The TV and Film Industry

1. Understanding the film and TV INdustries
Ownership and FUnding (P1, M1, D1)
define the following models of ownership
public service
commercial
independant company
global conglomorate
horizontal / vertical integration
monopoly
Public broadcasting includes TV, Radio, and other media related electronic outlets with the primary goal of
serving the public. They can be nationally or locally operated. they make their money from licence fees,
contributions, and public financing. An example is the BBC.
Commercial broadcasting is a version of television and radio programming which is privately owned by
corporate media. they make money from advertising and paid programming, an example is ITV.
This is a privately held company owned either by non-government organizations or a small number of
shareholders, the stock is privately held and shares are not sold on the stock market.
A media group which owns several different media companies like television, radio, publishing, movies,
and the Internet. Their goal is complete control of markets around the world.
Vertical integration is where a company has shares or owns each part of the production and distribution
process. Horizontal Integration is the opposite where a company develops buy buying and owning its
competitors in the same market.
A monopoly is where one organization or enterprise is the main controller and supplier of a commodity or
service.

2. explore two case studies which demonstrate two contrasting
ownerShip models
case study 1:
case study 2:
The BBC is an example of a public service organization. The way they promote their public service is
describing that their "mission" is to ’inform,educate and entertain’. The BBC has channels such as BBC
One, Two, Three, and Four as well as kids channels and parliament and news channels. As the BBC is a
public service corporation is has no advertising on its channels. The principal means through which the
BBC makes their money is a television licence, this is the set amount of money that a household with a
television has to pay to receive broadcast television throughout the UK (note that no licence is needed for a
TV used for other means). The standard is price is £150.50 and there are discounts for people like the blind
and the elderly. A licence fee is classified as a tax so evasion is a criminal offence. Other than their main
source of revenue the BBC also makes money from commercial business, government grants, and other
smaller sources such as rental collection and royalties from overseas broadcasting.
ITV is a commercial TV network. Unlike the BBC, ITV does not receive money from television licences
but instead does have advertisements on their channels (ITV 1, 2, 3, 4) which is the networks main way of
making money. ITV allow other companies to place adverts for goods or services in within spaces between
their shows, the more views and the more popular a certain show is the more another company will pay to
place an advert closer to that program, However if ITV have less successful programs then the demand for
advertising spaces will be lower. ITV can also receive royalties from overseas broadcasting of their most
popular programs.

3. discuss how funding is generated through the following revenues
licence fee
sponsorship
subscription
pay per view
advertising
product placement
development funds
A sponsorship is to financially support an organization, event or person in return for access to the
exploitable commercial potential.
A subscription is a recurring fee where you pay for channels which are available on both analog and digital
cable and satellite television.
Pay per View allows people to purchase things to view via private telecast. as opposed to on demand
systems you cannot watch the broadcast at any time, and the broadcaster shows the same time to everyone
ordering it.
A form of marketing communication to persuade and convince people into taking some kind of action like
to buy a certain good or service or to donate or to stop doing something.
A form of commercial communication which includes a reference to a product, service or trademark and
can include a sign next to a shop or clever placement within a TV Broadcast.
Money which is saved for the certain task of developing and improving an area of a company, this money
can be given be the government, other organizations or from fund-raising.
A television licence is what all households have to pay to watch broadcasting across the UK on their TV,
this amount of money usually goes to the BBC as it one of their main sources of funding.

4. define the following working patterns
over the following pages identify 5 different jobs within the
creative media sector and create A PROFLE OF EACH JOB.
shift work
freelance
fixed term
JOB ROLES AND CONTRACTS (P2, M2, D3)
A fixed term is where you have a contract with the company that you work for and lasts until a specific
date, or on completion of a specific task like a project. The other conditions for a fixed term could be; a
seasonal or casual employee taken on for up to 6 months during a peak period, a specialist employee for a
project, or covering for maternity leave. The contract will normally end when the agreed date is reached, or
the contract is renewed and the employee will work until another agreed date with the employer.
A type of employment wherein a service is provided all 24 hours on the clock each day of the week, this is
done by employees working in shifts where they work set periods of time until a different group of
workers take up their post. It includes night-shifts and work schedules where employee change or rotate
shifts.
A freelance worker is someone who is self-employed and does not work for an employer long term and
usually works for more than one . These workers are sometimes represented by a company or agency that
resells their labour to its clients. Free-lancers are permitted to perform tasks in their own way, so long as
the work gets done to the client’sspecifications.

