Community Police

Community Policing in the US Problem solving in society

Topics
History of Community Policing
Community Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing and Community-Oriented Policing

An outgrowth of two major forces in the 1960s:
Concerns about rising crime rates and
The national civil rights movement
These movements lead to increased attention and funding for research and policy development

Also in the 1960s, a due process revolution was also occurring and the country was demanding:
improved police-community relations;
increased education for officers;
diversity in the ranks, and;
controls on police discrimination.

Research
Congress allocated monies for research, which produced the;
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study
Rand Investigation Experiment.
Response time studies suggested that police rarely respond to crimes in progress
Evidence from these studies indicated that police were limited in their ability to affect crime levels

Implications of the Research Findings
Increased interest in how to best involve citizens in the crime problem/solution
Increased experimentation on methods for preventing crime , including a number of studies on the impact of foot patrol.

What is Community Policing?
Community policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem-solving, community engagement, and partnerships.
The community policing model balances reactive responses to calls for service with proactive problem-solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder.
Community policing requires police and citizens to join together as partners .

Some Core Elements of Community Policing

COMMUNITY POLICING Community Policing Definition
Agency has multi-disciplinary partnerships with indicated community partners, including other government agencies, non-profit and community groups, businesses, the media, and individuals.
Existing partnerships bring appropriate resources and level of commitment to community policing activities.
Level of interaction between law enforcement agency and community partners: communication, coordination, or collaboration.
Community Partnerships Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the individuals and organizations that serve or include anyone with a stake in the community. Problem Solving Organizational Transformation Community Policing Elements The process and effect of problem solving should be assessed at each stage of the problem solving process.
Agency management
Leadership
Decision-making
Planning and Policies
Organizational evaluations
Agency Accountability
Transparency
Organizational structure
Geographic assignment of officers
De-specialization
Flatten organizational structure
Resources and finances
Personnel
Recruitment, hiring and selection
Personnel evaluation and supervision
Training
Technology/information systems
Communication/Access to Data
Quality and Accuracy of Data
General Problem Solving Approach
Problem Solving Processes
Scanning
Analysis
Response
Assessment
General Skill in Problem Solving

Other Ways of Defining Community Policing

Organizational Elements
CP Philosophy is Adopted Throughout the Organization
Decentralized Decision-Making and Accountability
Fixed Geographic Accountability and Generalist Responsibilities
Utilization of Volunteer Resources/Services
Enhancers

Tactical Elements
Enforcement of Laws
Proactive, Crime Prevention Oriented
Problem-solving

External Elements
Public Involvement in Community Partnerships
Government and Other Agency Partnerships

Philosophical Dimension
Citizen Input - Police agencies need extensive input from citizens on problems, priorities, policies, etc.
Broad Function - Policing is a broad function - it is much more than just law enforcement.
Personal Service - Policing works best when officers know citizens and deliver personalized service - the opposite of “stranger” policing.

Strategic Dimension
Re-Oriented Operations - Police look beyond traditional strategies of routine patrol, rapid response, and detective investigations and utilize proactive strategies and tactics.
Prevention Emphasis - Whenever possible, police should emphasize preventing crime rather than simply reacting after the fact.
Geographic Focus - Policing should be organized and deployed to maximize the extent of identification between specific officers and specific neighborhoods.

Tactical Dimension
Positive Interaction - Police should positively interact with all segments of the community - especially since the nature of police work guarantees that some negative interaction is inevitable.
Partnerships - Police should partner with the community to deal with crime/problems, including collaborating with public and private agencies.
Problem Solving - Police and citizens should take every opportunity to address the conditions that cause incidents and crimes.

Organizational Dimension
Structure - Police agencies should re-examine their structures to assure that they support and facilitate community policing.
Management - Police agencies should re-examine the way people are supervised and managed to assure consistency with community policing.
Information - Police agencies should re-examine their information systems to make sure they support and facilitate community policing.

Variations in Community Policing
Community policing varies from one community to the next.
Community policing in a large, metropolitan city may be different than community policing in a small, rural area.
Community policing is dynamic and it changes with the community, crime rates, mobilization of citizens, region of the country, and other social and environmental factors.

The 1994 “Crime Act” Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
COPS Mission - Advance the practice of community policing to improve public safety.
Provided grants to hire and train community policing professionals, improve technology, and develop innovative strategies.
By 2005, COPS had invested $11.3 billion to add 118,768 community policing officers and deputies to the our streets and schools

Problem-Oriented Policing and Community-Oriented Policing

Selected Comparisons Between Problem-Oriented Policing and Community Policing Principles Principle Problem-Oriented Policing Community-Oriented Policing Primary emphasis Substantive social problems within police mandate Engaging the community in the policing process When police and community collaborate Determined on a problem by problem basis Always or nearly always Emphasis on problem analysis Highest priority given to thorough analysis Encouraged, but less important than community collaboration Preference for responses Strong preference that alternatives to criminal law enforcement be explored Preference for collaborative responses with community Role for police in organizing and mobilizing community Advocated only if warranted within the context of the specific problem being addressed Emphasizes strong role for police Importance of geographic decentralization of police and continuity of officer assignment to community Preferred, but not essential Essential Degree to which police share decision-making authority with community Strongly encourages input from community while preserving ultimate decision-making authority to police Emphasizes sharing decision-making authority with community Emphasis on officer skills Emphasizes intellectual and analytical skills Emphasizes interpersonal skills View of the role or mandate of police Encourages broad, but not unlimited role for police, stresses limited capacities of police and guards against creating unrealistic expectations of police Encourages expansive role for police to achieve ambitious social objectives

POP and COP
Historically, many considered these two concepts to be mutually exclusive.
Police leaders and academics tend to agree that these concepts overlap in philosophy and practice.
Bottom line – It’s not one or the other, it’s one and the other…

http://www.slideshare.net	16
https://bbprod.stjohns.edu	13
http://bb.coursenligne.net	1

Community Police

by adegetau on Sep 23, 2009

Accessibility

Categories

Tags

Upload Details

Usage Rights

3 Embeds 30

Statistics

Community Police — Presentation Transcript