Comparative Measures of Disability Policy
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This presentation provides an overview on the framework I developed to monitor the implementation of the CRPD on the local level. The framework is based on combining 5 evaluative criteria and provides methodological, theoretical, and empirical contributions the field of urban planning.
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Comparative Measures of Disability Policy
- 1. + Capability Model of Disability Policy: Assessing Equity in the Emirate of Dubai Victor Santiago Pineda, PhD Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Research Fellow Department of City and Regional Planning University of California, Berkeley
- 2. + 2 Outline 1. Motivation 2. Research Question 3. Relevance 4. Attitudes Study 5. Contributions 6. Research Direction
- 3. + 3 Environmental Determinants of Disability D = f(FL) x f(E) D FL = disability = functional limitation E = environment
- 4. + 4 Motivation: lands far far away... Boldly go where few western chair have gone before
- 5. + 5 Motivation Incubator for tremendous experiments Dubai is one of the most dynamic and least understood cities… Dubai 1990 Dubai 2003
- 6. + 6 Context Map of Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf
- 7. + 7 Context Issues of Justice: Labor, Gender, Orientation, Environmental
- 8. + Claims “future for the disabled is here” - Dubai WTC, 2005 “Law removes barriers for people with special needs”- Gulf News 2006
- 9. +Research Question 9 How successful has the UAE and particularly the local government of the Emirate of Dubai been in implementing Federal Law No. 29 of 2006?
- 10. + 10 Relevance to Equity Physical, Social, Cultural Dimensions Who’s Law Is It Anyway? How do cultural constructs of disability or social attitudes towards people with disabilities inhibit the implementation of this law?
- 11. 11 What ends? skills What means? capacities money knowledge ? What outcomes? ? assets resources tools International Norms Local Implementation Local Conventions + Relevance: Planning for Diverse Communities Developed Assessment Tools ? ? ? ? ? ?
- 12. + 12 Questions demand an integrative comparative analysis Legislative Measure Executive and Budgetary Support Administrative & Coordinating Capacity Participation of Target Groups Attitudes Towards Target Group Evaluative Criteria
- 13. + 13 Attitudes and Bias Impact of Attitudes on Equity Innate Attraction Acceptance, “+” valence, cultural match Innate Aversion Rejection, “-” valence, cultural conflict The Role of Salience in Implementing International Norms “Scholars repeatedly conclude that domestic salience is crucial to many cases of states' compliance with international norms, but they rarely provide definitions or operational measures for the concept and, instead, merely assert that the norm in question was salient.” (Cortel and Davis, 2000, p. 67)
- 14. + 14 Salience Analysis and Interpretations “When a cultural match exists, domestic actors are likely to treat the international norm as a given, instinctively recognizing the obligations associated with the norm… When the international norm conflicts with understandings, beliefs, or obligations established in the domestic sphere, domestic actors may then find appeals to the international norm to be ineffective in garnering support for a particular policy.” (Cortel and Davis, 2000)
- 15. + Assessing Salience Studying Attitudes 15
- 16. + Established Survey Instrument Example Questions: 8. Disabled people are in many ways like children. N=630 23 Questions Piloted in Arabic and English Demographics Indicators Measure Attitudes Cross-Sectors (-3) Strongly Disagree (-2) Disagree (-1) Slightly Disagree ( 1) Slightly Agree ( 2) Agree ( 3) Strongly Agree Instrument: Antonak (1982, 1998)
- 17. + Coding Constructs International Norm on Education Cronbach’s Alpha = .71 Employment 11. Most disabled people are willing to work. 16. The opportunity for gainful employment should be provided to disabled people. 20. Equal employment opportunities should be available to disabled individuals. 21. Laws to prevent employers from discriminating against disabled people should be passed. 22. Disabled workers should receive at least the minimum wage established for their jobs. 23. Disabled individuals can be expected to fit into competitive society.
