WILDLIFE HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Dr. A. D. Kholkute
B.VSc. & A.H.

Treatment of Elephant wounds

Injury

Injection

First Aid Kit
1]Tr. Iodine
2] Hydrogen Peroxide
3] Boric Powder
4]Pot. Permanganate
5]Detol
6] Sprit
7] Cotton Bundle
8] Gauge
9]Iodex
10] Anti Septic Tube
11] Tr. Iodine Spray
12] Analgesic Spray
13] Oil Turpentine
14] Betadin
1] Syringes---------10 ml., 20 ml., 50 ml.
2] I |V set
3] Scissors , Straight & Curved
4] Irrigater
5] B.P.Handle & Blades
6] Hand Gloves
7] Thermometer
8] Artery Forceps
9] Adhesive Tape

Classification Of Diseases
1, Contagious—From one animal to other
Bacterial, Viral,Fungal & Parasitic
2, Non Contagious
3, Fungal Disease
4, Protozoan
5, Parasitic
Contagious
Spread through direct contacts, Vehicles, Human
Air, Water, Contaminated Food & Water
Common Grazing land

Out Breaks

Precautions & Duties
* Inform immediately to higher Officer
* Do not inform orally
* Collect information about the suspected
Disease
* Symptoms
* Mortality, if any
* Contact Sirpanch & tell him to report about the
out break to Animal Husbandry Dept.in writing
Immediately stop the grazing of domestic
cattle's in Forest area to avoid contact

Foot and Mouth Disease
Turmeric
Powder
Treatment

Turmeric Powder Treatment

Mr. Shripati (Vehicle Driver)

Determination of Age

Wild Herbivores
Spotted Deer, Samber
A] Antler
B] Size of Faecal matter.
C] Wear & tare of Teeth
BLACK BUCK,BISON, Other
Number of rings on horns
Wear & tare of Teeth

Carnivores
* Wear & tare of teeth
* Section of Premolar, Molar teeth
* Size of Scat
* Size of animal
* Pug Marks

Skull of Tiger

Lower Mandible of Tiger
Canine
Molar
Incisor
Premolar

AGE --- 8 - 12 Months

Estimation of the age of Tiger
Incisor
Canine

Pugmark of Tiger

Male
PML
PMB
Female

PML -Below 5 cm. - Small Cat
PML - 5-7 cm. - Leopard
PML -7- 9.5-cm - Aged Leopard
PML -7-10- cm - Tiger Cub
PML - 9 – 17cm - Adult Tiger

Rearing of Orphaned cub to adulthood

Reared in captivity at Bor

Wild animal behavior
Pugmark of a Tiger
outside the cage

Hand Rearing of Hyena Cubs

Care of Capture Wild Animal
Keep away from any disturbances
Prefer Isolate place
Don't disturb
Reintroduce in the Forest as early as possible
Veterinary care
Put a cloth on the cage
No Display
Keep the animal in Forest to avoid disturbances

Care prior to Reintroduction
Don't disturb the animal
Reintroduce the animal where there is presence of the
reintroduce animal.
Don't reintroduce the wild animal in Evening hours.
Area of reintroduction must be sufficient prey base.
Selection of site must be having following facilities,
Prey base
Sufficient water
Safe atmosphere & Shelter. Don't introduce ill ,
Injured,Weak animal. Take opinion of Veterinarian.

Re-Introduction

Dr. A D Kholkute

General Observations to be
done by forest personals
* Pug Marks
* Fecal Samples
* Territory Markings
* Kill
* Different Calls

Different Calls of wild herbivores -
Personal Experience

Wild Animal Looking At Type of Call
Chital Human Once Kruk
Wild Carnivores Continuously Kruk,
Samber Human Bhyak
Carnivores Continuous Bhyak
Monkeys Carnivores Khek Khek
Bison Human Shuuuuuuu
Carnivores Shuuu shuuuuu
Shue-------
Chinkara Predator Bhyar Bhyar Bhyar
Nilgay Bhya Bhya Bhya

Alertness and Confidence

Keen Observation

Alertness – Ears Erect

Alertness – Ears Erect

Relax but Alert

Evaluation of Health
Note down the following conditions :

Evaluation Report Format
Name of person------------
Post----
Date of visit-----
Compartment no.---
General Health of Wild Life
Very Good--------+ + + [Write 3 plus marks]
Good- ++
Weak- +
Accordingly write down the general health of total
wild herbivores in a flock. Write about the
abnormalities observed if any.

