chs anatomy & physiology

2. Outlines
-Introduction
-Anatomy and physiology of:
Cardiovascular system.
Respiratory system.
The skeletal system.
The nervous system.

3. FIRST AID: Is the immediate care or treatment that
is given to an injured or ill person before professional
medical aid can be obtained.

4. Anatomy and physiology

5. Cardiovascular system
Anatomy: I - Heart:
- Fist sized organ situated in the center of the chest, between
the sternum and the spine and above the diaphragm.
Surrounded by the lungs except in a small area in front.
(bare area) and the area against the spine.

8. - Has a hollow tough muscular wall surrounded by the
pericardium.
- It is divided into right and left sides, each has an
atrium & a ventricle.

9. II - Vascular system
Arteries:
Thick walled, carrying blood from the heart under
high pressure.
Capillaries:
Thin walled network of one cell layer.
Veins:
Thin walled vessels carrying blood under low
pressure back to the heart.
Two coronary arteries originate from the aorta
encircling the heart to supply the myocardium.

11. Physiology of the heart
Right ventricle Left ventricle
↓ ↓
Pulmonary artery Aortic artery
↓ ↓
Lungs all the body
↓ ↓
Lt atrium Rt atrium

14. Functions of cardiovascular
system
1 – purify the blood through the pulmonary capillary
system.
2 – provide oxygenated blood to all tissues through the
systemic capillary system.
THE HEART beats 60-90 beats per minute during rest .

15. Respiratory system
4 components:
1 – Airways:
A) Upper airway: nose & mouth, pharynx, larynx.
B) Lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

18. 2 – Neuromuscular system:
A) Respiratory center in the brain.
B) Nerves.
C) Muscles of respiration.( Diaphragm , intercostal
muscles)
D) Chest cage

20. Cont…
3 – Alveoli:
Millions of minute air sacs made of very delicate thin
membrane of one cell layer. Capillaries are on outer side
(exchange of gases).
4 – Pulmonary vessels:
Heart (Rt ventricle)→pulmonary arteries –dark blood→ fine
capillary network – pick up O2 & expel CO2 in alveoli→
pulmonary veins → heart (Lt ventricle).

21. Physiology of respiration
- Inspiration is an active process.
- Expiration is a passive process.
- Function is to pick up oxygen and expel
CO2.

22. Cont.
↑CO2 in arterial blood →Brain
→respiratory center→ signals
→respiratory nerves → respiratory
muscles → ↑respiratory rate and depth
till normal CO2 →normal respiration.

23. Skeletal system
Major functions:
I – Support, body form.
II – Protection of vital organs.
III – Movement (muscles, bones, joints).
IV – Blood cell production in bone marrow.
V – Storage of essential minerals.

24. Major divisions
I – Axial skeleton:
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum.
II – Appendicular skeleton:
Upper extremities,
lower extremities,
the shoulder girdle,
pelvic girdle.

25. Classification of bones
I – Long bones:
Arm: humerus, ulna, radius.
Lower limb: femur, tibia, fibula.
II – Short bones:
Bones in the hands and feet.
III – Flat bones:
Sternum, shoulder blades, and ribs.
IV – Irregular bones:
Vertebrae of spinal column

27. The nervous system
Anatomical division:
I – Central nervous system:
Includes brain and spinal cord.
II – Peripheral nervous system:
Includes peripheral sensory
nerves, peripheral motor
nerves, combination of sensory motor
nerves.

28. Brain
Spinal
Cord
Nerves

29. Brain 1 – Cerebral cortex
Consists of grey and white matter.
Controls higher functions: sensory reception, voluntary
motor activity, reasoning, emotions, memory.

30. 2 – Cerebellum:
Concerned with maintenance of posture and
equilibrium as well as coordination of skilled
movements.
Cerebellum

31. 3 – Brain stem:
Subdivided to midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.
Contains important centers maintaining vital functions.

32. Functional divisions of nervous system
I – Autonomic nervous system (involuntary):
A – Parasympathetic:
Causes dilatation of blood vessels, increases tone and
contractility of smooth muscles, and induces secretions.
B – Sympathetic:
Controls many automatic functions: constriction of blood
vessels, and increases heart rate.
II – Voluntary:
Under direct control of the brain.

33. Sympathetic
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC
Brain
“ Fight or flight” Dilates pupil
response Stimulates salivation Salivary
glands
Relaxes bronchi
Release adrenaline and Spinal
Lungs
cord
noradrenalin
Accelerates heartbeat
Increases heart rate and Heart
blood pressure Inhibits activity Stomach
Increases blood flow to Pancrea
s
Stimulates glucose Liver
skeletal muscles Adrenal
Secretion of adrenaline,
gland
Inhibits digestive no adrenaline
Kidney
functions Relaxes bladder
Sympathetic Stimulates ejaculation
ganglia in male

34. Parasympathetic
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC
Brain
Contracts pupil
“ Rest and digest ” Stimulates salivation
system Spinal
Constricts bronchi
cord
Calms body to conserve
and maintain energy Slows heartbeat
Lowers Stimulates activity
heartbeat, breathing
rate, blood pressure Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erection
of sex organs

35. Cranial nerves
I – Olfactory: smell
II – Optic: vision
III – Oculomotor: eye lid, pupil, eyeball.
IV – Trochlear: turn the eye down and laterally.
V – Trigeminal: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular.
VI – Abducens: turns the eye laterally.
VII – Facial: muscles of expression.
VIII – Vestibulocochlear: hearing and equilibrium.
IX – Glosso-pharyngeal: taste
X – Vagus: parasympathetic for viscera.
XI – Spinal accessory: trapezious and sternomastoid
muscles.
XII – Hypoglossal: motor fibers to the tongue.