Slideshow Transcript

1. Slide 1: Desert Storm
2. Slide 2: Overall structure Operation „Desert Shield“, Aug 7 1990 - Jan 16th, 1991 2nd Gulf War: Operation „Desert Storm“ - lasted from Jan 17, 1991 - Feb 27, 1991
3. Slide 3: Situation before DS
4. Slide 5: 2 years before the 2nd Gulf War Sep 1980 - Aug 1988 1st Gulf War was Iraq vs. Iran > Saddam Hussein is recognised by International Community
5. Slide 6: Situation in Iraq 80 billions US $ of debt, mostly to Kuweit and Saudi Arabia High unemployment rate 45% of inflation High insecurity Petrol price goes down to 15 US $ per barrel
6. Slide 7: Chronology July 1990, Saddam Hussein accuses Kuweit of stealing oil (illegal drilling) July 23th 1990, Iraq soldiers were ordered at the Kuweit-Iraq border July 27th 1990, OPEC meeting in Geneve Up oil price: 21 US $ per barrel
7. Slide 8: Iraqi invasion August 2, 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait Oil financial objective Strategic objective
8. Slide 12: Carter Doctrine - 1980 „...an attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.“ Jimmy Carter
9. Slide 13: ? Hama oil fields
10. Slide 14: August 2, 1990 (same day) UN Resolution 660 August 3, 1990 Resolution of the Arab League >>> both condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawl of iraqi troops August 6, 1990 UN Res. 661 > economic sanctions on Iraq
11. Slide 15: Operation Desert Shield Pres. George Bush announces a „wholly defensive“ mission to prevent Iraq fom invading Saudi Arabia August 7, 1990 US troops start moving into Saudi Arabia August 8, 1990 Iraq declares Kuweit the 19th province
12. Slide 17: UNO Resolutions 661, 6 August 1990: Commercial, financial and military blockade 674, 29 October 1990: Iraq must go out from Kuweit 678, 29 November 1990: Use of all the necessary mechanisms to get Iraq out of Kuweit
13. Slide 18: Jan 12, 1991 Votes in the US Senate 52-47 for the use of military force Jan 15, 1991 last deadline of UN Resolution for Iraq to withdrawl Jan 16, 1991 Marlin Fitzwater announces, „The liberation of Kuwait has begun...“ Jan 17, 1991 at 2:38 a.m. (local time) Apache helicopter attack
14. Slide 19: Desert Storm
15. Slide 20: Overview DS Jan 17, 1991 Iraq launches first SCUD ...more than a month of bombing / more than 1.000 sorties a day... Feb 22, 1991 last ultimatum by Pres. Bush Feb 23, 1991 Ground war - 100 hours Feb 26, 1991 Kuwait City back under control Feb 27, 1991 Pres. Bush orders a cease fire
16. Slide 21: Coalition Forces Republic of Iraq 8.600 tanks 5.800 tanks 15.000 armored vehicles 5.100 armored vehicles 3.800 artillery 3.850 artillery 2.430 fighters / bombers 750 fighters / bombers 200 other aircraft
17. Slide 22: Coalition Forces Republic of Iraq 575.000 50.000 360.000 plus auxiliary elements 43.000 35.000 plus 8 other countries = 830.000 Ground Force = 540.000 Ground Force (then 4th biggest army)
18. Slide 23: 100.000 Turkish troops 830.000 Coalition troops
19. Slide 24: Main Air Campaign - priorities / three phases 1. Iraqi air force 2. command and communication facilities 3. military targets throughout Iraq and Kuweit
20. Slide 25: 1. Iraqi air force destruction of Iraqi air force and anti-aircraft facilities qickly achieved due to superior fighters, stealth planes and high speed anti-radar missiles (HARM) sorties launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six Coalition aircraft carriers battle groups in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea
21. Slide 26: F-117A Stealth planes
22. Slide 27: anti-radar missiles
23. Slide 28: 2. command and command facilites second phase wanted to disrupt the communication between HQ and other command posts hope of quick collaps without command and control extensive use of laser-guided bombs