5. job: Presenter
A presenter is someone who is responsible for running a public event. In television presenting it is
common for minor celebrities in other fields to get involved with presenting TV shows and they could be
actors, models, singers, or comedians, but there are some who have solely based a career on presenting
programmes and they become a television personality. Other presenters may also experts in certain subject
matters, like scientists or politicians, and will serve as a presenter for a programme which concentrates on
their field of expertise, an example of this is Sir David Frederick Attenborough who is a naturalist and has
presented several different programs on his field of expertise which is the research and study of organisms
in their environment.
There are also radio presenters who are the same as television presenters but are on the radio and cover
different topics from music to politics.
There are also news presenters who present the news on a news broadcast specifically for news and can be
on television or radio.
Another type is a sports presenter/commentator who is a type of journalist on both TV and/or radio who
report or comment on sporting events, this is often done live while the event is happening but there are
usually TV/Radio programmes after the event which analyses it and gives a chance for people to get an
update on whatever the event was if they missed it.
A weather presenter is usually a journalist on the television (however some radio stations also have a
weather report) who present the latest weather forecasts. In the UK there are separate presenters for
national and regional/local weather forecasts. These weather reports can be a part of a larger news report
like on the BBC or part of a Breakfast broadcast or can even be on their own.
Becoming a presenter is available to all graduates but having degrees in certain areas like drama,
journalism or media will increase your chances in getting the job. Also a degree in the genre of a certain
broadcast industry like politics or economics will help(More often than not some pre-entry work
experience is important to have). The Requirements for the presenting job will vary according to the type
of programme and broadcast medium.
Starting salaries are different depending on the type of job and whether you are working full time or
freelance, sometimes the salary can be as low as £14,000 (Having notable experience is a significant help
in negotiating fees upwards). Celebrity or successful presenters may gain a higher salary around £100,000
+. The hours for the job can change and can involve early mornings, evenings and/or weekends.

6. job: Director
All the following jobs fall within the job description of the film director, assistant director, second
assistant.
The director is one of the main roles as it has to work with all the different departments, they also oversee
that the departments are doing their jobs properly The director either writes the script themselves or they
can commission a specific script writer for it. Some of the things that a director may have to do are
interpreting the script, developing storyboards, directing actors, managing technical details, making
decisions about location and design. One of the directors most important jobs is that they must understand
the limits of the films budget and schedule and not to go over it and to use it all wisely.
The work hours for a director are quite long, usually as long as it takes to make the film from beginning to
end working on all parts of the production of the film with all the other staff.
The pay for the director all depends on the budget but for most films the director usually receives a large
amount and receives more from the films revenue.

7. job: Costume Designer
Teh costume designers are responsible for what the actors wear when they are being filmed ,offset they can
where what they like (within reason). They are involved in the manufacturing, hire and fitting of all
costumes that are worn.
The costume designers are in charge of the the design of the costumes, they also do the creation and
transporting too. The costume designer is told by the director how the actors outfits are supposed to look
for the setting of the film, this will require the designer to do some research if the film is set in a certain
time period and what costume would accurately represent that time (the research will most likely be done
by a team of people to get a better idea of the design needed). The costume designer heads a team who are
all involved in the afore mentioned jobs and are told what to do by the costume designer. Another of the
Costume designers jobs is to keep track of the budget for the costumes so they know what they can and
can’tdo design wise and so that the director has an overall view of how much each department is spending
and what cuts or changes are needed if any.
Costume designers will sometimes be required to work long hours, nights and weekends to keep ahead of
the deadlines. A salary for a costume designer will typically be between £13,000 and £18,000, but this
could rise with experience to around £28,000.

8. job: Property Master
Property Masters are responsible for the purchasing, acquiring and manufacturing of any props that are
needed for production. they also work with other members of the crew who are responsible for the physical
appearance for the set and manage what the stage/set should look like. The props master develops a props
breakdown which is a description of what each prop is within production.
The job is a collaboration with the director, production designer, cameraman, set decorator and other crew
to create the physical requirements of the set.
They maintain their own budget and the hours can be long to meet deadlines for plans of managing the set
or the creation of several props. The role of prop master is not an entry level job, it requires you to have a
significant amount of experience working with props and and having knowledge in the field of art and/or
design.

9. job: Screen Writer
A Screenwriter is someone who write scripts for things like Films, TV shows, comics, or video games or to
adapt an existing piece of writing. This is usually a freelance profession and are contracted by the
producer/Director and what separates the professionals from the amateurs is that they are represented by
talent agencies.
Being a writer would include; coming up with themes and ideas, researching background material,
developing believable plots and characters, laying out the screenplay to an agreed format, preparing short
summaries of your ideas and selling them to producers or development executives, getting feedback about
the first draft of your work from producers or script editors, rewriting the final script if necessary.
As a freelance writer your hours of work would be arranged by you unless you are hired to work in a
studio-based writing team and have to work standard office hours, in both instances you will have to meet
strict deadlines.
As for the pay for a freelance scriptwriter either you or your agent will decide on a fee for each piece of
work with the producer, depending on the contract you may get paid before hand or receive money from
the profit of a feature film.

