Carbon Manna © -- the Carbon Micro- PROFIT -Sharing System: A Cell-phone-based system for Monetizing Carbon Offsets at the “Bottom of the Pyramid” -- A markets-based , self-funding method for rewarding Individuals in the Developing World for smaller carbon footprints David A. Palella Carbon Manna Unlimited San Diego, California Email: [email_address] Cell: 619-787-5767 www.carbonmanna.org Entire contents Copyright 25 April & 14 July 2008 by David A. Palella. All rights reserved. Non-Confidential

The Cell-phone-based Carbon Manna family includes : Carbon Manna © -- monetizing carbon offsets/reductions from improved cooking methods Solar Manna © -- monetizing carbon offsets/reductions from use of solar panels instead of burning diesel or kerosene Forest Manna © -- monetizing CO2 sequestration resulting from planting trees

Carbon Manna © -- monetizing carbon offsets/reductions from improved cooking methods

Solar Manna © -- monetizing carbon offsets/reductions from use of solar panels instead of burning diesel or kerosene

Forest Manna © -- monetizing CO2 sequestration resulting from planting trees

Carbon Trading Markets --Worldwide Growth 2009 -- US$ 110 - 140 BB (estimates) 2008 -- US$ 126 BB [ World Bank data ] 2007 -- US$ 64 BB Why not access this huge pool of capital to finance or subsidize purchase of your products & services ? Or subsidize your grant ? -- And to directly benefit millions of the Poor ? Carbon Manna Unlimited has invented a cell-phone-based mechanism to easily do this while also: -- enriching the Poor / Improving family health -- mitigating global climate change -- reducing regional deforestation & desertification, and -- enabling cell-phone-based delivery of services such as telemedicine/telehealth & tele-education

2009 -- US$ 110 - 140 BB (estimates)

2008 -- US$ 126 BB [ World Bank data ]

2007 -- US$ 64 BB

Why not access this huge pool of capital to finance or subsidize purchase of your products & services ?

Or subsidize your grant ? -- And to directly benefit millions of the Poor ?

Carbon Manna Unlimited has invented a cell-phone-based mechanism to easily do this while also:

-- enriching the Poor / Improving family health

-- mitigating global climate change

-- reducing regional deforestation & desertification, and

-- enabling cell-phone-based delivery of services such as telemedicine/telehealth & tele-education

Carbon Manna© -- The BIG Picture Because Carbon Manna is based on the ubiquitous cell phone and its low transaction costs, Carbon Manna scales ! Cell phone penetration rates are already high in the Developing World -- there are over 300+ million handsets in Africa alone (about a 30% penetration rate) To reach carbon-market economies of scale, every Carbon Manna project must include at least 5,000+ families . A minimum of 10,000+ is better In East Africa alone, within 5 years, Carbon Manna projects could include 1 - 2 million families -- only about 100 - 200 projects, but about 6 - 12 million people Thus, Carbon Manna is a universally-applicable wealth-creation mechanism for the Developing World that can be employed to improve the standard of living of 100s of millions of the Poor

Because Carbon Manna is based on the ubiquitous cell phone and its low transaction costs, Carbon Manna scales !

Cell phone penetration rates are already high in the Developing World -- there are over 300+ million handsets in Africa alone (about a 30% penetration rate)

To reach carbon-market economies of scale, every Carbon Manna project must include at least 5,000+ families . A minimum of 10,000+ is better

In East Africa alone, within 5 years, Carbon Manna projects could include 1 - 2 million families -- only about 100 - 200 projects, but about 6 - 12 million people

Thus, Carbon Manna is a universally-applicable wealth-creation mechanism for the Developing World that can be employed to improve the standard of living of 100s of millions of the Poor

Cell Phone Handset Sale Declining Poverty of countries in Africa Major Problems Addressed By Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System (CMPSS) "One stone hitting three birds" Global Climate Changes and Deforestation Carbon Manna Unlimited

Carbon Manna also provides solutions for Tele-medicine & Tele-education Carbon Manna will greatly expand the installed base of cell-phones in the Developing World Carbon Manna provides a strong economic incentive for the Poor to look at and care for their mobile phones SMS (short message service) can be used to “push” public healthcare messages (vaccine campaign notices) and patient-specific medical messages (“take your HIV medications”) to millions of the Poor at very low cost Likewise, Carbon Manna-funded handsets may be used for tele-education or micro-education purposes, especially in cases of religious suppression of education (e.g., girls schools in Afghanistan), or where little or no educational infrastructure exists (Sub-Saharan Africa) One Cell Phone per Child : Even small screens on inexpensive handsets open many educational vistas in math and foreign languages for poor children. One handset per child is indeed an attainable goal, whereas one laptop has proven not to be attainable

Carbon Manna will greatly expand the installed base of cell-phones in the Developing World

Carbon Manna provides a strong economic incentive for the Poor to look at and care for their mobile phones

SMS (short message service) can be used to “push” public healthcare messages (vaccine campaign notices) and patient-specific medical messages (“take your HIV medications”) to millions of the Poor at very low cost

Likewise, Carbon Manna-funded handsets may be used for tele-education or micro-education purposes, especially in cases of religious suppression of education (e.g., girls schools in Afghanistan), or where little or no educational infrastructure exists (Sub-Saharan Africa)

One Cell Phone per Child : Even small screens on inexpensive handsets open many educational vistas in math and foreign languages for poor children. One handset per child is indeed an attainable goal, whereas one laptop has proven not to be attainable

In 2006 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank shared the Nobel Peace Prize; 100 million poor people worldwide receive micro-loans/micro-debt each year Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System (CMPSS) - the 2nd and a better generation of microfinance Micro Profit Sharing Self-sustainable Scale-up capability CMPSS

What is Carbon Manna© ? A self-funding and cell-phone-based Carbon Micro Offset monetization system based on more efficient cooking methods Uses SMS (short message service) or text messages sent to an SMS database to claim, track, monetize and audit produced Carbon Micro Offsets Millions of bundled micro offsets from an entire project are pre-sold in the European carbon markets 1 year in advance to pay all start-up costs Individual property rights should extend to one’s own carbon footprint, and individuals should be free to monetize their carbon offsets for the benefit of themselves and their families = “Micro Property Rights” Carbon Micro Offsets may be easily converted to cash, e-money, cell-phone minutes, or any other non-inflatable store of value. The next generation of microfinance Micro PROFIT sharing instead of micro debt Self-sustainable, markets-based & scales almost infinitely

A self-funding and cell-phone-based Carbon Micro Offset monetization system based on more efficient cooking methods

Uses SMS (short message service) or text messages sent to an SMS database to claim, track, monetize and audit produced Carbon Micro Offsets

Millions of bundled micro offsets from an entire project are pre-sold in the European carbon markets 1 year in advance to pay all start-up costs

Individual property rights should extend to one’s own carbon footprint, and individuals should be free to monetize their carbon offsets for the benefit of themselves and their families = “Micro Property Rights”

Carbon Micro Offsets may be easily converted to cash, e-money, cell-phone minutes, or any other non-inflatable store of value.