Name of Vegetables In The Compartment
Grasses----
Fruit trees
Trees
Distance of water source
Near the compartment or away from compartment
Presence of Mineral Depot [ Salt Lick ]
There are certain areas in the Forest where Minerals are
present. Wild animals use to go to that place & licks soil or
stones

Distance from Village
Grazing alone in groups or with Domestic
Herbivores
Out break of any disease in near by villages
If yes, immediately report to Higher authority
& also inform to near by Govt. Veterinary
Doctor
Names of Wild Carnivores present in the area

Write down on all above points & submit your report to higher authority for
necessary action.
With the help of your report monitoring of wild life heath will be possible.
Compartments where heath of wild life is weak, more attention is to be given.
The conditions in the healthy area are in the record & are with you. Compare it on
following points.
1] Availability of Grasses, Fruit trees in both areas. In healthy & in weak wild life
area.
Note down the difference between two areas
Take suitable measures accordingly. Introduce the new verity of trees & grasses in
weak sector for better results.
2] Other factors like water holes, Common grazing of wild life & domestic
animals & mineral depot must be consider on war footage.
3] make the weak wild life area like that of healthy area. This will definitely help in
improving general health of wild life.
4] Collect faecal material from all the area. Get it examined.
Collect only random samples & not of each wild life,
The above measures will definitely improves the general health of wild life in all
ranges.

Difference between Cervidae & Antelopes
Deers [ Mrug Kul ]
Only Males are having antlers & are solid
Shedding of antlers every year
Presence of Canine teeth[ Shwa dant ]
In upper jaw
Antilopes
Horns are present
No shadding of horns
Horns –Two layers ---Outer & Inner [ Solid ]
Females may have horns
Annual ring on horns—every year
Presence of lachrymal glands below eyes

Shedding of Antlers
Shedding of Antlers
Stage 1]— 6 months to 18 years
At the age of 6 month– Bud or
Pedicle develops[ Sir par uncha
area 2 gagah par]
Having velvet over it.[ Makhamali
khal ki parat.]

Difference between Horn and Antler

Gestation Period
Lion 110 days
Tiger 104 days
Leopard 95-105 days
Sloth Bear 7 months
Hyena 84 days
Bison 8-9 months
Chinkara 165 days
Four Horned Antelope –240 –250 days
Black Buck 165-180 days

Gestation Period
Blue Bull[ Nil Gay] 8-9 months
Swamp Deer [ Bara Singha] 6 months
Samber 8 months
Spotted Deer 180-210
days
Barking Deer 6 months
Wild Boar 4 months

UREA POISONING
Dr.A.D.Kholkute
BVSC&AH
Nagpur

Artificial water holes

Artificial water holes

Artificial water holes

Urea Poisoning

Death of Bison due to Urea (Ammonia)
Poisoning

Urea (Ammonia) Poisoning
Common Fertilizer
Easily available
Available at subsidized rates to farmers

Urea Poisoning
Chemical Formula CH4N2O
Diamide of carbonic acid
White crystalline powder&odorless
Easily soluble in water
Liberates ammonia odor

Urea Poisoning
Poachers use urea to kill wild animals
Intake increases blood urea & ammonia
level
Toxic dose-100gms in cattle, 10-25gms in
goats
Blood ammonia nitrogen level reaches
0.84mg-1.3mg%
Rumen content-780mg/100ml