10. WHAT RIGHTS ARE WORKERS ENTITLED TO? trade unions, HEALTH AND SAFETY, EQUAL OPS
RIGHTS, ETHICS AND LEGAL (P3, M3, D3)
A list of basic workers rights are as follows:
The right to a written statement of terms of employment within two months of starting work,
The right to an itemized pay slip. This applies from the day the employee starts work.
The right to be paid at least the national minimum wage. This applies from the day the employee starts
work.
The right not to have illegal deductions made from pay. This applies from the day the employee starts
work.
The right to paid holiday. Full-time employees are entitled to at least 28 days a year. Part-time employees
are entitled to a pro rata amount
The right to time off for trade union duties and activities. This applies from the day the employee starts
work. The time off does not necessarily have to be paid. Employees also have the right to be accompanied
by a trade union representative to a disciplinary or grievance hearing. If an employee takes part in official
industrial action and is dismissed as a result, this will be an automatically unfair dismissal
The right to paid time off to look for work if being made redundant. This applies once the employee has
worked for two years for that employer
The right to time off for study or training for 16-17 year olds. This applies from the day the employee
starts work
The right to paid time off for ante natal care. This applies from the day the employee starts work.
The right to paid maternity leave. More on Maternity leave.
The right to paid paternity leave
The right to ask for flexible working to care for children or adult dependents
The right to paid adoption leave
The right to take unpaid parental leave for both men and women (if you have worked for the employer for
one year) and the right to reasonable time off to look after dependants in an emergency (applies from the
day the employee starts work)
The right under Health and Safety law to work a maximum 48-hour working week. This applies from the
day the employee starts work
The right under Health and Safety law to weekly and daily rest breaks. This applies from the day the
employee starts work.
The right not to be discriminated against. This applies from the day the employee starts work.
The right to carry on working until you are at least 65
The right to notice of dismissal, provided you have worked for your employer for at least one calendar
month
The right to written reasons for dismissal from your employer, provided you have worked for your
employer for one year if you started before 6 April 2012 or two years if you started on or after that date.
Women who are pregnant or on maternity leave are entitled to written reasons without having to have
worked for any particular length of time
The right to claim compensation if unfairly dismissed. In most cases to be able to claim unfair dismissal
you will have to have worked for your employer for one year if you started before 6 April 2012 or two
years if you started on or after that date.
The right to claim redundancy pay if made redundant. In most cases you will have to have worked for two
years to be able to claim redundancy pay.

11. IDENTIFY ANY EXAMPLES OF WHERE YOU CONSIDER THE CREATIVE MEDIA
INDUSTRIES TO HAVE BROKEN ETHICAL CODES
An example of where I consider the creative media industries to have broken ethical codes is in the case of
the ’NewsOf The World’and other newspapers like the Mirror and star ,which are owned by Rupert
Murdoch, which have been involved with several phone hacking scandals as well as police bribery, and
exercising improper influence in the pursuit of publishing stories.
It was found that celebrities, politicians and members of the British Royal Family all had their phones
hacked. There were investigations that were conducted from 2005 to 2007. Several high profile
resignations were seen from News International including ’DowJones’chief executive Les Hinton; News
International legal manager Tom Crone; and chief executive Rebekah Brooks. Murdoch and his son,
James, were summoned to give evidence before the Leveson Inquiry.
Due to advertiser boycotts the paper was closed on 10 July 2010.

12. WHAT ARE THE MAIN RESPOSIBILITIES AND ROLES OF THE FOLLOWING
THE BROADCASTING act
THE BBFC
ofcom
Broadcasting acts usually allow for different changes to be made within broadcasting, an example of this is
in 1980 where the Independent Broadcasting Authority were given the power to provide a second
television station, this led to the creation of Channel 4.
The BBFC is a organization that is not owned by the government but funded by the film industry. It is their
job to oversee the national classification and censorship of films within the United Kingdom. It has the
ability to classify videos, DVD’sand some video games.
Ofcom are a government approved statutory corporation who are given the authority over broadcasting,
telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom. The main areas which Ofcom deals with
are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition and protecting the radio spectrum from
abuse which are all involved with the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors.

13. WHAT HAVE BEEN THE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO THE TV INDUSTRY IN RECENT
YEARS?
INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS (P4, M4, D4)

14. WHAT HAVE BEEN THE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO THE FILM INDUSTRY IN RECENT
YEARS?