The next generation of microfinance

Micro PROFIT sharing instead of micro debt

Self-sustainable, markets-based & scales almost infinitely

What is Solar Manna© ? A standardized solar-powered village-level, handset and LED-lantern recharging station is needed that will easily and repeatedly qualify for carbon offsets/credits, which could also be pre-sold annually. Offsets could be pre-sold annually for up to 10 - 15 years. The standard/specification for this proposed system should be approved by The Gold Standard Foundation in Switzerland, or any equivalent independent body The recharging station should be communally owned by the villagers, who will use their handsets to claim monthly a portion of the produced offsets Communal ownership will reduce/prevent vandalism and neglect, and ensure proper maintenance of the station This recharging station could include other obvious built-in systems such as a desalination/water purification unit, an electric water pump for a village well, battery packs to power lights at night, etc.

A standardized solar-powered village-level, handset and LED-lantern recharging station is needed that will easily and repeatedly qualify for carbon offsets/credits, which could also be pre-sold annually. Offsets could be pre-sold annually for up to 10 - 15 years.

The standard/specification for this proposed system should be approved by The Gold Standard Foundation in Switzerland, or any equivalent independent body

The recharging station should be communally owned by the villagers, who will use their handsets to claim monthly a portion of the produced offsets

Communal ownership will reduce/prevent vandalism and neglect, and ensure proper maintenance of the station

This recharging station could include other obvious built-in systems such as a desalination/water purification unit, an electric water pump for a village well, battery packs to power lights at night, etc.

What is Forest Manna© ? The same cell-phone- and SMS-based system may be used by each poor family in the Developing World to regularly claim a portion of the value of the carbon offsets produced by trees planted near their villages This communal ownership of, and monthly cash benefit from, the tree-produced carbon offsets will incentivize every family to protect the trees/seedlings from being cut down, or eaten by local wildlife or errant goats/sheep The carbon offsets produced annually by the tree project could, again, be pre-sold to pay the up-front costs of seedlings, fertilizer, etc. Credits could be claimed for up to 15 - 20 years. In later years, most of the value of the offsets should be paid to the families Thus, every family could have 3 separate monthly income streams into their handsets from Carbon Manna, Solar Manna and Forest Manna

The same cell-phone- and SMS-based system may be used by each poor family in the Developing World to regularly claim a portion of the value of the carbon offsets produced by trees planted near their villages

This communal ownership of, and monthly cash benefit from, the tree-produced carbon offsets will incentivize every family to protect the trees/seedlings from being cut down, or eaten by local wildlife or errant goats/sheep

The carbon offsets produced annually by the tree project could, again, be pre-sold to pay the up-front costs of seedlings, fertilizer, etc.

Credits could be claimed for up to 15 - 20 years. In later years, most of the value of the offsets should be paid to the families

Thus, every family could have 3 separate monthly income streams into their handsets from Carbon Manna, Solar Manna and Forest Manna

Central Thesis --- A Call for a Carbon-Offsets Bill of Rights --- The carbon savings or offsets of Individuals in the developing world have value and these individuals deserve to realize that value. Property rights apply to the “Sovereign Individual’s” carbon footprint. Even Poor Individuals. --- We call these “ Micro Property Rights ” --- Modern technology, in particular inexpensive cell phones, solar cookers or efficient charcoal stoves, and solar panels, will allow these offsets to be realized, quantified and verified (Ref 1 & 2) Ref. 1 : "Vodafone, Safaricom and Western Union Announce Partnership to Deliver International Mobile Money Transfers; Pilot Launched between U.K. and Kenya" Englewood, Colo., London & Nairobi, Kenya, Dec 08, 2008 (Business Wire) http://ir.westernunion.com/press/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseid=352835 Ref. 2: More efficient charcoal stoves, such as the well-known Uganda stove http://www.pciaonline.org/files/Proceedings/2007AfricaWorkshopProceedings/Case_Studies/CaseStudy3-UGANDASTOVEMANUFACTURERSLTD.pdf Details on my blog posted on November 13, 2008 http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/ The CARBON FOOTPRINT BILL of RIGHTS

--- The carbon savings or offsets of Individuals in the developing world have value and these individuals deserve to realize that value. Property rights apply to the “Sovereign Individual’s” carbon footprint. Even Poor Individuals.

--- We call these “ Micro Property Rights ”

--- Modern technology, in particular inexpensive cell phones, solar cookers or efficient charcoal stoves, and solar panels, will allow these offsets to be realized, quantified and verified (Ref 1 & 2)

Ref. 1 : "Vodafone, Safaricom and Western Union Announce Partnership to Deliver International Mobile Money Transfers; Pilot Launched between U.K. and Kenya" Englewood, Colo., London & Nairobi, Kenya, Dec 08, 2008 (Business Wire) http://ir.westernunion.com/press/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseid=352835

Ref. 2: More efficient charcoal stoves, such as the well-known Uganda stove

http://www.pciaonline.org/files/Proceedings/2007AfricaWorkshopProceedings/Case_Studies/CaseStudy3-UGANDASTOVEMANUFACTURERSLTD.pdf

Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. (note: At the end of 2007, 280 million mobile phone subscribers in Africa, representing a penetration rate of 30.94%.) Mobile penetration rates in representative 7 countries in Africa 122.3 20.4 157.9 Total 4.0% 68% 100% $5,623 0.6 0.1 1.9 Botswana (South) 3.0% 34% 100% $349 15.5 2.6 23.5 Ghana (west) 1.0% 8.8% 100% $161 12.7 2.1 13.9 Malawi 1.0% 21% 100% $268 32.0 5.3 40.5 Tanzania 6.4% 14% 100% $340 26.6 4.4 30.9 Uganda 1.5% 7% 100% $311 9.0 1.5 9.7 Rwanda 3.1% 31% 100% $649 25.9 4.3 37.5 Kenya internet Mobile Penetration (%) (at the end of 2007) Assumed penetration rate (%) GDP (per capita) 2006 Target individuals (M) Target Family (M) (per 6 people) Population (M)

Kenya village poor family (x1) NGOs, MFIs, Charities, foundations, governments - $6 per stove + $60.00 per stove Efficient Stove manufacturers (Uganda Stoves, Nairobi stove Audit / Validation Firms Project Manager Deliver stove to family Structuring & Monitoring Carbon Credits buyers ($62.50) Climate Exchange ($2.50 per family for commission) NGO : Non-Governmental Organizations MFI: Microfinance Institutions Middleman takes all profits Current Situation without Carbon Manna / Carbon Micro Profit System

Carbon Credits buyers ($62.50)

Climate Exchange

($2.50 per family for commission)

Kenya village poor family (x1) Carbon Credits buyers ($62.50) Climate Exchange ($2.50 per family for commission) Kenya local cell phone companies (Safaricom/Vodafone and Zain) + $60.00 per stove Efficient Stove manufacturers (Uganda Stoves, Nairobi stoves) Pre-sell mechanism International & Local Audit / Validation Firms (e.g., PWC Kenya office & Det Norsk Veritas) + 13 cents (= $45/365) /day of CMC value Project developers (EcoSecurities, PLC) + $5 for management fee Structuring & Monitoring $45 per family (pre-pay) - $6 for stove - $4 per family Deliver stove to family Claim stove usage Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System – first implementation in Kenya

Carbon Credits buyers ($62.50)

Climate Exchange

($2.50 per family for commission)

$45 per family

(pre-pay)

Recruit project managers in other regions Role of Carbon Manna Unlimited – Worldwide Advocates for Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System (CMPSS) Recruit corporate sponsors with CSR or TBL programs (cell phone makers, mobile carriers, solar cell mfgs, etc.) Set CMPSS profit-sharing standards Organize & speak at conferences Certify projects worldwide & license logo Carbon Manna Unlimited Carbon Manna Africa Carbon Manna India Carbon Manna Europe In USA ( Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ghana and Botswana )

Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System Outline - 1 Mechanism - A pro bono, Market-based system (Self-funding) - No charity nor non-profit funding is required; No benefactors nor charitable donations are required. Implementation can take place immediately. But there are some start-up costs. - The program is self-governing, non-bureaucratic and based on free-market principals - Only advocacy and implementation are needed

Mechanism

- A pro bono, Market-based system (Self-funding)

- No charity nor non-profit funding is required; No benefactors nor charitable donations are required. Implementation can take place immediately. But there are some start-up costs.

- The program is self-governing, non-bureaucratic and based on free-market principals

- Only advocacy and implementation are needed

Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System Outline - 2 Unmet Needs Elevate the standard of living of poor people in developing counties . Families in developing world can earn up to US$ 62.50 of carbon credits/year / family by cooking with a more efficient charcoal stove thereby reducing CO2 emissions by about 2.5 tons of CO2/year/family; Plus they also save US$ 50 - 100/year on biomass/carbon-based fuels Decrease the emission of CO2 and improve global environments Assuming 5 billion people in the Developing World and 1 billion families, if only 10% of families converted to efficient charcoal cooking and did not emit 2.5 tons/year/family of CO2, and assuming reduced deforestation in perpetuity from not cutting down trees (biomass), this modest conversion rate alone would offset the annual CO2 emissions of the entire United Kingdom (Ref 3). Reference 3: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2008/2008wpds.aspx Details on my blog posted on September 28, 2008 http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/ Carbon Micro Credits ( CMCs ) -- Monetizing carbon offsets at the "Bottom of the Pyramid“ November 22, 2008 Carbon-Micro-Credit (CMC) Registry

Unmet Needs

Elevate the standard of living of poor people in developing counties .

Families in developing world can earn up to US$ 62.50 of carbon credits/year / family

by cooking with a more efficient charcoal stove thereby reducing CO2 emissions by

about 2.5 tons of CO2/year/family; Plus they also save US$ 50 - 100/year on

biomass/carbon-based fuels

Decrease the emission of CO2 and improve global environments

Assuming 5 billion people in the Developing World and 1 billion families, if only 10% of families

converted to efficient charcoal cooking and did not emit 2.5 tons/year/family of CO2, and assuming

reduced deforestation in perpetuity from not cutting down trees (biomass), this modest conversion

rate alone would offset the annual CO2 emissions of the entire United Kingdom (Ref 3).

Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System Outline - 3 Implementation of the Carbon Micro Credits monetization system - Using an inexpensive cell phone, the family claims their Carbon Micro Offsets daily, weekly or monthly by typing in the unique serial # on their solar cooker or charcoal stove, or using any other unique identifier - The Carbon Micro Offsets are tallied by the local cell phone company as either a cash/monetary credit or converted to equivalent value/credit in cell phone minutes, which are a universal form of non-inflatable currency in the developing world that cannot be debased by central governments - The family can sell or trade its Carbon Micro Offsets or cell phone minutes for goods or services, or use the cell phone minutes for their own purposes to communicate with family or engage in commerce Details on my blog posted on October 26, 2008 http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/ Carbon Micro Credits (CMC) Flow of Funds

Implementation of the Carbon Micro Credits monetization system

- Using an inexpensive cell phone, the family claims their Carbon Micro Offsets daily, weekly or monthly by typing in the unique serial # on their solar cooker or charcoal stove, or using any other unique identifier

- The Carbon Micro Offsets are tallied by the local cell phone company as either a cash/monetary credit or converted to equivalent value/credit in cell phone minutes, which are a universal form of non-inflatable currency in the developing world that cannot be debased by central governments