Urea Poisoning-Symptoms
Ammonia gas & strong solution of ammonia
act as CAUSTIC ALKALI
Severe Colic
Staggering gait
Shivering
Forced rapid breathing
Marked Jugular Pulse
Death after violent struggling & bellowing

Urea Poisoning-PM findings
•Mucous membrane of
stomach & intestine - Hemorrhagic patches,
Ulceration & Oedema
•Liver - Enlarged, Pale & Friable
•Skin - Blood spots[ Pin Point]
• Heart , Thymus & Lungs - General passive
congestion &
hyperemia.
•Kidney--- Cloudy swelling &
Necrotic foci

Field Test for detection of Urea in water

pH Paper Test

Urea Poisoning-Diagnosis & Lab test
Examine stomach content
pH of water-7.0 & urea-7.2
pH paper test of ruminal fluid
Chemical Test- Heat 5ml water sample, NH3gas
liberates & liquid turns turbid-allow it to cool.
Add 10ml of water, 1ml 10%NaOH & 0.5ml
CuSO4- Reddish violet colour develops
1ml sample+1mlHNO3- WHITE CRYST.ppt

Urea Poisoning-Treatment
½-1gallon 5%acetic acid(vinegar)
CNS Depressant-Ergotamines,Barbiturates
I/V Glucose or Cal borogluconate

Panchnama (FIR) Report and
Examination of Carcass

Panchanama (FIR) Report &
Examination of Carcass
Attend the site as early as possible
Isolate the area
Draw map of the area
Show directions i.e. East,West
Use hand gloves
Collect samples & doubtful material
Write down every finding on a paper

Examination Of Carcass
First examine the size of eyes
A] Pupil looks rounded, Change in colour of
eyes, Diameter of eyes– 15-16mm
Time of death—30 min to 2 hours
B] Decrease in size of pupil, Diameter of
eyes becomes—14-15mm
Time of death------3 hrs

Examination Of Carcass
C] pupil becomes smaller in size- wrinkles on
eyes, Diameter of eyes—11-12 mm
Time of death----6 hrs
D] Colour of eyes becomes ash, Pupil looks
much smaller, Diameter of eyes—6-7 mm
Time of death—11 hr
E] Eyes go deep in the orbit, Eyes bluish
Time of death—30 hrs.

Stage one
Flies & Eggs
•Numerous flies on carcass.
•Lays numerous white
colour eggs on natural
orifices
•Mouth
•Nose
•Eyes *
*
•Anus & Vagina *
*
*
•Wounds *
*
•Time of death—Appro.–
Just after death

Stage Two
1. Presence of Maggots
After 8-12 hours
2 Pupae
After 4-5 days
3 Complete Fly
After 5 days

Post Mortem changes
Colour of skin turns greenish -12 –18 hrs
Skin- Colourless with blue & greenish spots
36-48 hrs
Prolaps of uterus & anus - 2-3 days
Loss of hairs, nails & teeth - 3-6 days
All organs turns blackish & soft - 6-10 days
Muscles detached from bones - 6-10 days
Rupture of rumen - 6-10 days

WEST
Site Map (Collection of Evidences)
Liquor Dead cattle
Rope bottle
Main electric
supply S
Electric wire O
Axe U
N Poison
T
O cigarette
Bullet H
R Mark
Vomite on tree
T
H Bidi Matchbox
Bundle
Wounds Foot
Water
impression
Cloth
Glass Footwear
Prohibited area Tyre marks
EAST

Presence of Fly and numerous Eggs
Just after
death of
animal
Presence of Maggots after 10 to 12 hours
of death
Emergence of wings after 4 to 5 days
Complete fly after 5 days

Changes on Carcass
12 to 18 hrs. Greenish coloration on skin
36 to 48 hrs. Greenish and bluish spots on skin followed by
discoloration
2 to 3 days – Prolapse of Anus
and Uterus
3 to 6 days –
falling of hairs,
nails and tooth
5 to 10 days - Rupture of
stomach, intestine turns black,
detachment of muscles from
bone

