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Chapter 7: Electricity




Electrical Energy and Power
The ability of
 the electric
current to do
    work
Electrical Energy
                     Supplied by a source of electricity


Such as a cell or battery




                 When current flows in a closed circuit
Electrical Energy
                  Converts into other forms such as:




   heat               light            mechanical



By electrical appliances when current flows in it
Potential Difference, V
                    Energy, E transferred
                     by 1 C of charge, Q
                    that moves between
                         two points
Current


Rate of charge flow
Combining these two equations, we get
7.5 electrical energy and power
Power



Unit = Watt (W)
7.5 electrical energy and power
An Electric Kettle
                          Marked
                       240 V 1500 W


                      Means that the
                      kettle consumes
                         1500 J of
                     electrical energy
                     every second its
                     connected to 240 V
The larger the
 power rating,
the more energy
  consumed in
  every second.
                  The longer the
                   usage time,
                     the more
                     electrical
                     energy is
                    consumed.
1 kilowatt-hour
                 (kWh)




                    The amount of energy
                      consumed by an
                     electrical appliance

In 1 hour
                     At the rate of 1 kilowatt
1 kWh = 1 unit of energy


1 kWh                 3.6 x   106   J
        1 kW x 1 hr

        100 W x 3600 s
Efficiency   Percentage of output
             power to the input
             power
The efficiency of an electrical appliance



                              Is always less
                                than 100%


Because some energy is lost
the form of heat and sound
Energy Efficiency




Using energy efficient devices to gain a higher
    level of useful outputs using less input
Increasing energy efficiency



 Reduces costs

                  And also assisting
                      in energy
                    conservation
7.5 electrical energy and power
Energy efficient lightings

                Use compact
             fluorescent bulbs
             instead of regular
                incandescent
                    bulbs
Utilize electrical appliances wisely



Run washing
machines on
full load only
Utilize electrical appliances wisely



 Iron clothes in
bulk (i.e. several
pieces at a time)
Utilize electrical appliances wisely
                    Limit usage or air
                    conditioning and
                         lighting

                    Switch them off
                    when you leave
                       the room
Utilize electrical appliances wisely




Clean air filters in air conditioners and
       clothes dryers regularly
Utilize electrical appliances wisely




Defrost refrigerators regularly – so that
   your freezer don’t work so hard
Utilize electrical appliances wisely
                        Improve
                     ventilation and
                         air flow

                    Better ventilation
                     reduces cooling
                        load of air
                       conditioners
A fuse – a short piece of thin wire




Which overheats when current above a
    certain value flows through it
The fuse melts when a current that is
 too high flows during a short circuit




This prevents overheating of the wire
       which would cause a fire
If power rating of an appliance is
960 W and 240 V, then normal current = 4 A




 Fuse to be used must be of higher
    current:- so use 5 A fuse
Earth Wire, E
  Three Pin Plug       (green)
                      Safety wire –
                   connects appliance
                        to earth



                    Live Wire, L
                      (brown)
Neutral Wire,       Current flows
  N (blue)         through circuit
Zero Potential
  Difference
Three Pin Plug       If a Live Wire
                   touches the metal
                 body of the appliance,
                    a large current
                 would immediately
                  flow to the earth
                 and breaks the fuse.
                    This will avoid
                 someone from being
                    electrocuted.
Pic credits
•   Flickr / Plug Face - Day 3/365 / Jake Mates               •   Flickr / 148:365 - 09/25/2012 - Blown Fuse / Shardayy
•   Flickr / Plasma 5/ limowreck666                           •   Flickr / Con – Fused / canonsnapper
•   Flickr / Pedagaggi Wind Turbines / Sebastiano             •   Flickr / Wiring a Plug / tjmwatson
    Pitruzzello
•   Flickr / Dying moments / limowreck666
•   Flickr / defying murphy’s law / vakas
•   Flickr / Vintage Blackboard / pareerica
•   Flickr / Ultraman + Mt. Fuji = JAPAN / emrank
•   Flickr / kettle / butkaj.com
•   Flickr / March of the washer-dryers /
    Worldislandinfo.com
•   Flickr / 3D Green Energy / StockMonkeys.Com
•   Flickr / Electric Fuel Cap - RAC Future Car Challenge /
    Dominic Alves
•   Flickr / Fluorescent Tube / jeancliclac
•   Flickr / 154/366 / hannah8ball
•   Flickr / untitled / John Steven Fernandez
•   Flickr / kitty TV / kassandrapoised
•   Flickr / Universal Iron and Drapery / firexbrat
•   Flickr / Only in Egypt / mnadi
•   Flickr / This means you!! / passiveaggressivenotes
•   Flickr / thefreezerstaresatme / expressionposthumus
•   Flickr / cityswing / i_gallagher
•   Flickr / made in england / fishyfish_arcade