- 18. + 18 Attitudes towards Persons with Disabilities in the Emirate of Dubai
- 19. + Findings: 19 Not Salient CRPD - A.26 UAE - 7 CRPD - A.20 UAE - 25 CRPD - A.26 UAE - None CRPD - A.29 UAE - None CRPD - A.24 UAE - 12,15 CRPD - A.25 UAE - 10,11 CRPD - A.27 UAE - 16,19
- 20. + Contribution: 20 Theoretical Framework
- 21. Contributions: Iceberg of Inequity Basic Functioning Basic Freedoms
- 22. + 22 Expanding Definitions D = f(FL) D = f(FL) x x (E) (Eph, Es , Ei)
- 23. + 23 Comparative Measures of Disability Policy (CMDP) Legislative Measure Executive and Budgetary Support Administrative & Coordinating Capacity Participation of Target Groups Attitudes Towards Target Group
- 24. + 24 Research Direction Larger Context Refine theory and test methodology Publish a series of empirical studies Studies inform assessment of comparative disability policy Leverage key relationships to impact practice
- 25. + 25 5/25/08
- 26. + 26 6/29/08
- 27. + 27 7/04/08
- 28. + 28 7/19/08
- 29. + 29 7/31/08
- 30. + 30 8/21/08
- 31. + 31 9/4/08
- 32. + 32 9/25/08
- 33. + 33 10/2/08
- 34. + 34 10/6/08
- 35. + 35 12/19/08
- 36. + 36 5/7/09
- 37. + 37 7/27/09 - 1041
- 38. + 38 7/27/09 - 1051
- 39. + 39 9/27/09
- 40. + 40 2/5/10
- 41. + 41 4/2/10
- 42. + 42 10/23/10
- 43. + 43 3/23/12
- 44. + 44 4/17/13
- 45. 45 +Thank You! If you have any questions you can email me at: VSP@Berkeley.edu
Editor's Notes
- My research focuses on equity, governance, and planning for diverse communities. Worked with… Picture yourself navigating the city... you have poor eyesight, or have difficulty hearing, are on crutches, now... experience the environment... do you feel welcome? demographic changes, myth busting, vision for making better decisions about urban development and investment. Today’s presentation focuses on attitudes and the ways they affect physical, social and institutional environments. But first some definitions...
- Motivation, Claim, Context, Research Question Relevance of Question Attitudes Study Contributions Future direction of my research
- Abuse, neglect, marginalization, 1 billion How does this impact our opportunities, choices? Enabling or Depriving Agency E as multiplier alleviating or aggravating FL E is key variable, it’s our domain!
- Participated in the drafting of United Nations Convention, international treaty specifying obligations, as a result, I advised governments and consulted with major international agencies, UNICEF, UNESCO, USAID. Ran a global NGO, pioneered community development programs Bosnia, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, Serbia, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and UAE
- Interest peaked in 2005, as the region’s expansive urban and economic growth reached record highs. Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid, (or Sheikh Mo) Regular people whom were engaged in planning this city Emirate as an incubator for tremendous experiments in city planning and regional development. Could tremendous experiments reveal insights into “Enabling or Disabling role of the environment?”
- The UAE consists of seven states, termed emirates... Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah.
- Tremendous experiments = tremendous disasters Labor rights, environmental injustice, gender homosexuality is punishable offense Can we make in roads in equity, for PWD?
- In May of 2005, “future for PWD” On September 12, 2006, Gulf News published an article entitled, “Law removes barriers for people with special needs.” Celebration of first law, UAE Federal Law No. 29 of 2006 into law (Salama 2006) According to Wafa Hamad Bin Sulaiman, Director of the Department for People with Special Needs at the Social Affairs Ministry Law was comprehensive, “matching international standards, providing equal rights, opportunities and choice for persons with disabilities” (Salama 2006). Specifically, Removes all barriers to equal opportunities for persons with disabilities and guarantees their right to a decent life and comprehensive care in education, training, health and rehabilitation (Salama 2006). As a participant in the development of the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with disabilities (CRPD), I wondered COULD THIS BE A BREAKTHROUGH, not only for PWD but for other groups? To what degree Federal Law No. 29 was based on the principles of the CRPD. I was curious to compare the content of this legal instrument to the CRPD and track its implementation on the ground.
- International norms on a local level? How salient is the international or national law, in relationship to the local convention to local implementation? How salient is the international law on the local level. The big questions, what is SALIENT for local implementation…
- Research lines for comparative analysis: What does the law actually say? Does it conform to international norms? What does the ruler say in public, as the executive in chief, does he support the law and the required reforms? Are there budgetary allocations? What about the implementing government agencies, do they have enough administrative and coordinating capacity to implement this law? Are persons with disabilities participating in reforms? What about everyone else? What are the prevailing attitudes towards persons with disabilities?