Skeletal of Tiger
Pelvic girdle
Male
Female

Material Needed At Time Of Post Mortem
A] Formalin----------------10% , 40%
Common salt
Glycerin Saline 50%
Thermo cools Square & Round
Ice
Ethyl Alcohol
Sprit

B] Wide Mouth Bottles [ Pearl Pet]
250 gr. 500gr. 1 Kg, 2 Kg. [ 6 Each]
Empty Air Tight Plastic Bags 1 to 2 Doz.
Sharp Knife
Scissor
Forceps
B.P. Handles & Blades
Glass Slides
Sprit Lamp
Spatula
Pipette
Empty Injection Vials, 10 ml., 30 ml. 50ml.
Absorbent Cotton
Cloth for Packing
Thread bundle & needles
Hand gloves

C] Metal seal of office
Resin steak [ Lakh]
Candles
Match box
Note book
Pencil
Stickers
Measuring tape
Sticking tape
Camera & colour role
Vernier calliper

Sending of materials
Bacterial Diseases
Use Wide Mouth Bottles Only.
1] Liver, Spleen. Kidneys, Lymph Nodes, Lungs & Brain
With out preservatives if distance is short.
[ Only On ICE. ]
2] In Delay—
25% Glycerin Saline.
Send Larger Pieces.
Toxicological Purpose
To Forensic Laboratory
Use Wide Mouth Bottles Only.
Only on ICE or DRY ICE
Use Thermo Cool Boxes. Put Sample bottles & Put sufficient Ice around the bottles.
Stomach with contents,
Ileum & Colon tie their ends tightly.
0.5 Kg. Liver
One or both Kidneys
Adipose tissue.
Contents of Urinary Bladder.
Vomits, Hairs etc.

Guide- Lines For Submitting Samples In Out breaks & for
Forensic Work USE HAND GLOVES WHILE COLLECTING
SAMPLES
1] Viral Material
Samples collected must be SEND ON ICE ONLY.
Sterile 50% Glycerol Soln.[ 5-10 volume]is added in the WIDE MOUTH
Sample bottle.
Dispatch on Ice, Dry Ice or Ice Bags
Heart Blood, Blood Serum & Cerebrospinal fluid is to be forwarded in
Refrigerated Sterile Vials.
Rabies- Entire Head in Water tight Metal container on Ice or Dry Ice.
Brain- Divide Brain in two parts between Cerebral Hemispheres.
One part-In undiluted Neutral.
Other Hemisphere- 10% Formalin
Small Dead Birds
Immersed in 5 % Lysol Soln.
Wrapped in Lysol soaked cheese cloth on Dry Ice.

Parasites
70% Ethyl alcohol
Or
5% Formalin
H.P.Work
0.5 cm. block in 10% Formalin
1 Part commercial Formaldehyde

Tranquilisation Gun

Tranquilisation kit

Parts of Dart

Head

Feather or Stabilizer

Complete dart

Tranquilised a spotted deer

TRANQUILISATION
Why ?
For veterinary work.
Research work
Transportation
Problematic cases
Other work

ADVANTAGES
Easy to handle the wild animal
Safe to both
Minimum chance of danger
Condition
Limited man power
Medicine dose –small quantity

ESSENTIAL
INFRASTUCTURE
Man power
Tranquilisation gun
Medicine & antidote
Transportation cages
Stretcher, gunny bags & grass
Good vehicle

PRECAUTIONS PRIOR TO
TRANQUILISATION
Check all necessary infrastructure
Medicine & antidote
Avoid tranquilisation near water source , in hot
atmosphere, in night hours, lame animal,
pregnant animal, mother with cub, wild animal
on tree
Special troop to control mob
Presence of veterinarian with essential life
saving medicine & instrument

SELECTION OF MEDECINE
Minimum Dose, Maximum Concentration &
maximum Effect
Harmless
Antidote
Harmless To Human

C.N.S. DEPRESENT
TERMINOLOGY
Tranquiliser
Calmness reduce tension
Analgesic
Pain reliever