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7.5 electrical energy and power

  • 2. The ability of the electric current to do work
  • 3. Electrical Energy Supplied by a source of electricity Such as a cell or battery When current flows in a closed circuit
  • 4. Electrical Energy Converts into other forms such as: heat light mechanical By electrical appliances when current flows in it
  • 5. Potential Difference, V Energy, E transferred by 1 C of charge, Q that moves between two points
  • 7. Combining these two equations, we get
  • 11. An Electric Kettle Marked 240 V 1500 W Means that the kettle consumes 1500 J of electrical energy every second its connected to 240 V
  • 12. The larger the power rating, the more energy consumed in every second. The longer the usage time, the more electrical energy is consumed.
  • 13. 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) The amount of energy consumed by an electrical appliance In 1 hour At the rate of 1 kilowatt
  • 14. 1 kWh = 1 unit of energy 1 kWh 3.6 x 106 J 1 kW x 1 hr 100 W x 3600 s
  • 15. Efficiency Percentage of output power to the input power
  • 16. The efficiency of an electrical appliance Is always less than 100% Because some energy is lost the form of heat and sound
  • 17. Energy Efficiency Using energy efficient devices to gain a higher level of useful outputs using less input
  • 18. Increasing energy efficiency Reduces costs And also assisting in energy conservation
  • 20. Energy efficient lightings Use compact fluorescent bulbs instead of regular incandescent bulbs
  • 21. Utilize electrical appliances wisely Run washing machines on full load only
  • 22. Utilize electrical appliances wisely Iron clothes in bulk (i.e. several pieces at a time)
  • 23. Utilize electrical appliances wisely Limit usage or air conditioning and lighting Switch them off when you leave the room
  • 24. Utilize electrical appliances wisely Clean air filters in air conditioners and clothes dryers regularly
  • 25. Utilize electrical appliances wisely Defrost refrigerators regularly – so that your freezer don’t work so hard
  • 26. Utilize electrical appliances wisely Improve ventilation and air flow Better ventilation reduces cooling load of air conditioners
  • 27. A fuse – a short piece of thin wire Which overheats when current above a certain value flows through it
  • 28. The fuse melts when a current that is too high flows during a short circuit This prevents overheating of the wire which would cause a fire
  • 29. If power rating of an appliance is 960 W and 240 V, then normal current = 4 A Fuse to be used must be of higher current:- so use 5 A fuse
  • 30. Earth Wire, E Three Pin Plug (green) Safety wire – connects appliance to earth Live Wire, L (brown) Neutral Wire, Current flows N (blue) through circuit Zero Potential Difference
  • 31. Three Pin Plug If a Live Wire touches the metal body of the appliance, a large current would immediately flow to the earth and breaks the fuse. This will avoid someone from being electrocuted.
  • 32. Pic credits • Flickr / Plug Face - Day 3/365 / Jake Mates • Flickr / 148:365 - 09/25/2012 - Blown Fuse / Shardayy • Flickr / Plasma 5/ limowreck666 • Flickr / Con – Fused / canonsnapper • Flickr / Pedagaggi Wind Turbines / Sebastiano • Flickr / Wiring a Plug / tjmwatson Pitruzzello • Flickr / Dying moments / limowreck666 • Flickr / defying murphy’s law / vakas • Flickr / Vintage Blackboard / pareerica • Flickr / Ultraman + Mt. Fuji = JAPAN / emrank • Flickr / kettle / butkaj.com • Flickr / March of the washer-dryers / Worldislandinfo.com • Flickr / 3D Green Energy / StockMonkeys.Com • Flickr / Electric Fuel Cap - RAC Future Car Challenge / Dominic Alves • Flickr / Fluorescent Tube / jeancliclac • Flickr / 154/366 / hannah8ball • Flickr / untitled / John Steven Fernandez • Flickr / kitty TV / kassandrapoised • Flickr / Universal Iron and Drapery / firexbrat • Flickr / Only in Egypt / mnadi • Flickr / This means you!! / passiveaggressivenotes • Flickr / thefreezerstaresatme / expressionposthumus • Flickr / cityswing / i_gallagher • Flickr / made in england / fishyfish_arcade