Open Ed2008 An Analysis Of Open

An Analysis of “Open” in Education License policy diversity and implications for the global commons Ahrash N Bissell

The world is changing… Tebndxt by Armel

“ Content is no longer limited to the books, filmstrips, and videos associated with classroom instruction; networked content today provides a rich immersive learning environment incorporating accessible data using colorful visualizations, animated graphics, and interactive applications.” “ Alongside these technology improvements, “ open educational resources ” offer learning content and software tools that support search, organization, interaction, and distribution of materials.” “ Increasingly,… the Web is being recognized as an enabler for collaborative creation of significant information resources that aggregate contributions from hundreds or thousands of individuals.” What is the future of education…?

“ Adopt programs and policies to promote open educational resources . Materials funded by NSF should be made readily available on the web with permission for unrestricted reuse and recombination .”
http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2008/nsf08204/nsf08204.pdf

Text What are Open Edu c ational Resour c es? Michael Reschke cba Digitized materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and re-use for teaching, learning and research.* *UNESCO. 2002. Forum on the impact of Open Courseware for higher education in developing countries. Final report. Paris: UNESCO.

By designating a resource as “open”, creators of OER appear to be inviting others to share and adapt such resources.
But calling an educational resource “open” does not suffice under copyright law to specify which uses of the resource are legal.
What is the issue?

What makes resources OPEN? Text
The ability to:
• Access
• Share — Copy, Distribute, Display
• Adapt — Perform, Translate
• Derive — Remix
The openness of a resource increases with the permissions given. But there is substantial variation in site policies…. More permissions = More open.

Does this patchwork approach to copyright undermine the effectiveness of OER to be shared and adapted by educators and students?
b n d a © We decided to analyze the current state of affairs for OER sites and consider the implications for the global education commons.

Which sites are “open”?
Hard to tell, actually. We coded these sites “presumptively open”.
“ The OpenLearn website gives free access to course materials from The Open University. The LearningSpace is open to learners anywhere in the world.”
Open University – OpenLearn – LearningSpace http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/
“ LearnHub is free to use. However, teachers may charge a fee for certain courses and for tutoring.”
LearnHub http://learnhub.com/about

1006 sites in database 696 sites – “Closed” 167 sites – US Government 143 sites – “Open”

Government educational sites License providers

“ Open” educational sites – License providers

CC-licensed “open” educational sites

“ Open” sites with amended all-rights-reserved licenses. Permissions granted Total © sites with additional permissions 27 Free to use for “educators” 3 Free to use, but only “non-commercially” 21 Free to use, but only for “educational use” 11 Free to use, but not to derive 16 Free to use, but limited to one or a few copies 6 Free to use, but only in a specific region 2 Free to use if shared-alike 6 The terms of use were unclear 6

“ Open” sites with amended all-rights-reserved licenses. CC license equivalents Total © sites with additional permissions 27 CC BY 3 CC BY-SA 1 CC BY-NC 0 CC BY-NC-SA 5 CC BY-ND 0 CC BY-ND-NC 16 No equivalent license 2

Creative Commons licenses Remixability (interoperability) matrix These CC Licenses ...can be used with these CC Licenses CC BY CC BY CC BY-NC CC BY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-SA CC BY-ND CC BY-SA CC BY-NC CC BY CC BY-NC CC BY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-SA CC BY-ND CC BY-SA CC BY-NC-ND CC BY CC BY-NC CC BY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-SA CC BY-ND CC BY-SA CC BY-NC-SA CC BY CC BY-NC CC BY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-SA CC BY-ND CC BY-SA CC BY-ND CC BY CC BY-NC CC BY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-SA CC BY-ND CC BY-SA CC BY-SA CC BY CC BY-NC CC BY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-SA CC BY-ND CC BY-SA

Creative Commons licenses Remixability matrix

OER Galaxies diagram by David Wiley ( http://opencontent.org/blog ) Silos (or galaxies) of OER…?

Start with the presumption than WIDE OPEN is the default and most desirable state.
Only add user constraints as is necessary or desirable, recognizing that there are significant (opportunity) costs involved.
Make the machines do the work (integrate CC and associated metadata properly using ccREL).
What recommendations ? Text

Ideally, OER in the global education commons should be: • easy to identify • minimally encumbered • fully adaptable Tebnaxt http://www.flickr.com/photos/mimax/303567279/ by Max

The O pen D atabase of E ducational P rojects and O rganizations Identify potential collaborators Network Add your project Add additional info Search by various properties ODEPO Project
Licensing Information
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learn.creativecommons.org Send comments to: ahrash@creativecommons.org

Open Ed2008 An Analysis Of Open

by Ahrash Bissell

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