2. IS PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY INFORMED BY THE
TEXTS, TRADITIONS AND EXPERIENCES OF THE
JEWISH PEOPLE.
Jewish Philosophy
3. . The philosophy of Judaism is inquiry into the nature
and meaning of Jewish existence.
The philosophy of Judaism wants to understand
Zionism, the Holocaust, the Jewish Diaspora and the
historical vicissitudes that gave shape to Jewish
experience over the millennia, from the age of the
biblical patriarchs to the destruction of the first and
second temples in Jerusalem, to the exile of the
Jewish people and the return of many, after a
hundred generations, to the land they had been
promised and in which they had prospered, a land
which some had never left but which most, for
centuries, had pictured only through the sublimating
lenses of sacred history, apocalypse and philosophy.
4. CONCERN OF JEWISH PHILOSOPHY
The concerns of the philosophy of Judaism touch
every aspect of Jewish experience, just as the
concerns of philosophy at large touch every aspect of
experience in general. But the concerns of Jewish
philosophy, like those of general philosophy, do not
confine themselves to Jewish experience. They
are, in fact, the same concerns as those of general
philosophy, rendered distinctively Jewish by their
steady recourse to the resources of the tradition, and
sustained as philosophical by an insistence on critical
receptivity, responsible but creative appropriation of
ideas and values that withstand the scrutiny of reason
and indeed grow and give fruit in its light.
5. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
The confidence of the practitioners of Jewish
philosophy in the conceptual vitality and continually
renewed moral and spiritual relevance of the tradition
is typically the reflex of an existential commitment to
that tradition and to the people who are its bearers.
That confidence, and its repeated vindication by the
richness of the tradition itself, is also a wellspring of
renewal and encouragement for the commitment that
energizes it – even, and especially, in times of
historical crisis and external pressures, which have
rarely confined themselves to sheerly intellectual
challenges.
6. STRENGHTS AND WEAKNESSES
One is a tendency to historicism, that is, the
equivocal equation of norm with facticity and
facticity with norm that leads to an
resignation of philosophical engagement for
a detached clinical posture or an equally
unwholesome surrender of judgment to the
flow of events.
Historicism-is a natural by-product of
respect for tradition, or of expectation of
progress.
7. The second weakness is a narrowing of the
gaze, a tendency to substitute philosophy of
Judaism for the wider discourse of Jewish
philosophy, as though the resources of the
tradition had nothing (or nothing more) to
contribute to ethics, or natural theology, or
metaphysics and logic, for that matter.
8. JEWISH PHILOSOPHERS
The first exponent of Jewish philosophy
was Philo of Alexandria, a major contributor
to the synthesis of Stoicism, Middle
Platonism and monotheistic ideas that
helped forge the tradition of scriptural
philosophy in the West.
9. Philo Judaeus, also called Philo of
Alexandria (born 15–10 BC, Alexandria—
died AD 45–50, Alexandria), Greek-speaking
Jewish philosopher, the most important
representative of Hellenistic Judaism. His
writings provide the clearest view of this
development of Judaism in the Diaspora. As the
first to attempt to synthesize revealed faith and
philosophic reason, he occupies a unique
position in the history of philosophy. He is also
regarded by Christians as a forerunner of
Christian theology.
11. Abraham ibn Daud (c.1110–80), a historian as
well as a philosopher, used his historiography to
argue for the providential continuity of the
Jewish intellectual and religious tradition. His
philosophical work laid the technical foundations
that made possible the philosophical
achievement of:
Moses Maimonides (1138–1204), the greatest of
the philosophers committed to the Jewish
tradition.
13. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic
studies on the Quran. It is the continuous
search for Hikma(.Arabic: ), meaning
wisdom, in the light of the Islamic view
of life, the universe, ethics, society,
14. ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
Refers to philosophy produced in an Islamic
society. It is not necessarily concerned with
religious issues, nor exclusively produced by
Muslims.
It’s a generic term can be defined and used in
different ways, it is the perception of Islam, so
that philosophy is derived from the Islamic texts
used in the creation of the universe and the life
of the Creator- term vision can be offered.
15. EARLY ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
Refers to philosophy during the ―Islamic
Golden Age‖, traditionally dated between the
8th and 12th centuries, it can be distinguished
by two main currents:
16. #1. KALAM
Is the philosophy that seeks Islamic theological
principles through dialect. In Arabic, the word
literally means “speech”.
Kalam means duties of the heart as opposed
to (or inconjuction with) fikh duties of the
body.
17. MUTAZILITE-
COMPELLED TO DEFEND THEIR PRINCIPLES AGAINST THE
SUNNI ISLAM OF THEIR DAY, LOOK FOR SUPPORT IN
PHILOSOPHY, AND ARE ONE OF THE FIRST TO PURSUE A
RATIONAL THEOLOGY CALLED “ILM-AL-KALAM”
(SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY)
Scholastic Theology are the one’s that
professing it were called Mutakallamin.
18. #2. FALSAFA
Falsafa is a greek word meaning
“philosophy” ( the Greek pronunciation
philosophia became falsafa.)
19. CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-
1938), a notable Muslim
philosopher, poet and scholar from
Pakistan (then British India)
20. The tradition of Islamic Philosophy is still very
much alive today despite the belief in many
Western circles that this tradition ceased after
the golden ages of Suhrawardi‖s Hikmat al-
Ishraq(Illumination Philosophy) or, at the
latest, Mulla Sadra‖s Hikmat-e-Mota'aliye or
Transcendent (Exalted) Philosophy. Another
unavoidable name is Allama Muhammad
Iqbal, who reshaped and revitalized Islamic
philosophy amongst the Muslims of the Indian
sub-continent in the early 20th century. Beside
his Urdu and Persian poetical work, The
Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam is
a milestone in the modern political philosophy of
Islam.