- The family can sell or trade its Carbon Micro Offsets or cell phone minutes for goods or services, or use the cell phone minutes for their own purposes to communicate with family or engage in commerce

Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System Outline - 4 Validation & Monitoring of the Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System - The Project Developer arranges for 3rd-party, independent validation of the offsets - Validation of carbon micro profits earned can be automated and simplified by tying unique cell phone numbers to unique serial numbers on solar cookers, or by using cheap RFID (radio-frequency I.D.) or NFC (near-field communications) technology from NXP Semiconductors -- http://www.nxp.com -- (chip-set cost < $2) or by issuing unique Carbon Credit Security Numbers (CCSNs) to families in the program. Duplicate CO2 micro offset claims in a single day would be automatically disallowed - The project participants would also “police” each other to ensure compliance. A simple reward system can be implemented to encourage confidential reporting of non-compliance (e.g., additional cell phone minutes given for reporting cheaters). Or, an Amway-type multi-level governing system can be implemented to ensure data integrity - The success of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and India proves that both order and the honor system can obtain in the Developing World too. Post of December 19, 2008 at http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/ The Foreign-Aid Micro Credit in a Time of Famine December 13, 2008 The Foreign-Aid Micro Credit (FAMC)

Validation & Monitoring of the Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System

- The Project Developer arranges for 3rd-party, independent validation of the offsets

- Validation of carbon micro profits earned can be automated and simplified by tying unique cell phone numbers to unique serial numbers on solar cookers, or by using cheap RFID (radio-frequency I.D.) or NFC (near-field communications) technology from NXP Semiconductors -- http://www.nxp.com -- (chip-set cost < $2) or by issuing unique Carbon Credit Security Numbers (CCSNs) to families in the program. Duplicate CO2 micro offset claims in a single day would be automatically disallowed

- The project participants would also “police” each other to ensure compliance. A simple reward system can be implemented to encourage confidential reporting of non-compliance (e.g., additional cell phone minutes given for reporting cheaters). Or, an Amway-type multi-level governing system can be implemented to ensure data integrity

- The success of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and India proves that both order and the honor system can obtain in the Developing World too.

Overall Benefits of the Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System This program empowers and benefits individuals at the “Bottom of Pyramid”, in great contrast to many other proposed carbon-credit schemes that benefit, for example, stockholders and management teams of nuclear power plants in developed countries, or chemical plant owners in countries such as South Korea, now erroneously classified as a “developing country” under the U.N. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Hard to believe, but true. In the Developing World, most green-house-gas mitigation projects are organized and administered by carbon project managers, NGOs, and/or for-profit companies. Hence, they also appropriate for their own account 100 % of the value of the produced offsets, sharing no revenue/profits with the Poor Families who sometimes help to produce the offsets. This is clearly not fair.

This program empowers and benefits individuals at the “Bottom of Pyramid”, in great contrast to many other proposed carbon-credit schemes that benefit, for example, stockholders and management teams of nuclear power plants in developed countries, or chemical plant owners in countries such as South Korea, now erroneously classified as a “developing country” under the U.N. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Hard to believe, but true.

In the Developing World, most green-house-gas mitigation projects are organized and administered by carbon project managers, NGOs, and/or for-profit companies. Hence, they also appropriate for their own account 100 % of the value of the produced offsets, sharing no revenue/profits with the Poor Families who sometimes help to produce the offsets. This is clearly not fair.

Entities involved & How they benefit (1) Individuals/families in the Developing World (2) Carbon Project Developers, Managers & Aggregators (3) Climate / green house gas (GHG) exchanges (4) Cell phone companies (5) Solar cooker and efficient charcoal stove manufacturers & any other companies producing products that reduce carbon emissions (6) Carbon-offset Validation / Audit firms (7) Companies buying carbon credits to offset their own GHG (green house gas) emissions (8) Other potential participants ?

(1) Individuals/families in the Developing World

(2) Carbon Project Developers, Managers & Aggregators

(3) Climate / green house gas (GHG) exchanges

(4) Cell phone companies

(5) Solar cooker and efficient charcoal stove manufacturers & any other

companies producing products that reduce carbon emissions

(6) Carbon-offset Validation / Audit firms

(7) Companies buying carbon credits to offset their own GHG

(green house gas) emissions

(8) Other potential participants ?

( 1) Individuals in the 3rd-World For 3rd-world residents who subsist on an average of US$ 1 per day, 10-25 cents additional per day gained from selling carbon micro-credits is a significant & motivating sum Moreover, in many 3rd-world countries denuded of biomass, families spend from 25 - 50 % of their daily income on fuel to cook. This huge daily expense will be eliminated or reduced and provides even more “income” or savings to each family, as well as further incentive to stop cooking with expensive kerosene, propane, charcoal or imported biomass (firewood) Improved Childhood Health Environment -- 100s of millions of children in the Developing World are exposed to toxic levels of smoke from in-door cooking with biomass. 10s of thousands later die as adults from years of this forced “passive smoking”. An estimated 1.5 - 2 million people/year in the Developing World die prematurely from indoor air pollution -- the same number as die from malaria every year This program introduces or further reinforces the profit motive and schools individuals in the value of free markets Cell phone minutes, CO2MCs, or e-gold earned and banked centrally at local or transnational cell-phone service providers are a universal currency that cannot be confiscated nor debased by central governments

For 3rd-world residents who subsist on an average of US$ 1 per day, 10-25 cents additional per day gained from selling carbon micro-credits is a significant & motivating sum

Moreover, in many 3rd-world countries denuded of biomass, families spend from 25 - 50 % of their daily income on fuel to cook. This huge daily expense will be eliminated or reduced and provides even more “income” or savings to each family, as well as further incentive to stop cooking with expensive kerosene, propane, charcoal or imported biomass (firewood)

Improved Childhood Health Environment -- 100s of millions of children in the Developing World are exposed to toxic levels of smoke from in-door cooking with biomass. 10s of thousands later die as adults from years of this forced “passive smoking”. An estimated 1.5 - 2 million people/year in the Developing World die prematurely from indoor air pollution -- the same number as die from malaria every year

This program introduces or further reinforces the profit motive and schools individuals in the value of free markets