SEDATION
Make them sleep, to calm
depression
Feelings of unhappiness, hopelessness

HYPNOTICS
Relaxed or drowsy state
Producing sleep

NARCOTICS
Drowsiness, unconsciousness
Addictive drug which affects mood or
behaviour

DISSOCIATIVE
Separate, two different drugs

TRAN. MEDECINES
TRANQUILISER-----
Acepromazine,vallium, dizepam,
promazine, azaperone
HYPNOTICS& SEDATIVES----
Chloral hydrate, barbiturates, magnesium
sulphate

NARCOTICS & ANALGESIC-------
Opium,etorphine,m-99, immobilon
innover vet.
Dissociative-------
Combination of two different drugs

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
ACTION OF DRUG
Innoculation site
Drug combination
Kind of animal----promazine not used in
carnivores, etorphine hcl not used in
felidae
Sex & season
Weight of animal

MENTAL STATE OF ANIMAL
Feeding
Health of animal

SIGNS OF ANAESTHESIA
Change in behaviour
Closing of eyelids
Unable to walk
Salivation
Goes away from group
Fall down on ground
Numbness of tail

Precautions after
immobilisation
Shift the animal in a cage
Keep head in elevated position i.e. on a
gunny bag filled with grass
Sternum recumbence position
Keep calmness, Avoid direct sun light
put cloth on eyes & on cage
Give antidote

COMMON DRUGS & DOSES
Diazepam -- 1—3.5 mg/ kg b.W.
Acepromazine male—1-2 mg/kg b.W.
Xylazine hcl-----1-2mg/kg b.W.
Anti dote---yohimbine hcl- antagogil
KETAMINE hcl—2-50mg/kg b.W.
To check salivation-
Atropin sul.-0.05ml/kg b.W.

HELLABRUNN MIX.-- H.B.M.
Combination of ketamine & xylazine
Concentration —1ml=100mg
Dose —successfully immobilised leopard, tigress,spotted deer
Dr.A.D.Kholkute,dr.S.V.Upadhe.Dr.V.M.Dhoot & shri kishor
mishrikotkar
Leopard—Male ,Wight 50 kg. —X 150 mg. and K 100 mg.
On dated 15-10-2000
Leopard -- Male ,Wight 80-90 Kg. — K150mg and X 150 mg
On dated 27-11-2000

Spotted deer — X 100 mg. and K 100 mg.
(Adult male)
Leopards (4 in number)-- X-125mg + K 125 mg.
per animal
On dated-27-09-2007
Tigress-{ at bor sanctuary ] K 150 mg. + X 150 mg.

DOSES
TIGRESS adult —X 250mg and K 200mg
Leopard — 1.5ml
Sloth bear — 2-3.5ml
Wolf — 1-1.5ml
Hyaena — 1-1.5ml
Civet cat — 0.25ml
Suggested by Dr. B. M. Arora

DOSES
Wild herbivores -
Chital — 3 - 5ml.
Barsinga — 4 ml.
Samber — 6-7ml.
Black buck — 2.75ml.

Other essential drugs
Atropin sul. --- Checks excessive salivation
Hyaluronidase -- enzyme prep. for rapid absorption
Dexamethy sulfoxide- increases drug absorption
Vit. E-- protect muscles from oxidative
damage

Doxapram hcl----- Res. Stimulant
Yohimbine----------C.N.S. Stimulant
Adrenaline----------heart stimulant
Dexamethasone— anti inflammat.
anti shock
Sod. Bi carb.------ adjust blood acid
balance

Balanced i/v fluid—ringers lactated
Ringer soln increases renal perfusion to
combat shock

DARTING EQUIPMENT
Blow pipe---- 1-8 m
pneumatic blowpipe mod. 45- 20 m
Gas pistol 35 n-------------- 40 m
Gas rifle model 50-------- 50 m
Model 30 [small cartrige]---- 25 m
Syringe projector mod.------ 60 m

