Reducing Embodied Carbon - COTE 3/8/2011

Time Value of CO2e savings CO2e TimeThe importance of embodied CO2e Larry Strain Siegel & Strain Architects www.siegelstrain.com

DEFINITIONS Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – a colorless, odorless gas 1.98kg/m3 Density: 1.98kg/m3 (at s.t.p.) I Ton = 505 cubic meters 1lb = 2 ½ cubic feet Each year, the US produces enough CO2 to cover the enTre land mass of the US 18” deep

DEFINITIONSCarbon Dioxide (CO2) GWP = 1 Other greenhouse gasses: Water Vapor Methane GWP = 21 Ozone Nitrous Oxide GWP = 310 Fluorinated Gasses GWP = 140 to 11,700 HFC-‐23 GWP = 11,700 HFC-‐32 GWP = 650 HFC-‐125 GWP = 2,800 HFC-‐134a GWP = 1,300 HFC-‐143a GWP = 3,800 HFC-‐152a GWP = 140 HFC-‐227ea GWP = 2,900 HFC-‐236fa GWP = 6,300 HFC-‐4310mee GWP = 1,300

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS - BUILDING OPERATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Construction Sources of CO2eConstrucTon Materials ExtracTon, Harvest Manufacture – primary, secondary Transport ConstrucTon AcTvity Equipment – grading, hauling, cranes, etc. Labor -‐ transportaTon Energy Use – tools, temp faciliTes

Reducing Embodied CO2e in Buildings(lower emission materials - fewer materials) 51.4 43.9 24 Typical Home -‐ 51.4 MT “Greener” Home – 43.9 MT “Greener” Home -‐ 30 MT (Full Basement) (Full Basement) -‐19.9 (No Basement) Fiberglass Insula?on -‐3.64 Cellulose Insula?on -‐3.64 Cellulose Insula?on Vinyl frame windows -‐1.94 Wood frame windows -‐1.94 Wood frame windows Vinyl Siding -‐1.77 Wood Siding -‐1.77 Wood Siding Comp shingle roofing +2.89 Steel roofing – more durable +2.89 Steel roofing – more durable 2x4 framing +0.32 2x6 framing – more insula?on +0.32 2x6 framing – more insula?on OSB Sheathing -‐1.36 Plywood -‐1.36 Plywood 15% fly-‐ash concrete -‐1.98 35% fly-‐ash concrete -‐1.98 35% fly-‐ash concrete 7.5 ton reduc?on 27.4 ton reduc?on Source: NAHB esTmates based on Athena Impact EsTmator, the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s UTlity Model and regressions developed from the Department of TransportaTon’s NaTonal Household Travel Survey Data.

Reducing Embodied CO2e in Buildings(Very low emission materials) LOW CARBON ALTERNATIVE CO2 Unit STANDARD MATERIALS MulTplier Aggregate rubble trench 1 Concrete foundaTon 20x Earthen ﬂoor (from site) 1 Raised wood ﬂoor 20x No carpet 0 SyntheTc carpet N/A Wood 1 Engineered wood products 2 -‐ 10x Wood window frames 1 Aluminum window frames 20x Cellulose insulaTon 1 Fiberglass insulaTon 5 – 10x Strawbale walls (load bearing) 1 Wood frame walls 2 -‐ 10 Clay paint (from site) 1 Paint 30x Adobe (earth from site) 1 Fired brick 20x

Design Team Mechanical – Rumsey Engineers Electrical – IDeAs Photovoltaics – High Sun Engineers Structural – Forrell/Elsesser Landscape – Lutsko Associates Civil -‐ BKF PORTOLA VALLEY TOWN CENTER (PVTC) Goring & Straja Architects

Old Town Center Area % of Total New Town Center Area % of Total Building Footprint 25,000 5.1% Building Footprint 20,500 4.2% Paving 165,900 33.9% Paving 146,400 29.9% Playing Fields 96,000 19.6% Playing Fields 100,000 20.4% Landscape 203,000 41.4% Landscape 223,000 45.5% BEFORE AFTERPORTOLA VALLEY TOWN CENTER (PVTC) Goring & Straja Architects

