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1. 4371975-10477501543050-10477502200275-9334502438400-933450410477595250Japanese Aggression on China-914400-1116330<br />-91440011430<br />2143125327660OBJECTIVE-238125327660MAIN IDEA4562475327660VOCABULARY<br />Treaty of PortsmouthSouth Manchurian RailwayKwantung ArmyManchurian IncidentNanjing MassacreLearn how the conflict unfolded from the Chinese point of view and how Japanese imperialism affects today’s China-Japan relationship.Imperialism: Japan invaded China by cruel violence and took advantage of China’s weakened situation in order to fulfill their desire for power, raw materials and resources.<br />BACKGROUND In 1929, the Great Depression which started from the United States negatively affected many nations in the world. Many western countries became more active in imperialistic desires. The impact on the Japanese economy was not an exception. Like the Western countries, Japanese military government tried to use imperialistic ambitions to solve the problems in the country. Japan targeted China, plotting to take advantage of the country’s weaknesses by the military power when China was in turmoil. From the early 1930s until the end of the World War II in 1945, Japan’s aggressive desires to control the territory did not slow down (Brooman).<br />-60960053975Excuses for the Invasion<br />Disadvantages of China In the mid-1920s, the Republic of China only had tenuous control over the region. Moreover, China was in turmoil when Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist force and Mao Zedong’s Communist forces crashed and started a civil war. Japan was carefully observing the power struggles as Chinese fought Chinese. Also, Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth granted Japan the lease of the South Manchuria Railway branch of the China Far East Railway, giving Japan even more advantages over China. The increasing disadvantages for China and the Japanese control of the railway raised the Japanese interest to invade and take control over the region (Chen).<br />Analyzing MotivesHow do you think lands and resources benefit individuals?Lands and Resources Japan tried to deprive raw materials and goods for its markets to solve the country’s economic problems caused by the Great Depression. China was targeted since it was an area rich in resources of metals such as iron and coal. Furthermore, controlling China would provide Japan with lands for its rising population. Therefore, by imperial invasion into China, Japan expected to get resources and lands for its own good (Buick).<br />362Chapter 4<br />3400425-180975Competition among Countries The extreme nationalistic military government of Japan was trying to catch up with the strengths of Western countries through foreign expansions. At the same time, the Japanese government felt threatened by the growth of Communism in the Soviet Union (Russia). The aggressive autonomous Kwantung Army of Japan had militaristic plan to use China as a strategic station, which stood between Japan and the Soviet Union. To survive in the competition among powerful countries, Japan plotted the invasion into China (Gordon).-914400-933450<br />▲Manchuria was named Manchukuo by Japan and was used as a strategic station. It stood between Japan and Soviet Union (Wangner).-657225276225Japan Invade China<br />Invasion of Manchuria In 1931, the Japanese militarists sabotaged a section of the railway in Japanese control, but they blamed Chinese people for having caused it. The explosion in the Manchurian Incident gave them a pretext for a formal Japanese invasion. The Chinese troops, mostly irregular, were no match for the experienced, strong Japanese army. The military power of Japan was advanced due to the earlier industrialization. Iron, coal and steel factories in Manchuria owned by Japan provided them with materials for weapons. By 1932, Japan took control over Manchuria through propaganda, setting up a puppet government to trick Chinese people. China’s last Emperor Puyi was forced to be dictated as a head of Manchukuo under Japanese pressure, but in reality, he did not have right to rule as the Japanese army was behind giving him orders (Caswell and Chen).<br />5057775139699<br />▲The last former emperor of China, Puyi, was used as a figure-head by the Kwantung Army (Wertz).<br />Analyzing TermsHow was the propaganda used? Why do you thing the Japanese Army set the puppet government instead of ruling China directly?<br />Japan Leaves the League of Nations The Japanese attack on Manchuria was the first direct challenge to the League of Nations. At that period, the members of the League included all major democratic nations except the United States. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria was protested by almost all members except Thailand and Japan itself. Ignoring the obvious protests of many nations against the harshness of the Japanese rule, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933 (Beck).<br />Japan Expands its Occupation In 1937, a small border incident started a full-scale war to expand Japan’s territory over China. The Japanese army defeated Chinese army easily by its brutal force and soon had overrun many of the major towns and cities of China such as Beijing and other northern cities, and even the capital, Nanjing. By 1939, a large part of China was in control of Japan (Farrington).<br />Imperialism in Asia363<br />4905375-114300Manchurian IncidentIn September of 1931, the Japanese army caused a minor explosion, which only caused a 1.5 meter damage on one side of the South Manchuria Railway. Japan blamed Chinese people for having caused the sabotage, exaggerating the size of the damage and pretending as if Chinese plotted an attack on the railway owned by Japan. The Japanese army used this faked damage as an excuse to begin an all-out invasion of China (Chen).-657225-409575KEY EVENTS during the Invasion-914400-933450<br />Nanjing Massacre When the Japanese Imperial Army was occupying Nanjing in 1937, they committed numerous crimes, such as rape, looting, arson and murder. Although Japan tried to justify that the executions were only for combatants, the Nanjing Massacre also targeted innocent Chinese civilians, even women and children. In the incident, about 300,000 people died, but Japanese officials still refuse to admit about it properly today (Yang). On the other hand, German business man, John Rabe reveals the horror of the massacre in his diary:<br />▲ South Manchurian Railway was in control of the Kwantung Army (“Cruise Talk…”).<br />Primary SourceGroups of three to ten marauding soldiers would begin by travelling through the city and robbing whatever there was to steal…They would continue by raping the women and girls and killing everything and everyone…RABE JOHN, The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe<br />DiscussionWhy is the Nanjing Massacre infamous despite the great damage?