CARTRIDGE TYPE &
DISTANCE
Blue 1-12 m
Red 10-20 m
Yellow 5-25 m
Brown 25-40 m
White 30-35 m
Black 45-70 M

CANULA [ NEEDLES]
1, Smooth
2, Barbed
3, Collar

SELECTION OF CANULA
16 mm---------Spotted deer, Monkey,
19 mm----------Samber, Black buck,
Leopard, Hyena
28 mm---------Samber [M], Blue bull,
Tiger, lion
32-38 mm-----Gour, Bear, Zebra
45-51 mm----------Rhino
51-63 mm------------Elephant

AIR PRESSURE
4-8 BAR 20 m.
5 BAR 10ml. DART
8 BAR 10 ml. 20 ml. and 30ml.

Transportation cages
Types of cages
1] Transportation Cage------ For Transportation Only
2] Squeeze Cage---------------For Treatment
3] Bait Cage--------------------For Capturing
Sizes Of Cages Of Cages
Transportation Cage –
L-8 Feet, W- 5&1/2 Feet, H.- 4&1/2 Feet
Squeeze Cage-----L – 8&1/2Feet, W-5&1/2 Feet, H.- 4 Feet
Bait Cage---------L- 8 Feet, W- 4 Feet, H – 4 Feet

Care to be taken prior to Reintroduction of
Captured Wild Animal
Complete information of the reintroducing area.
Not too far from captured area.
Sufficient Man power.
Proper condition of transporting cage.
Sufficient cloth to cover cage.
Good vehicle.
Silent atmosphere.
Do not rescue in night hours.
Do not rescue at hot time.
Reintroduce only in the area where rescue wild life is present.
Information about Prey & Predator ratio
Early morning is proper time of rescue. .
Wild animals take time to come out of the cage. So don’t compel them for
early coming.
Many a times animal comes out of the cage & use to observe the surrounding
area. It may attach the person who opened the cage get. So proper care must
be taken prior to rescue.

Care at time of transport
Go as early as possible.
Avoid human contact.
Do not waste time at Dhaba or hotel.
Be in Govt. Uniform.
Get the captured animal examined by a
Veterinary Doctor [Graduate]before release.

POST MORTEM-FINDINGS
Electric Shock
Face-Pale, Eyes-Congested, Pupils-Dilated R.M. appearance
early.
Entrance & Exit Marks greenish white circular spots are seen
ate Entrance & Exit spot.
Lungs-congested & oedematous.
Brain-congested.
Peteachial Haemorrahages-under endocardium, Pericardium,
Pleura, Drain & Spinal cord.
Necrosis of blood vessel walls.
Death due to paralysis of medulary centre.(Respl.)

Lightning Stock
Current 1000 million volts even more.
Blast like lesions.
Contusions, Laceration, Fracture, Rupture of organs.
R.M. soon & disappear quickly.
Hemorrhage brain
Patchily Hemorrhage-Pericardium &Lungs.
Contraction of Heart, Blood- thin or coagulate
Contact skin (part)-Blackish. Red Skin & Hairs-Burning

Snake Bite
Impression of two Teeth at site of bite.
Swelling & blooding from bite portion
Blood thin &Puree color.
Patchily Hemorrhage on vital organs

Starvation
All organs-Reduced in size & weight except Brain
Skin-Inelastic, Pigmented
Fat-Absent subcutaneous Edema
Hairs-No shining
Heart-Smaller in size & chambers are empty
Lungs-Pale, Collapsed.
Bowel Contains-offensive odor & gases
Liver-atrophied & show necrosis
Wall of Intestine-Looks like tissue paper
Spleen-Shrunken
Kidney-Atrophy
Urinary Bladder-Empty
Blood volume-Reduced, Anemia