PORTOLA VALLEY TOWN CENTER (PVTC) Goring & Straja Architects

PVTC -‐ Building Materials – Weight – 1664 tons Concrete -‐ 1324 Reinf. Steel -‐ 51 Wood -‐ 119 Engineered Wood -‐ 25 Struct. Steel -‐ 10 Metal rooﬁng -‐ 13 Waterprooﬁng -‐ 3 InsulaTon -‐ Bak -‐ 0 InsulaTon -‐ XPS -‐ 1 Fiber Cement Shakes -‐ 1 Steel Doors -‐ 1 Glass -‐ dbl pane -‐ 8 Alum/glass doors -‐ .6 Alum. Clad wndws -‐ .4 Gyp. bd. -‐ 63 Clg. Tile -‐ 6 Ceramic Tile -‐ 4 Carpet Tile -‐ 3 Ceiling Tile -‐ 6 Linoleum -‐ .4 DucTng -‐ 6 Cast Iron pipe -‐ 6 Copper Pipe -‐ 2 Steel pipe -‐ .4 Wiring -‐ .4 Pex Tubing

PVTC -‐ Building Materials – GHG emissions – 449 tons Concrete -‐ 172 Reinf. Steel -‐ 21 Wood Framing -‐ 36 Eng. Wood -‐ 16 Struct. Steel -‐ 7 Metal Roofing -‐ 31 Waterproofing -‐ 14 InsulaTon -‐ Bak -‐ 13 InsulaTon -‐ XPS -‐ 28 Cem/fiber Shakes -‐ 2 Steel Doors -‐ 3 Glass -‐ dbl pane -‐ 7 Alum/glass doors -‐ 4 Alum. clad wndws -‐ 3 Gypsum board -‐ 22 Wood -‐ Finish -‐ 17 Carpet Tile -‐ 6 Ceramic Tile -‐ 6 Ceiling Tile -‐ 1 Linoleum -‐ 1 DucTng -‐11 Cast Iron pipe -‐ 11 Copper Pipe -‐ 5 Steel pipe -‐ 1 Wiring -‐ 8 PEX Tubing -‐ 2

GHG Emissions – ConstrucTon Materials -‐ Buildings Base Case – 449 Tons As Built– 305 Tons -‐ ReducTon -‐ 144 Tons (32%) 190 180 170 160 GHG Emissions (Tons) 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -‐10 -‐20 -‐30 Wood -‐ Finish Concrete Reinf. steel Wood Framing Struct. Steel Metal roofing Waterproofing InsulaTon -‐ Bak InsulaTon -‐ XPS InsulaTon -‐ Cokon Cem/fiber Shakes Salvaged Wood Ceramic Tile Linoleum DucTng Cast Iron pipe Wiring PEX Tubing Copper Pipe Glass -‐ dbl pane Engineered Wood Carpet Tile Ceiling Tile Gyp. bd. Alum. clad wndws Steel pipe Alum/glass doors Steel Doors Structure Envelope Finishes MEP 252 106 53 37 166 97 10 32

GHG Emissions -‐ ConstrucTon Materials – Buildings + Site Base Case – 772 Tons As Built – 564 tons -‐ ReducTon -‐ 208 tons (27%) 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 GHG Emissions (Tons) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -‐10 -‐20 -‐30 UTliTes -‐ piping Site Concrete Sewer extension Wood Wood -‐ Finish Wire Reinf. steel Wood Framing Struct. Steel Metal roofing Waterproofing InsulaTon -‐ Bak InsulaTon -‐ XPS InsulaTon -‐ Cokon Glass -‐ dbl pane Salvaged Wood Carpet Tile Cast Iron pipe Wiring AC paving Reinf. steel Trail paving Gyp. bd. Linoleum DucTng PEX Tubing Engineered Wood Copper Pipe Conduit Ceiling Tile Alum. clad wndws Steel pipe Concrete Alum/glass doors Steel Doors Ceramic Tile Cem/fiber Shakes Site Structure Envelope Finishes MEP 323 252 106 53 37 259 156 97 10 32

GHG Emissions (Tons) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Earthwork, paving Conc. Demo -‐ omaul Baserock -‐ import Site 145 156 CMU Demo -‐ omaul Worker commute Windows -‐ Manitoba Gyp. bd. Base Case – 306 tons Carpet Ceiling Tile s Wood – FSC Ceramic Tile Wood – Site salvaged Recycling Hauling 145 150 Concrete cast in place Buildings Cellulose InsulaTon Wood – Engineered As Built – 290 -‐ ReducTon -‐ 16 tons (9%) Metal Rooﬁng Struct. Steel – truck GHG Emissions – Construc?on Vehicle Emissions Struct. Steel – train Waste Hauling Reinf. steel -‐ truck Reinf. steel -‐ trail

GHG Emissions -‐ Totals Base Case – 1,078 tons As Built – 854 tons ReducTon -‐ 224 tons (21%) 1200 1000 306 800 Vehicles 290 600 400 772 Materials 564 200 0 Base Case As-‐Built Goring & Straja Architects