21. OTHER ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHERS
Ruhollah Khomeini, founder of the Islamic
Rebublic of Iran, was a famous teacher of
the philosophical school of Hikmat-ul-
Mutaliya. Before the Islamic Revolution, he
was one of the few who formally taught
philosophy at the Religious Seminary at
Qum.
, Allameh Tabatabaei, the author of
numerous works including the 27-volume
Quranic commentary al-Mizan ( ),
22. Name: Al Khindi (Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūbibn Isḥāq al-
Kindī)
Lattinization: Alkindus
Born/ Died: 801-873
Madh’hab: Mutazilite
School of Philosophy: Peripatetic
Name: Ibn Sina (Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Sina Balkhi)
Lattinization: Avicenna
Born// Died: 980-1037
Madh’hab: Twelver Shia(disputed)
Sschool of Philosophy: Avecinnism
25. CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
Christian philosophy is a development
in philosophy that is characterised by coming
from a Christian tradition.
26. HELLENISTIC CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY AND
EARLY CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
Hellenism is the traditional designation for
the Greek culture of the Roman Empire in
the days of Jesus, Paul, and for centuries
after. Classical philosophies of the Greeks
had already expired and diluted beyond
recognition except for small bands of
continuators of the traditions of the
Pythagoreans, of Plato, and Aristotle (whose
library was lost for centuries).
27. HERE ARE SOME OF THOSE THINKERS MOST CLOSELY
ASSOCIATED WITH HELLENISTIC CHRISTIAN
PHILOSOPHIES, LISTED MORE OR LESS IN CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER:
Justin Martyr: Christian apologist and
philosopher whose work often focused on the
doctrine of the Logos and argued that
many Stoic and Platonic philosophical ideas
were similar to ideas in the Old Testament
Clement of Alexandria: Theologian and
apologist who wrote on Greek philosophy, using
ideas from pagan literature, Stoic and Platonic
philosophy, and Gnosticism to argue for
Christianity
28. Augustine of Hippo: Augustine developed classical
Christian philosophy, and the whole of Western
thought, largely by synthesizing Hebrew and Greek thought.
He drew particularly from Plato, the Neoplatonism of
Plotinus, and Stoicism, which he altered and refined in light
of divine revelation of Christian teaching and the Scriptures.
Augustine wrote extensively on many religious and
philosophical topics; he employed an allegorical method of
reading the Bible, further developed the doctrine of hell as
endless punishment, original sin as inherited guilt, divine
grace as the necessary remedy for original sin, baptismal
regeneration and consequently infant baptism, inner
experience and the concept of "self”, the moral necessity of
humanfree will, and individual election to salvation by
eternal predestination. He has been a major influence in the
development of Western theology and his thought, and in
particular his works, City of God andConfessions, laid the
foundations for Western Philosophy, influencing many of
philosophers and making him one of the most influential
figures in the history of philosophy.
29. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
Peter Abelard: Abelard was a leading 12th-
century philosopher and theologian, best
known for his association
with conceptualism and his development of
the moral influence theory of atonement.
30. Thomas Aquinas: Aquinas was the student of Albert the
Great, a brilliant Dominican experimentalist, much like the
Franciscan, Roger Bacon, of Oxford in the 13th century.
Aquinas synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with
Christianity. He believed that there was no contradiction
between faith and secular reason, but that they
complemented each other epistemically. He thought Aristotle
had achieved the pinnacle of human striving for truth apart
from divine revelation and thus adopted Aristotle's
philosophy as a framework in constructing his theological
and philosophical outlook. Thomas Aquinas was a professor
at the prestigious University of Paris, a contemporary
of Bonaventure, a Franciscan Professor at the University of
Paris whose approach differed significantly from Aquinas' in
favor of the more traditional Augustinian Platonism. Widely-
accepted as one of the most influential figures in the history
of philosophy, his philosophy is the foundation for Thomism.
His most famous work is Summa Theologica
31. MODERN CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
17th Century:
Thomas Browne (1605–1682) English philosopher and
scientist who also made contributions to the field of
medicine
René Descartes (1596–1650) French philosopher and
mathematician sometimes labelled "The Father of Modern
Philosophy" who was a leading exponent of rationalism;
most famous for his concept Cogito ergo sum (I Think
Therefore I Am)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian
philosopher, physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who
played a central role in the Scientific
Revolution, controversially
advocating heliocentrism, leading to the Galileo Affair, he
also wrote about the relationship between science and
religion; often labelled "The Father of Modern Science"
32. 18TH CENTURY
George Berkeley Influential Anglo-Irish
philosopher who developed the theory
of subjective idealism and who wrote prolifically
in a number of areas, such as
metaphysics, epistemology, the philosophy of
language and the philosophy of mathematics
Johann Gottfried Herder, German
philosopher, theologian, and literary critics who
was associated with theSturm und
Drang and Weimar Classicism
Francis Hutcheson, Scottish philosopher who
was an important figure in the Scottish
Enlightenment and is associated with empiricism
33. 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Preeminent German
philosopher who was a leading figure in German
Idealism and whose thought created the
philosophical school known as Hegelianism, his
philosophy was influenced greatly by his Lutheran
religious beliefs; also wrote a number of works
regarding the philosophy of religion
C. S. Lewis, a massively influential literary critic and
medievalist, and mythologist, a mythographer in his
children's fantasies, and an apologist for the
Christian faith to which he adhered in the latter half of
his life. He claimed not to be a philosopher, but his
apologetics are foundational to the formation of a
Christian worldview for many modern readers.