<br />5105400130175Second Sino-Japanese War In July of 1937, from a small border incident called the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the struggle between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan was caused, and eventually the Kwangtung Army led it into a full-scale war between the countries. By its powerful military force, the army easily defeated China, using massive bombings against villages and cities and slaughtering thousands of captured Chinese soldiers and civilians. After the victory, Japanese occupation of China became much larger (Brooman).<br />Resistance at Nenjiang BridgeIn 1931, General Ma Zhanshan, a Chinese officer started resistance against the Japanese invasion. His forces tried to prevent Japanese forces from crossing into Heilongjiang province by defending a strategic railway bridge called Nenjiang bridge, which was once dynamited before to fight against the Japanese army. This caused a small battle between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Chinese National Revolutionary Army, marking the start of the Jiangqiao campaign, a series of battles to resist the Japanese force. Ma was widely reported as a national hero in the Chinese and international press for his resistance. The publicity inspired people to form the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies (“Resistance…”).<br />▲ Japanese military was savage during the Second Sino-Japanese War (“Exhibition of…”).<br />362Chapter 4<br />0209550-609600-219075Review the Events-914400-933450<br />▲Timeline of major events connected to the Japanese imperialism<br />-495300142875Effects of the Imperialism <br />Short-Term Effects There were some positive effects of the Japanese imperialism on China. Japan gained raw materials and lands and the security of the country. Furthermore, China experienced rapid economic growth during the Japanese rule. Steel production of Manchukuo was even more than Japan’s in the late 1930s. However, this was mostly beneficial to the Japanese people living in the region and even those who lived in Japan (Tamura).While Japan benefited from the imperial control over China, Chinese people suffered. Independent Chinese endeavors lost their opportunities in building a capitalist economy for they had few chances to fairly compete with Japan, who deprived their raw materials. More than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the Japanese army for slave work in Manchukuo. The Chinese slaves suffered illness from the labors and the harsh working condition. Chinese people were used for bacteriological weapons experiments (Chen and Gordon).<br />Recognizing EffectsWhat changes resulted from the Japanese imperialism? Explain whether it was justified.<br />Long-Term Effects It is true that because of the Japanese control over China, China advanced in some areas. Japan promoted the industrialization and modernization of China. Heavy industry of China improved, using the natural resources like coal, metal and oil. Transportation, such as railways and planes, became more advanced (Tamura).On the other hand, although there were a few positive aspects of the Japanese imperialism, the invasion caused many negative effects as well. The Chinese traditions and languages collapsed after the Japanese military government forced Chinese to follow the Japanese tradition and also to learn Japanese language in schools. What’s more, the hostility between Japan and China caused by the Japanese cruel treatment toward the Chinese people still last today. Some Japanese people consider themselves as a superior race to Chinese because of the Social Darwinism and the segregation of Japanese and Chinese during the Japanese control over China (Buick and Chen).<br />Imperialism in Asia365<br />Work Cited<br />Beck, Roger… et. al. Modern World History. United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.<br />Brooman, Josh. Longman Twentieth-Century History Series: China Since 1900. New York, United States of America: Longman Inc., 1998.<br />---. Longman Twentieth-Century History Series:Roads to War: the Origins of the Second World War 1929-41. England: British Library Catalogue., 1997.<br />Buick, Adam. “The Story of Japanese Imperialism by Paul Mattick,” Paul Mattick Archive. the Union of Democratic Control. October 5, 2008.< http://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1936/japanese-imperialism.htm ><br />Caswell, Thomas. “Regents Prep: Global History: Imperialism: Japan,” Regents Prep Global Study. Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center. 2003. October 5, 2008.< http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/japan.cfm ><br />Chen, Peter C. “Mukden Incident and Manchukuo,” World War II Database. 2008. October 5, 2008.< http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=18 ><br /> “Cruise Talk: Dailan, Yantai Train,” TravelPage.com. Interactive Travel Guides, Inc. 2006. November 2, 2008.< http://www.travelserver.net/travelpage/ubb-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic&f=14&t=000078 ><br />“Exhibition of ‘Macao during the Sino-Japanese War’,” The Museum of Macau. 2008. November 3, 2008.< http://www.conspiracy-times.com/content/view/30/1 ><br />Farrington, Karen. Historical Atlas of Empires. New York: Check Mark Books, 2002.<br />Gordon, Bill. “Explanations on Japan’s Imperialistic Expansion, 1894-1910,” Homepage of Bill Gordon. October 2, 2008. October 5, 2008.< http://wgordon.web.wesleyan.edu/papers/imperialism.htm ><br />Harris, Bruce. “John Rabe hero file”, moreorless.au.com. June, 2008. November 2, 2008.< HYPERLINK quot;
http://www.moreorless.au.com/heroes/rabe.htmlquot;
http://www.moreorless.au.com/heroes/rabe.html ><br />“Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge”, NationMaster.Com. 2005. November 1, 2008.< http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Resistance-at-Nenjiang-Bridge ><br />Tamura, Eileen…et. al. China: Understanding Its Past. Honolulu, Hawaii: Curriculum Research and Development Group, University of Hawaii Press, 1998.<br />Wangner, Wieland. “China’s Trauma: Seventy Years After the Rape of Nanking,” Spiegel Online. December 14, 2007. November 1, 2008.< http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,523453,00.html ><br />Wertz, Richard R. “Imperial Portraits: Puyi, the Last Emperor of China,” The Art and Images of China. 2008. November 3, 2008.< http://www.ibiblio.org/chineseart/contents/peop/c01s01p11.htm ><br />Yang, D. “The Nanking Massacre”, Nanjing Massacre. 2002. November 1, 2008.< http://centurychina.com/wiihist/njmassac/njmsumm.htm ><br />