Portola Valley Town Center – CalculaTng CO2e Baseline – Standard As-‐Built – Reduced carbon Savings Material Quant. ton CO2 / Total CO2 / Quant. ton CO2 / Total CO2 / Tons of Source tons ton ton tons ton ton CO2 Concrete 1324 0.13 172.4 1324 0.07 86 -‐86 ICE Reinforcing steel 51 0.4 21.42 51 0.4 21.4 0 ICE Structure Wood 80 0.45 36 80 0.45 36 0 ICE Engineered Wood 24.6 0.65 16 24.6 0.65 16 0 ICE Structural Steel 10 0.68 6.8 10 0.68 6.8 0 ICE Structure Total 252 166 -‐86 Weight Weight CO2/ton CO2/ton material material Total Total emissions emissions Source of CO2 emissions data

Baseline Reduced Carbon Material Quant. t t CO2 / t Total CO2 / t Quant. t t CO2 / t Total CO2 / t t saved Portola Valley Concrete 1324 0.13 172.1 1324 0.07 86.1 -‐86 Reinf. steel 51 0.42 21.4 51 0.42 21.4 0 Town Center Structure Wood Framing 80 0.45 36.0 80 0.45 36.0 0 Engineered Wood 24.6 0.65 16.0 24.6 0.65 16.0 0 Struct. Steel 9.8 0.68 6.7 9.8 0.68 6.7 0 Structure Total Metal rooﬁng 12.5 2.50 252.2 31.25 12.5 2.50 166.1 31.3 -‐86 0 56% -‐ Structure Ice and water shield 3.3 4.20 13.86 3.3 4.20 13.9 0 InsulaTon – Bak 7.5 1.50 11.25 47 0.04 1.9 -‐9 InsulaTon -‐ XPS 6500 bf 8.67 28.20 6500 bf 8.67 28.2 0 InsulaTon -‐ Cokon 1.0 1.50 1.50 3 0.04 0.1 -‐1 Envelope Metals -‐ Sunscreen 1.5 0.68 1.02 1.5 0.68 1.02 Fiber Cement Shakes 1.1 2.11 2.32 2.2 1.80 4.0 2 Steel Doors 1.2 2.50 3.00 1.2 2.50 3.0 0 Glass -‐ double pane 8.32 0.85 7.07 8.32 0.85 7.1 0 Alum. sTle/rail doors 0.59 8.20 4.84 0.59 8.20 4.8 0 alum. Clad frames 0.38 8.20 3.12 0.38 8.20 3.1 0 Gyp. bd. Envelope Total 63 0.35 107.4 22.1 63 0.35 98.3 22.0 -‐9 0 24% -‐ Envelope Wood -‐ Finish 39 0.45 17.6 0.0 0.45 0.0 -‐18 Salvaged Wood 0 0.00 0.0 39 -‐0.67 -‐26.1 -‐26 Finishes Ceiling Tile 6.4 0.20 1.3 6.4 0.20 1.3 0 Ceramic Tile 4.4 1.40 6.2 4.4 1.40 6.2 0 Carpet Tile 2.5 2.30 5.8 2.5 2.30 5.8 0 Linoleum 0.4 1.20 0.4 0.35 1.20 0.4 0 DucTng Finishes Total 6.0 1.75 53.2 10.5 3 1.75 9.5 5.3 -‐44 -‐5 12% -‐ Finishes Cast Iron pipe 5.7 1.90 10.8 5.7 1.90 10.8 0 Copper Pipe 1.6 3.00 4.8 1.6 3.00 4.8 0 MEP Steel pipe 0.4 2.70 1.0 0.38 2.70 1.0 0 PEX Tubing 0.5 4.00 1.8 0.5 4.00 1.8 0 Wiring 0.3 3.00 7.8 0.346 3.00 7.8 0 MEP Total Building Total CO2 36.8 449.6 31.5 305.5 -‐5 -‐144 8% -‐ MEP Totals Building sf 23273.0 23273.0 lbs CO2/sf 38.6 26.2 -‐12.4

PORTOLA VALLEY TOWN CENTER ConstrucTon vs Operating EmissionsPassive Design Efficient Systems: -‐  Natural light -‐ Radiant Slabs – 97% efficient Boilers -‐  Natural VenTlaTon -‐ Ultra efficient air condiToners – SEER 19 -‐  Thermal Mass -‐ 100% outside air venTlaTon – 30% above ASHRAE -‐  Well insulated shell -‐ Indirect energy recovery between inlet and relief air -‐  External Shading -‐ 76 KW Photo voltaic roof top system -‐  ReflecTve Roofs -‐ Low-‐flow fixtures – waterless urinals, dual flush