Organ phosphorus poisons-
(Derived from phosphoric acid)
[Malathion,Dimefox, alkali-phosphate tik 20]-Aryl-phosphate
Signs of Asphyxia
Cyanosis of lips, toes
Blood stained froth from mouth & Nostrils (NOSE)
Stomach contains-Kerosene smell
Mucosa of stomach-Congested with patchily hemorrhages.
Respiratory passage-congested having frothy hemorrhagic
exudates.
Lungs-Gross Congestion, excusive edema & sub pleural
patchier.
Internal organs-congested & poeticize.
ENDRIN-Mouth & Stomach contents-Kerosene smell
ZINK PHOSPHATE-Garlicky odor of stomach contents
Blood cherry Red, fatty Degeneration -neuroses

Chart Showing Age of
Puberty, Gastration Period

S.no. Name of Puberty Mating Castratio Delivery Life Span
Wild Age Season n Period Month in year
Animal (years)
1. Common 3-4 End of April 6 Month Jan. to 25 years
Hanuman to August. March
Languor Through out
year
2. Tiger 3-4 After Rainy 104 Days Feb. to 15-20
Season May
3. Leopard 2-3 T.O.Y. 95-110 T.O.Y. 12-20
Days
4. Hyaena 4 Winter 84 Days Summer 20
5. Wild Dogs 3 Nov./Dec. 60-62 Jan. to 20-22
Days Feb.
6. Jackal 3 T.O.Y. 63 Days T.O.Y. 10-15
7. Wolf 3-4 End of 61-63 Dec. 15-20
Rainy Days
Season

S.no. Name of Puberty Mating Castratio Delivery Life Span
Wild Age Season n Period Month in year
Animal (years)
8. Bison 3-4 March to 9 Month Nov. to 20-30
May March
9. Wild-Buff 3-4 After 9 Month March to 20-
Rainy May
Season
August/se
pt.
10. Chinkara 2.5 April to 165 Oct. to 12-15
May & Feb.
T.O.Y.
11. Four 2-3 Summer 8-8.5 Oct. to 15
Horned Feb.
Antelope
12. Black 19-23 Feb. to 165 Days Dec. On 12-15
Buck Month March wards
13. Blue Bull 25 Month T.O.Y. 8-9 Month ------------ 20 Year
14. Samberg 4 Years Nov. to 8 Month May to 20
Dec. on Wards June
15. Spotted 4 Years Summer 210-215 Sept. 20-25
Deer Winter Days Onwards
Max. in

Diseases
Symptoms, Transition & P.M. charges resembles to the counter part
species.
Bacterial Diseases
Tuberculosis
Monkeys &Dears are susceptible. Chronic & Contagious disease.
Dry cough, Loss of weight, dull hair coat, Dispend, & Depression.
Diagnosis
Tuberculin test, sputum culture & occasionally from faecal culture.
Tuberculin Test
0.1 ml. of tuberculin is injected intradermly in the middle of
cervical region. (on neck area) Diffused o demotes swelling with
not feeling-After 72 hours
In Primates
Thoracic ‘x’ ray
Tuberculin Test
By injecting 10000 units of old mammalian tuberculin (0.5-1ml)
intradermally in to the skin of each eyelid with Tuberculin syringe
& needle.

Treatment-
Streptomycin daily for first 2 moths, 15 mg/kg B.W. After wards Twice weekly for
10 months.
Ionized tab.-Daily for first two moths.
5 mg/kg B.W. vat B 6
Necropsy Findings-Lesions are seen in Lungs Nodular lesions with pus.
Organ affected-lungs, pleura, liver, peritoneum, kidney &spleen. Regional lymph
node.
Pasturellosis
Acute & chronic form.
Chervils & Bovines are affected Elephant & Rhinos are also susceptible.
Symptoms-are rarely observed.
In Deer-Nasal, oral discharge & prostration.
Bison’s-Swelling over neck region. hot & painful.
P.M. Findings-Hemorrhagic lungs & pleura & pericardium.
Musculature of body is pink & edematous Lymph nodes are swollen &
hemorrhagic. Patchily hemorrhage on Various tissues.
Treatment-Streptomycin 10-15 mg per lb. b/w (2.2 lb=1kg)
Evading 33.5% I/V 100.200 ml