Cell phone minutes, CO2MCs, or e-gold earned and banked centrally at local or transnational cell-phone service providers are a universal currency that cannot be confiscated nor debased by central governments

( 1) Individuals in the 3rd-World (cont.) Individuals/families in some programs could first be required to “buy” their cell phones & solar cookers with their first US$ 25 - 50 of claimed CO2MCs (the carbon project developer would decide this reasonable amount). This optional requirement would establish the concepts of financial management and installment loans at the Bottom of the Pyramid Again, cell phones provided in the program may serve other functions such as: (1) tele-education of children (2) telemedicine or dissemination of public-health messages to parents (e.g. upcoming vaccine campaigns -- e.g., “Vaccinate your child for polio and receive 60 free cell-phone minutes!”), and (3) timely notification of national emergencies such as typhoons or tsunamis

Individuals/families in some programs could first be required to “buy” their cell phones & solar cookers with their first US$ 25 - 50 of claimed CO2MCs (the carbon project developer would decide this reasonable amount). This optional requirement would establish the concepts of financial management and installment loans at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Again, cell phones provided in the program may serve other functions such as:

(1) tele-education of children

(2) telemedicine or dissemination of public-health messages to parents (e.g. upcoming vaccine campaigns -- e.g., “Vaccinate your child for polio and receive 60 free cell-phone minutes!”), and

(3) timely notification of national emergencies such as

typhoons or tsunamis

(2) Carbon Project Developers & Managers Provides a new and almost limitless source of self-financing projects not encumbered by governmental/NGO paperwork Allows tailoring of projects in terms of both scope/size and geographical location Projects can be custom-tailored to appeal to end-buyers of the offsets, e.g., offsets from a solar cooker project in India could be pre-sold to an Arcelor-Mittal steel mill in Bremen, Germany (Arcelor-Mittal is an Indian-controlled company). Such end-buyers would possibly pay a premium for credits with a known and desired provenance or origin, if this information can be used strategically to generate goodwill in the marketplace

Provides a new and almost limitless source of self-financing projects not encumbered by governmental/NGO paperwork

Allows tailoring of projects in terms of both scope/size and geographical location

Projects can be custom-tailored to appeal to end-buyers of the offsets, e.g., offsets from a solar cooker project in India could be pre-sold to an Arcelor-Mittal steel mill in Bremen, Germany (Arcelor-Mittal is an Indian-controlled company).

Such end-buyers would possibly pay a premium for credits with a known and desired provenance or origin, if this information can be used strategically to generate goodwill in the marketplace

(2) Carbon Project Developers & Managers (cont.) Projects can be based on any carbon-saving product, e.g., conversion of 2-stroke motorcycles in Manila to lower-emission versions by using Envirofit International’s (Fort Collins, Colorado) Direct In-cylinder (DI) fuel-injection retrofit kit Examples of project developers: Carbon Capital Markets Limited (London, England) http://www.carboncapitalmarkets.com EcoSecurities Ltd. (Oxford, England) http://www.ecosecurities.com

Projects can be based on any carbon-saving product, e.g., conversion of 2-stroke motorcycles in Manila to lower-emission versions by using Envirofit International’s (Fort Collins, Colorado) Direct In-cylinder (DI) fuel-injection retrofit kit

Examples of project developers:

Carbon Capital Markets Limited (London, England)

http://www.carboncapitalmarkets.com

EcoSecurities Ltd. (Oxford, England)

http://www.ecosecurities.com

(3) Climate Exchanges Provides a new and large source of carbon offsets for trading/sale Credits from tailored projects can be sold more easily to end customers / companies, perhaps even to those not legally required to buy them, e.g., companies that wish to reduce their carbon footprint for strategic marketing or business reasons. For example, a Hilton Hotel in the Philippines could buy carbon credits from a motorcycle-emissions reduction project in Manila, thus benefiting the hotel’s own local environment and gaining local goodwill Trading credits from the “Bottom of the Pyramid” would elevate public awareness and appreciation of climate exchanges, which are now mainly unknown to the average American or European Examples of climate exchanges: European Climate Exchange (ECX) (London, England) http://www.europeanclimateexchange.com Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) http://www.chicagoclimatex.com

Provides a new and large source of carbon offsets for trading/sale

Credits from tailored projects can be sold more easily to end customers / companies, perhaps even to those not legally required to buy them, e.g., companies that wish to reduce their carbon footprint for strategic marketing or business reasons. For example, a Hilton Hotel in the Philippines could buy carbon credits from a motorcycle-emissions reduction project in Manila, thus benefiting the hotel’s own local environment and gaining local goodwill

Trading credits from the “Bottom of the Pyramid” would elevate public awareness and appreciation of climate exchanges, which are now mainly unknown to the average American or European

Examples of climate exchanges:

European Climate Exchange (ECX) (London, England)

http://www.europeanclimateexchange.com

Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX)

http://www.chicagoclimatex.com

(4) Cell phone companies Both handset manufacturers and cell-phone service providers benefit from a much greater installed base and economies of scale Once provided with a cell phone, people will find novel ways to use them in for-profit ventures, besides for the CO2MC project The disposable incomes of the project participants will increase; some of the new wealth will be spent on upgraded cell phones and paid calling time Cell phone companies in the developing world already have software & hardware that easily allow for commerce based on earning & exchanging cell phone minutes Examples include: MTN (South Africa) http://www.mtn.co.za Grameen Phone (Bangladesh) http://www.grameenphone.com SafariCom (Kenya) http://www.safaricom.co.ke China Mobile Limited http://www.chinamobileltd.com

Both handset manufacturers and cell-phone service providers benefit from a much greater installed base and economies of scale

Once provided with a cell phone, people will find novel ways to use them in for-profit ventures, besides for the CO2MC project

The disposable incomes of the project participants will increase; some of the new wealth will be spent on upgraded cell phones and paid calling time

Cell phone companies in the developing world already have software & hardware that easily allow for commerce based on earning & exchanging cell phone minutes

Examples include:

MTN (South Africa)

http://www.mtn.co.za

Grameen Phone (Bangladesh)

http://www.grameenphone.com

SafariCom (Kenya)

http://www.safaricom.co.ke

China Mobile Limited

http://www.chinamobileltd.com

(5) Manufacturers of products that reduce CO 2 Manufacturers realize increased sales and receive timely cash payment from the project developer No governmental agencies nor NGOs are involved in realizing the sale Sales and markets expand, allowing manufacturers to more easily attain economies of scale Examples include: Envirofit International (Fort Collins, Colorado) http://www.envirofit.org Yancheng Sangli Solar Energy Co., Ltd. (Yancheng, China) http://www.chinasangli.com/english/

Manufacturers realize increased sales and receive timely cash payment from the project developer

No governmental agencies nor NGOs are involved in realizing the sale

Sales and markets expand, allowing manufacturers to more easily attain economies of scale

Examples include:

Envirofit International (Fort Collins, Colorado)

http://www.envirofit.org

Yancheng Sangli Solar Energy Co., Ltd. (Yancheng, China)

http://www.chinasangli.com/english/

(6) Audit / Validation Firms More paying business for these companies If peer-pressure enforcement systems and self-policing function as envisioned, the work of these firms will be straightforward Examples include: Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Norway) http://www. dnv . com/focus/climate_change/ Tuev Sued AG (Germany) http://www. tuev-sued .com/ SGS Group (Switzerland) http://www.sgs.com/_environment?lobId=5548 http://www.climatechange.sgs.com/

More paying business for these companies

If peer-pressure enforcement systems and self-policing function as envisioned, the work of these firms will be straightforward

Examples include:

Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Norway)

http://www. dnv . com/focus/climate_change/

Tuev Sued AG (Germany)

http://www. tuev-sued .com/

SGS Group (Switzerland)

http://www.sgs.com/_environment?lobId=5548

http://www.climatechange.sgs.com/

(7) Companies buying carbon credits/offsets Industrial buyers of carbon credits can gain tremendous goodwill with their stakeholder groups by buying credits from specific 3rd-World projects that directly benefit 1,000s or 10s of 1,000s of low-income families Carbon-offset buyers working with project developers can customize programs in specific areas/towns/cities of the developing world where they do business, again generating goodwill and a long-lived halo effect. By paying an additional fee, obvious product or logo placement opportunities could be offered to offset buyers, e.g., a Coca Cola-branded solar cooker in a territory where Pepsi has greater market share Compared to the many mega-projects proposed to the EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) or the U.N.’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) such as wind farms or renewable-biomass energy plants, carbon micro-credit programs can be implemented in a few months versus years, and have much lower start-up costs

Industrial buyers of carbon credits can gain tremendous goodwill with their stakeholder groups by buying credits from specific 3rd-World

projects that directly benefit 1,000s or 10s of 1,000s of low-income families

Carbon-offset buyers working with project developers can customize programs in specific areas/towns/cities of the developing world where they do business, again generating goodwill and a long-lived halo effect.

By paying an additional fee, obvious product or logo placement opportunities could be offered to offset buyers, e.g., a Coca Cola-branded solar cooker in a territory where Pepsi has greater market share

Compared to the many mega-projects proposed to the EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) or the U.N.’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) such as wind farms or renewable-biomass energy plants, carbon micro-credit programs can be implemented in a few months versus years, and have much lower start-up costs

(8) Other Potential Participants ? Investment banks that trade carbon credits (JPMorgan or Goldman Sachs) or large charitable foundations could issue “CO2MC Performance Bonds” or “CO2MC Surety Bonds” guaranteeing that the micro-credits will be produced in the end. This would protect the buyer of the pre-paid credits in case the underlying CO2-reduction program was audited and found deficient. But again, Grameen Bank’s success indicates the risk of “default” is very low. In short, on average 98% of the bonds’ underlying assets should indeed be produced. Other charitable organizations & NGOs that are structuring carbon-offset and sustainable-development projects in the Developing World where the underprivileged families involved are enfranchised and allowed to monetize their own offsets for their own account. Many re-forestation or rain-forest preservation programs come to mind. For-profit companies (Obopay) and charitable organizations (The Gates Foundation or Omidyar Network) undertaking banking-expansion or carbon-reduction programs in the Developing World that seek a non-charity, markets-based funding mechanism to seed millions of new accounts.

Investment banks that trade carbon credits (JPMorgan or Goldman Sachs) or large charitable foundations could issue “CO2MC Performance Bonds” or “CO2MC Surety Bonds” guaranteeing that the micro-credits will be produced in the end. This would protect the buyer of the pre-paid credits in case the underlying CO2-reduction program was audited and found deficient. But again, Grameen Bank’s success indicates the risk of “default” is very low. In short, on average 98% of the bonds’ underlying assets should indeed be produced.

Other charitable organizations & NGOs that are structuring carbon-offset and sustainable-development projects in the Developing World where the underprivileged families involved are enfranchised and allowed to monetize their own offsets for their own account. Many re-forestation or rain-forest preservation programs come to mind.

For-profit companies (Obopay) and charitable organizations (The Gates Foundation or Omidyar Network) undertaking banking-expansion or carbon-reduction programs in the Developing World that seek a non-charity, markets-based funding mechanism to seed millions of new accounts.

(8) Other Potential Participants ? (cont.) Examples could include: Obopay: http://www.obopay.com Bank a Bilion: http://www.bankabillion.org SODIS Reference Center: http://www.sodis.ch The WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE: http://www.wri.org NextBillion.net: http://www.nextbillion.net OPPORTUNITY BANK of MALAWI: http://www.oibm.mw OXFAM INTERNATIONAL: http://www.oxfam.org OMIDYAR NETWORK: http://www.omidyar.net Women for Women International: http://www.womenforwomen.org GRAMEEN BANK: http://www.grameen.com UGASTOVE Project (UGANDA STOVE MANUFACTURERS LTD.): no web site

Examples could include:

Obopay: http://www.obopay.com

Bank a Bilion: http://www.bankabillion.org

SODIS Reference Center: http://www.sodis.ch

The WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE: http://www.wri.org

NextBillion.net: http://www.nextbillion.net

OPPORTUNITY BANK of MALAWI: http://www.oibm.mw

OXFAM INTERNATIONAL: http://www.oxfam.org

OMIDYAR NETWORK: http://www.omidyar.net

Women for Women International: http://www.womenforwomen.org

GRAMEEN BANK: http://www.grameen.com

UGASTOVE Project (UGANDA STOVE MANUFACTURERS LTD.): no web site

Grand Challenges of Carbon Micro Credits - 1 - post of December 3, 2008 at http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/ (1) Low-cost Carbon-Micro-Credit Cell Phone: post of 26 November 2008 at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/ (2) Determine the Standard International Carbon Micro Credit (SICMC): post of 20 November 2008 at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/ (3) Standard International Carbon Micro Credit (SICMC) as physical constant: Lobby major carbon-credit buyers, project originators, auditors, NGOs and governments to build a consensus to accept the SICMC as a valid universal standard, just as standard as traditional units of measure such as the kilogram or Planck's constant. Post of December 19, 2008 at http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/ (4) The International Carbon Micro Credit Registry: post of 22 November 2008 at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/

(1) Low-cost Carbon-Micro-Credit Cell Phone: post of 26 November 2008 at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/

(2) Determine the Standard International Carbon Micro Credit (SICMC):

post of 20 November 2008 at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/

(3) Standard International Carbon Micro Credit (SICMC) as physical constant: Lobby major carbon-credit buyers, project originators, auditors, NGOs and governments to build a consensus to accept the SICMC as a valid universal standard, just as standard as traditional units of measure such as the kilogram or Planck's constant.

Post of December 19, 2008 at http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/

(4) The International Carbon Micro Credit Registry:

post of 22 November 2008 at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/

(5) The Carbon Micro Credit (CMC) Operating System (O.S.): Write the code in Linux or another open-source programming language for a platform-agnostic CMC O.S (Operating System) that easily installs on the computer systems of most mobile carriers worldwide. (6) Free Trade Zone status or Permanent Tax Holiday for CMCs: Build universal agreement among all governments worldwide that CMCs shall not be taxed, blocked, confiscated nor otherwise encumbered at all stages of their creation, bundling, marketing, sale or conversion to an alternate currency such as cell-phone minutes, e-currency or cash. (7) Unified Field Theory of Carbon-Offset Means Testing: Build worldwide consensus that the carbon offsets of poor Individuals produced in the Developing World take precedence in valuation and sale over any other offsets. post of 26 November 2008 at http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/ (8) Breaking Bulk / Getting Granular / Thinking small: Build consensus among carbon offset retailers and green house gas (GHG) exchanges worldwide to distribute and sell CMCs in any quantity, no matter how small. Grand Challenges of Carbon Micro Credits - 2 - post of December 3, 2008 at http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/

(9) Thinking BIG: Implement the Carbon Micro Credit system in the Developing World to individually empower and enrich at least 50 million people by 2015, 100 million by 2020, and 250 million by 2025. (10) MicroMedicine and MicroEducation: Organize and promote the analogous micro-fields of MicroTeleMedicine and MicroTeleEducation that are also immediately enabled by today's existing installed cell-phone base and telecommunications infrastructure. (11) Carbon Nano Credit & Carbon Pico Credit: Conceive, build a framework for, and implement the Carbon Nano Credit (CNC) and Carbon Pico Credit (CPC) -- the next generations of carbon micro credits. &quot;There's plenty of room at the bottom&quot; [Richard Feynman]. post of November 2 , 2008 at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/ Grand Challenges of Carbon Micro Credits - 3 - post of December 3, 2008 at http://carbonmanna.blogspot.com/

Carbon Micro-Credit Program --- other applications Post at http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com/ December 17, 2008 School-Lunch Carbon-Micro-Offset Program December 13, 2008 & December 19, 2008 The Foreign-Aid Micro Credit (FAMC) November 30, 2008 The Carbo or Karbo -- the First Global Hard Currency? November 26, 2008 The Carbon Micro Credit (CMC) Cell Phone November 16, 2008 ONE CELL PHONE per CHILD / The Cell Phone is the School

The Path forward & Keys to Success Women are the key to maintaining the integrity of this project and CO2 offset monetization scheme. The 98% repayment rate at Grameen Bank is due to most of the loans being made to women Besides among women in general, the honor system and self-policing will also obtain more strongly within faith-based groups, tribes, cohesive villages, large companies and extended families Ownership and penetration rates of cell phones in developing countries are already quite high; much higher than imagined by many Americans, so an extensive installed base to implement this program already exists in many 3rd-world locations The small daily value of the carbon micro-credits earned by each family is a major deterrent to fraud by individuals and to expropriation by governments. Nevertheless, the daily value to underprivileged families is great Cell phones provide a fairly secure and direct communications link between individuals participating in the project and the local or central cell-phone service provider where CMCs will be banked or saved, again minimizing chances of fraud In the developing world, cell phone minutes are a universal currency and a stable store of value like gold or silver that cannot be debased by central government-spawned inflation Cell phone minutes can be easily transferred to parties in neighboring countries (especially in Africa) and thus facilitate cross-border commerce just as the Euro has in the EU

Women are the key to maintaining the integrity of this project and CO2 offset monetization scheme. The 98% repayment rate at Grameen Bank is due to most of the loans being made to women

Besides among women in general, the honor system and self-policing will also obtain more strongly within faith-based groups, tribes, cohesive villages, large companies and extended families

Ownership and penetration rates of cell phones in developing countries are already quite high; much higher than imagined by many Americans, so an extensive installed base to implement this program already exists in many 3rd-world locations

The small daily value of the carbon micro-credits earned by each family is a major deterrent to fraud by individuals and to expropriation by governments. Nevertheless, the daily value to underprivileged families is great

Cell phones provide a fairly secure and direct communications link between individuals participating in the project and the local or central cell-phone service provider where CMCs will be banked or saved, again minimizing chances of fraud

In the developing world, cell phone minutes are a universal currency and a stable store of value like gold or silver that cannot be debased by central government-spawned inflation

Cell phone minutes can be easily transferred to parties in neighboring countries (especially in Africa) and thus facilitate cross-border commerce just as the Euro has in the EU

Summary The technology necessary to implement a Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System already exists Individuals in the Developing World have an inalienable right to monetize and benefit from their own carbon savings This right should be recognized and morally supported by all major NGOs including the U.N., the IMF, the OECD, the World Bank, the European Commission, ASEAN, the Asian Development Bank, and others Regardless, the profit motive should make this program self-implementing, and no monetary support from governments, NGOs nor charities is needed

