Normally Closed, COM is
connected to this when the relay
coil is off.
– NO = Normally Open, COM is
connected to this when the relay
coil is on
(1)Relays can switch AC and DC,
transistors can only switch DC.
(2)Relays can switch higher
voltages than standard transistors.
(3)Relays are often a better choice for
switching large currents (> 5A).
(4)Relays can switch many
contacts at once.

33. IR SENSOR
 An infrared sensor is an
electronic instrument which is
used to sense certain
characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting
and/or detecting infrared
radiation.
 Infrared sensors are also
capable of measuring the heat
being emitted by an object and
detecting motion.
 In our project,the IR sensor is
used to detect the unknown
persons entry inside the smart
meter room.

34. LOADS
 An electrical load is an electrical component or portion of a circuit that
consumes electric power
 Load can be classified as :
• Resistive Load
• Capacitive Load
• Inductive Load
(i) RESISTIVE LOAD
It includes loads such as incandescent lighting and electrical
heaters.
(ii) INDUCTIVE LOAD
It includes loads such as motors, transformers , wound control gear
and air conditioners
(iii) CAPACITIVE LOAD
It includes loads such as ceiling fan, table fan etc

35. SOFTWARE TOOLS
 MPLAB IDE
 PROTEUS DESIGN 8.1
 LANGUAGE: EMBEDDED C
 HERCULES
 NS2
 K150 PIC PROGRAMMER

36. MPLAB IDE FEATURES
 MPLAB® X IDE is a software
program that runs on a PC
(Windows®, Mac OS®, Linux®) to
develop applications for Microchip
microcontrollers and digital signal
controllers.
 It is called an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE),
because it provides a single
integrated "environment" to develop
code for embedded microcontrollers.
(1)Supports Multiple Configurations
(2)Supports Multiple Versions of the
same compiler
(3)Support for multiple Debug Tools
(4)MPLAB® X IDE can Track
Changes within your own system
using local history
(5)Within MPLAB® X IDE, a user
can configure their own Code
Format Style

37. PROTEUS
 Proteus is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit
simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to co-
simulate the complete microcontroller based designs.
 This is the perfect tool for engineers to test their microcontroller
designs before constructing a physical prototype in real time.
 This program allows users to interact with the design using on-screen
indicators and LED and LCD displays and, if attached to the PC,
switches and buttons.
 Proteus comes with extensive debugging features, single stepping and
variable display for a neat design prior to hardware prototyping.
 Proteus is the program to use when you want to simulate the interaction
between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or
digital electronic device connected to it.

38. EMBEDDED C
 Whenever the conventional ‘C’ language and its extensions are used for
programming embedded systems, it is referred to as “Embedded C”
programming.
 The embedded C is an extension of the conventional C. i.e Embedded C
has all the features of normal C, but has some extra added features which
are not available in C.
 The embedded C program needs a cross compiler to compile & generate
HEX code.
 Cross compilers are software tools used in cross platform development
applications.
 Embedded C is a Controller or target specific.
 Embedded C allows direct communication with memory.

39. NS2(NETWORK SIMULATOR)
 Network Simulator is a package
of tools that simulates behavior
of networks
 Create Network Topologies
 Log events that happen
under any load
 Analyze events to
understand the network
behavior
 Object-oriented, discrete event-
driven network simulator
 Written in C++ and OTcl

40. K150 PIC PROGRAMMER
 K150 is the latest of a low-cost
high-performance PIC programmer
 It supports most popular PIC chip
burning Write, read, encryption and
other functions
 It use a high-speed USB
communication and ultra-fast
programming
 The programming quality is stable
and reliable.
 Fully automatic programming
verification
 The supported operating systems
are Windows98 and
Windows2000/NT, Windows XP.

41. HERCULES
 Hercules is a computer emulator allowing software written for IBM
mainframe computers (System/370, System/390,
and zSeries/System z)
 Hercules is significant in enabling private individuals to run
mainframe computer software on their own personal computers.
 Hercules runs under multiple parent operating
systems including Linux, MS Windows, FreeBSD, Oracle Solaris,
and Apple Mac OS X and is released under the open source
software license QPL
 The emulator is written almost entirely in C Language
 Hercules provides GUI(Graphical User Interface)

42. APPLICATIONS
 Educational institutions like Schools, Colleges etc
 Public Water Tanks
 Homes
 Residential Flats, Apartments

43. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
 We can also interface gsm to intimate the customer about the date of
payment of the e-bill.
 We can use ARM instead of PIC to make the kit compact and
efficient and to to interface more applications.
 By providing CT to all the load we can able to monitor the energy
usage of each load separately.
 We can use NFC technology to get the data from the meters to the
NFC enabled devices.

44. CONCLUSION
 In this project, we used Zigbee for wireless transmission and
reception of data between consumer section and admin section
 For the consumer benefits we proposed, the amount for the unit
consumed by them will be displaced and after particular period it
will be resetted
 Power theft, Power cut, Low voltage issues can be reduced through
Power management system
 We used Embedded C program to implent our idea in Hardware
 The concept of this project will be useful to our government and
also to people,through this our nation will get equal distribution of
supply even in a power crisis time.

45. REFERENCE
1) K.Hasegawa and H. Akagi, “A newdc-voltage-balancing circuit including
a single coupled inductor for a five-level diode-clamped PWM inverter,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 841–852, Mar./Apr. 2011.
2) L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. G. Habetler, “Multilevel PWM methods
at low modulation indices,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 4,
pp. 719–725, Jul. 2000.
3) H. Fujita, S. Tominaga, and H. Akagi, “Analysis and design of a dc
voltage controlled static var compensator using quad-series voltage-
source inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 970–977,
Jul./Aug. 1996.
4) F. Z. Peng, J.-S. Lai, J. McKeever, and J. VanCoevering, “A multilevel
voltage-source converter system with balanced DC voltages,” in Proc.
Conf. Rec. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Jun. 1995, pp. 1144–1150.

46. HARDWARE KIT

47. NS2 OUTPUT

48. HERCULES OUTPUT

49. JOURNAL CONFIRMATION MAIL FROM IJERGS

50. &