3. Leptospirosis
Deer, Antilopes, swamp deer, chinkara, and one tiger.
Lepto, enter the body through m.m. of the eyes, nose, mouth or through abraded skin.
Contaminated water & food by urine.
Organism, localized in kidney, liver.
Symptoms- Jaundice, Inter mitten fever abortion.
Lab.Exa.-Microscopic exa. of sediment of urine. Send kidney & liver pieces in 10%
Formalin for H.P.
Treatment-Penicillin & Tetracycline for 7-10 days
Anthrax-acute septic, disease. Hyper pyrexia.
Soil born infection-Bleeding from natural orifices. Sudden death. Birds also spread
diseases.
Irradiated from- Spores are present in alimentary tract of birds.
India-Rhinos in airing Asiatic Elephant Wild Herbivores Carnivores.
NO.P.M.
Lab.exa-Blood smears, ear piece should be sent to lab.
Treatment-Crystalline penicillin 40.80 lakes crys4 - 40 lakes at 6 hour Interval Anti
Anthrax serum 100-200 ml I/V

Viral Diseases
F.M.D.
Natural hosts-cattle, yak, gaur, bison, mithun wild dogs, Deer,
Antilopes, Camel, Elephant. sheep & goats
Strains-OAC Asia 1, sat 1, 2,3
In India-OAC Asia 1
Acute & highly contagious disease in wild herbivores
Symptoms
Vesicles or Erosions in mucosa of mouth
Rise in Temp
Vesicles in cleft of hoof
Salivation
Lameness
Starvation
Unable to Drink

Treatment
Very difficult to treat wild herbivores in in-situ
condition.
I came across an out break of F.M.D. at
Navergaon National Park, Dist. Bhandara
[M.S.]. 5-6 Bison’s died due to this disease.
Though the mortality is less but I observed 6-
8% Mortality

History
There was out break of F.M.D. in near cattle. The
area of out break was very near to National Park.
Local Cattle & wild herbivores use to graze together
in Forest. So due to this disease spread in the
Bosons, out break in cattle occurred in octs.2001.
Out break in Bison was reported on 6-5-2002.
It was not possible to Tranquilise every Bison for
treatment. So a thought came in my mind to treat
the Bison’s on Artificial water holes.(Summer
Season)

Line of Treatment-“Water hole Treatment”
1. First all artificial water holes were identified. Filled them with
fresh water
Added – Khuren, Homeopathy medicine 15 bottles in each
water hole Twice daily
Pot, permanganate-3%
Cephalexin
Vimerol liquid
2. Area around 10-15 feet was first soaked with water by spraying
water.
3. Sprayed Turmeric powder on soaked area.
4. Above medication was done Twice daily
Very Good results were observed.

Rinder-Pest
Highly Contagious viral disease.
Symptoms-High fever, erosive steatites, gastro enteritis Diarrhea
Disease spread from infected Domestic animals.
Outbreak - Barasinga (Kanha 1967)
Gaur, Nilgai, Samber, Spotted deer & Four horned antelopes
P.M. Findings-Necrotic ulcers on buccal m.m.(brain like)
Skin Irruption. Large Intestine-Zebra Marking
Ileum -Necrosis & deep ulcers (payers patches)
Upper Resp.tract - patchier
Bladder & Vagina- ------!!-------.
Samples for Lab. Work & Confirmation-Sample of spleen Blood, liver,
Intestine
In 50% Buffered glycerin- Saline or In plastic bages ON ICE.
H.P.-Tissues in 10% Formalin

DENTITION
1.Tiger
2{ I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 3/2 M- 1/1 } = 30
2.Bovines/Cervids
2 { I- 0/4 C- 0/0 P- 3/3 M- 3/3 }= 32
3.Hyeana/Wolf
2 { I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 4/4 M- 2/3 }= 42

Thank you, have a nice time.