24. Slide 29: bunker hits?
25. Slide 30: 3. a variety of targets largest phase throughout Kuweit and Iraq SCUDs on trucks - difficult to achieve
26. Slide 31: also facilities for military and civilian use: electricity production, nuclear reactors (unclear), telecommunication equipment, port facilities, oil refineries and distribution, railrods and bridges most major dams, most major pumping stations, many sewage treatment plants electricity production down to 4% of pre-war production
27. Slide 33: Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. hypothetical invasion of the oil fields in the Persian Gulf by Iraq AirLand Battle Doctrine USCENTCOM wargame of 1990
28. Slide 34: Ground campaign Coalition forces: acting under air surpremacy key technological advantages longer range of M1A1 tanks in comparison to russian-built T72, T80 GPS enabling them to freely navigate and acting offensively, instead of wandering around
29. Slide 35: M1 tank
30. Slide 36: T72
31. Slide 37: Coalition forces enter Iraq
32. Slide 39: Retreat February 26, 1991 Iraqi troops began to retreat out of Kuweit > Kuweit City under control setting the oil fields on fire (or: cluster bombs did ignite them / unexploded had to be cleared before starting exinguishing them) retreating forces were followed within 150 miles of Baghdad Feb 27, 1991 Pres. Bush orders a cease fire
33. Slide 40: Why not take Baghdad? In 1992, the then United States Secretary of Defence during the war, Dick Cheney, said: „I would guess if we had gone there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. We‘d be running the country. And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties. ... And the question in my mind is, how many additional American casualties is Saddam (Hussein) worth? And the answer is, not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuweit, but also when the president made the decision that we‘d achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq.“
34. Slide 41: oil fields
35. Slide 44: Situation after DS
36. Slide 45: Casualities Coalition force official figures: 378 dead, 1.000 wounded Iraqi army 25.000 dead, 75.000 wounded Iraqi population 150.000 - 500.000 dead
37. Slide 46: Gulf war illness 2000, 183.000 US vets have been declared permanently declared disabled 2001, survey of US veterans: 1,8 (fathers) to 2,8 (mothers) times as likely to report having children with birth defects than the average reasons still unknown maybe: exposure to depleted uranium, chemical weapons, anthrax vaccine and/or infectious diseases
38. Slide 47: Sabot high kinetic weapons for tanks and 20-30mm cannons smaller than the bore diameter
39. Slide 48: Sabot vaporizes into tiny particles on hard impact first time use in DS recent study: DU is a heavy metal and chemical toxicant with kidney, lung risks and birth defect-causing
40. Slide 49: Consequences for Iraqi population 1998 massive increase in birth defects and cancer, particulary leukemia (no exact figures, government doctors) claimed to be unable to provide evidence due to the sanctions WHO wanted to study higher cancer rates in southern Iraq, but Saddam refused
41. Slide 50: UNO & Iraq Saddam was still in power - Iraq is controlled by the UN destruction of the principal Iraq infrastructure UNO forbids: to sell weapons to Iraq any commercial activity or help transportations are blocked
42. Slide 51: Result of these UNO sanctions Strongest sanction in the UNO History = Human Catastrophe 1990 - 2000 Highest Mortality Rate: 160% 1996, about 4500 dead childrens per month due to denutrition, illnesses etc. Denutrition Increase of 72%; 32% of the children under age of 5 suffer from it
43. Slide 52: „Food for oil“ Program 1995, UNO, resolution 986: 53% to help center and south Iraq 30% to pay Kuweit 5-10% to pay UNO operations 13% to help north Iraq
44. Slide 53: Was the 2nd Gulf War more a massacre ?
45. Slide 54: Media very restrictive, Pentagon document „Annex Foxtrot“ press information by military briefings only selected journalists may visit frontlines or interview officers, always an office present prior approval and censorship afterward
46. Slide 55: „History is made by winners.“ one-sided media, only very few controversial voices „...it wasn‘t a war, it was genocide.“ (?) motives, reasoning, overestimated numbers and swift ground war
47. Slide 56: Madeleine Albright , former Secretary of State Interview, CBS USA TV May 12, 1996 „Half million Iraq children had died because of the sanctions, more than in Hiroshima... Is the price worth it?“ „I think this is a very hard choice, but the price - we think the price is worth it.“ 2005 „I never should have made it (the statement), it was stupid.“
48. Slide 57: Thanks for your attention.