The technology necessary to implement a Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System already exists

Individuals in the Developing World have an inalienable right to monetize and benefit from their own carbon savings

This right should be recognized and morally supported by all major NGOs including the U.N., the IMF, the OECD, the World Bank, the European Commission, ASEAN, the Asian Development Bank, and others

Regardless, the profit motive should make this program self-implementing, and no monetary support from governments, NGOs nor charities is needed

David A. Palella Founder Carbon Manna Unlimited San Diego, California tel: 858-793-0741 cell: 619-787-5767 email: [email_address] Ms. Hong Ma (M.D., Ph.D., MBA) Executive Director Carbon Manna Unlimited San Diego, California cell: 858-945-0887 email: [email_address] www.carbonmanna.org Carbon Manna Unlimited - USA Team

Geoffrey Kiringa – country project leader President Carbon Manna Africa Ltd. Jenesio Kinyamario, Ph.D – project advisor Professor University of Nairobi , Kenya Carbon Manna Africa - Kenya Team

Carbon Manna Unlimited Carbon Manna / Carbon Micro-Credits Blog: http: //carbonmanna . blogspot .com Carbon Manna / Carbon Micro-Credits Groups: http://www.linkedin.com/e/vgh/1794312/ http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=52270598714 Carbon Manna / Carbon Micro-Credits News Releases: http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Carbon-Manna-Unlimited-991442.html http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Carbon-Manna-Unlimited-953397.html

The End - Join in the Advocacy and Implementation Every Individual in the Developing World can reduce their green house gas emissions and mitigate climate change, in particular desertification caused by burning biomass daily to cook – And they should be paid for their contribution -- Carbon credit where credit is due. Thank you for your attention. Entire contents Copyright 25 April & 14 July 2008 by David A. Palella. All rights reserved.

Every Individual in the Developing World can reduce their green house gas emissions and mitigate climate change, in particular desertification caused by burning biomass daily to cook –

And they should be paid for their contribution

-- Carbon credit where credit is due.

Thank you for your attention.

Postscript Any part of this presentation may be quoted or reproduced with attribution, and may be disseminated by any means to further the sole interest of the author, which is to empower individuals in the Developing World and improve their standard of living as soon as possible A U.S. Patent application has been filed covering the concepts and systems described in this presentation, solely to exclude opportunists who would abuse the Carbon Manna system for personal gain. Otherwise, Carbon Manna should be considered an open source solution and applied by anyone pro bono publico The ideas presented here were first conceived in September 2007, expanded on 25 April 2008, and reduced to writing in July 2008

Any part of this presentation may be quoted or reproduced with attribution, and may be disseminated by any means to further the sole interest of the author, which is to empower individuals in the Developing World and improve their standard of living as soon as possible

A U.S. Patent application has been filed covering the concepts and systems described in this presentation, solely to exclude opportunists who would abuse the Carbon Manna system for personal gain. Otherwise, Carbon Manna should be considered an open source solution and applied by anyone pro bono publico

The ideas presented here were first conceived in September 2007, expanded on 25 April 2008, and reduced to writing in July 2008

A pilot project comprising 200 - 300 families in the Mbeere District will be conducted during summer 2009. During this pilot, a PDD (Project Design Document) will be written. This document is needed in order to submit the carbon offsets for certification by The Gold Standard Foundation in Switzerland. Value of Carbon Credits from using an efficient Stove for 1 year: 2.5 tons CO2/device/ year X $ 25/ton = $ 62.50 => 12 cents/day Appendix I – the first implementation of the Carbon Micro-Profit-Sharing System or Carbon Manna is taking place now in Kenya

http://www.alternet.org/story/23369/?page=2 What can you do with 12 cents/day , or $62.50/year in poor village?

But… …the poor village family’s CMCs were stolen by middlemen -- an unnamed company in Kenya ! The annual value of their Carbon Micro Credits (CMCs), which could range anywhere from US$ 20 - 60+, were stolen in exchange for a one-time subsidy of only US$6 -- the cost to buy an efficient-charcoal stove. International Property Rights Law must be extended to prevent theft of the carbon offsets of Poor Individuals in the Developing World.

Appendix II -- CO2 calculation (#1) Reference: &quot;Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Solar Cooker Project Aceh 1, Indonesia&quot;, pg. 5, Section 4. -- undated document (late 2005, early 2006 ?) This rigorous technical proposal prepared for submission to the U.N. Clean Development Mechanism states that the average family not cooking with biomass reduces CO2 emissions by 3.5 tons/year. Value of Carbon Credits from using 1 solar cooker for 1 year: 3.5 tons CO2/device/year X $ 25/ton or credit = $ 87.50 Based on December 2008 forward contract price from: http://www.carboncapitalmarkets.com/home.php

Reference: &quot;Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Solar Cooker Project

Aceh 1, Indonesia&quot;, pg. 5, Section 4.

-- undated document (late 2005, early 2006 ?)

This rigorous technical proposal prepared for submission to the U.N. Clean Development Mechanism states that the average family not cooking with biomass reduces CO2 emissions by 3.5 tons/year.

Value of Carbon Credits from using 1 solar cooker for 1 year:

3.5 tons CO2/device/year X $ 25/ton or credit = $ 87.50

Based on December 2008 forward contract price from:

http://www.carboncapitalmarkets.com/home.php

Appendix II -- CO2 calculation (#2) Define a &quot;Carbon Micro Credit&quot; as the CO2 saved/day by not cooking with biomass = (3.5 tons/year x 2,000 lbs/ton) ------------------------------------ = 19.18 lbs/day of CO2 365 days/year This carbon credit calculation is only for CO2 emitted when burning deadwood or other biomass such as dried grass, cow dung, etc.

Define a &quot;Carbon Micro Credit&quot; as the CO2 saved/day by not cooking with biomass =

(3.5 tons/year x 2,000 lbs/ton)

------------------------------------ = 19.18 lbs/day of CO2

365 days/year

This carbon credit calculation is only for CO2 emitted when burning deadwood or other biomass such as dried grass, cow dung, etc.