Embodied Emissions / OperaTng Emissions – over 100 years Tons 16000 15000 OperaTng 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 1880 ConstrucTon 1080 0 1 12 0 20 34 45 3 0 0 6 7 8 50 60 70 89 90 111 Years 0 10 00 ConstrucTon 12% of OperaTng

Embodied Emissions / OperaTng Emissions – over 100 years Efficient, Low Carbon BuildingTons 16000 14000 12000 10000 8500 OperaTng 8000 6000 4000 2000 850 1200 ConstrucTon 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 56 67 78 0 0 0 89 90 111 Years 0 10 00 14%

Embodied Emissions / OperaTng Emissions Tons 16000 14000 12000 10000 8500 OperaTng 8000 6000 4000 2000 850 1200 ConstrucTon 0 1 12 0 20 34 45 3 0 0 6 7 8 50 60 70 89 90 111 Years 0 10 00

Embodied Emissions / OperaTng Emissions – over 20 years Efficient, Low Carbon BuildingTons 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1700 OperaTng 1500 1000 850 ConstrucTon 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years ConstrucTon 50% of OperaTng

Embodied Emissions & OperaTng Emissions are addiTve Tons Standard Building 4500 4000 4080 tons 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 3000 tons 1000 1080 tons 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years

Embodied Emissions & OperaTng Emissions are addiTve Tons Efficient, Low Carbon Building4500 4000 3500 3000 2550 tons 2500 2000 1500 1700 Tons 1000 500 850 Tons 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years

WHY FOCUS ON EMBODIED CARBON? •  Time Value of Carbon Savings Carbon saved now is worth more than Carbon later (area under the line is total carbon emitted) Carbon Reduction 10% reduc?on per year Start slow -‐ increase rate of reduc?on Start fast -‐ decrease rate of reduc?on Time

Existing Building Stock - Billions Square Feet Residen?al 193 275 82 Commercial

Annual Construction – Billions of Square Feet 2.2 2.2 Residen?al 2.4 2.4 Commercial ~4.6 Billion S.F. ~4.6 Billion S.F. New Renovated

Annual Construction Emissions – 174 M tons ~134 Million Tons ~40.5 Million Tons 44 Residen?al 90 16.5 24 Commercial New Renovated Commercial – 75lbs/sf Commercial – 20lbs/sf ResidenTal – 40lbs/sf ResidenTal – 15lbs/sf

Reduced Carbon Construction Emissions – 128 M tons ~87.5 Million Tons ~40.5 Million Tons 27.5 Residen?al 60 16.5 24 Commercial New – Reduced CO2 Renovated Commercial – 50lbs/sf Commercial – 20lbs/sf ResidenTal – 25lbs/sf ResidenTal – 15lbs/sf

Reduce New Construction SF, Increase Renovations (-‐1 billion) (+1 billion) 2.7 Residen?al 1.7 2.9 1.9 Commercial 3.6 Billion S.F. ~5.6 Billion S.F. New (+1 billion Renovated

Reduce New Construction SF, Increase RenovationsAnnual Construction Emissions – 145 M tons ~105 Million Tons ~40.5 Million Tons 34 Residen?al 71 16.5 24 Commercial New Renovated Commercial – 75lbs/sf Commercial – 20lbs/sf ResidenTal – 25lbs/sf ResidenTal – 15lbs/sf

Reduce New Construction SF, Increase Renovations, andReduce Construction EmissionsAnnual Construction Emissions – 109 M tons ~69 Million Tons ~40.5 Million Tons Residen?al 21 16.5 48 24 Commercial New – Reduced CO2 Renovated Commercial – 75lbs/sf Commercial – 20lbs/sf ResidenTal – 25lbs/sf ResidenTal – 15lbs/sf

Data Sources Databases •  NREL Data (US speciﬁc) •  ICE Database (Inventory of Carbon and Energy) Bath University -‐ UK / EU / Global data •  Ecoinvent (Global / European data) •  Franklin Data (transportaTon of materials) Carbon Analysis Programs •  Athena InsTtute-‐ reasonably transparent •  Assembly Calculator – free •  Impact EsTmator – fee for download •  SimaPro – free demo, reasonably transparent •  URBEMIS – free, transparent •  EPA WAste ReducTon Model (WARM) – free, transparent •  ConstructCO2 – beta

The Value of Data Measurement " . . . careful measurement is a way of discovering new things, not just checking the status quo. Monitoring is not just a necessary handmaiden of science -‐ it is the real thing." (Economist, March 6, 2010, "Monitoring Greenhouse Gases: Highs and Lows”, thanks to Peter Morris)

PORTOLA VALLEY TOWN CENTER Goring & Straja Architects

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Reducing Embodied Carbon - COTE 3/8/2011

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