- Attitudes towards targeted groups helps us understand the implicit bias, as well as reveal behavior. Whereas studies of domestic structural determinants of a norm's influence are well developed, the same cannot be said for the concept of domestic salience. (Click) Cortel and Davis operationalize the concept of domestic salience by identifying mechanisms and conditions that may contribute to establishing the domestic salience of international norms. Their focus is not on understanding a particular instance of norm compliance, but rather the factors that promote an international norm's attaining an "ought" status in the domestic political arena, (cultural match). Their goal is to provide a framework for understanding why some international norms resonate in the domestic political discourse while others do not. (Id.) Cortel and Davis (2000, p. 73)
- Domestic salience under such conditions is automatic. Conversely,
- Intrinsic attractiveness (positive valence) or aversiveness (negative valence) to disability rights and norms. + or - Needed a proven, convenient and effective tool for the evaluation of attitudes towards people with disabilities.
- The SADP is a reliable self-report scale that consists of 24 items, developed by Antonak (1982, 1998). A Likert-type scale consists of a series of 6 declarative statements, that best corresponds how they feel about each statement. There were no “right or wrong answers and no time limit”… For instance, in Question number 8, which is a negative question, participants were asked to react to the statement, “Disabled people are in many ways like children,” and they could choose their answer ranging from, “I strongly disagree to I strongly agree”…. Disabled people are in many ways like children. Mean:0.391 SD:2.083 On average, survey respondents just barely agree with this statement, but notice the large standard deviation
- Intrinsic attractiveness (positive valence) or aversiveness (negative valence) of an event, object, or situation
- Restoring functional limitations
- The UAE signed the Convention on August 2, 2008, and ratified the same in March 2010, as the 84th country to do so. Restoration of someone to a useful place in society. Rehabilitation is mentioned in Article 26; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in articles 10, 11 and implicitly in article 9 Education is mentioned in Article 24 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 12, 15 and implicitly in articles 7, 9, 4, 2 Political and public participation is mentioned in article 29 of the CRPD; it is not mentioned in Law No. 29, and is missing from 5, 18, 37, 3 I was developing a theory for policy, planning and design, with immediate application. Work is mentioned in Article 27 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 16, 19 and implicitly in article 7 Independent living is mentioned in Article 19 of the CRPD; it is not mentioned in Law No. 29, and missing from articles 7, 24 of UAE Law Mobility is mentioned in Article 20 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 25 and implicitly in article 10. Education is mentioned in Article 24 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 12, 15 and implicitly in articles 7, 9, 4, 2 Health is mentioned in Article 25 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in articles 10, 11 and implicitly in article 8 Rehabilitation is mentioned in Article 26; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in articles 10, 11 and implicitly in article 9 Political and public participation is mentioned in article 29 of the CRPD; it is not mentioned in Law No. 29, and is missing from 5, 18, 37, 3
- Promotes equitable approaches to policy, planning and design, impacts 1billion... 1. Thematizes disability as failure between agent and environment along some dimension rather than independent of physical, social, cultural or institutional considerations 2.Offers development based framework for inclusive policymaking along nine dimensions (Four basic functionings, Five basic freedoms) 3.Introduces the concept of Salience to measure cultural coherence, understanding and proclivity for a society to adopt social change
- Policy approaches targeting basic functionings have been at the core of modern social welfare approaches. Such approaches have proven incomplete and have had mixed results. As such more comprehensive approaches have been called for. My work proposes that the missing dimensions to disability policy are basic freedoms. Basic functionings are understood as primary needs and thus fundamental to the enjoyment of all your rights. Basic freedoms are necessary to expand basic functionings into capabilities that are in themselves the goal of development. Increasing capabilities that allow persons with disabilities to live the type of life they have reason to value.
- elevates environment
- develop processes where disempowered groups become more able to make long term decisions based on long term interests with planners and policy have now developed a new way of looking at disability through social ecology and viewing cities as microcosms of our society. Geographically based, informing all of my current and future work. Awareness Raising is mentioned in Article 8 of the CRPD; not mentioned in Law No. 29, and missing from article 39 of UAE law. Accessibility is mentioned in Article 9 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 22-23, and implicitly in articles 7, 20 Independent living is mentioned in Article 19 of the CRPD; it is not mentioned in Law No. 29, and missing from articles 7, 24 of UAE Law Mobility is mentioned in Article 20 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 25 and implicitly in article 10. Education is mentioned in Article 24 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 12, 15 and implicitly in articles 7, 9, 4, 2 Health is mentioned in Article 25 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in articles 10, 11 and implicitly in article 8 Rehabilitation is mentioned in Article 26; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in articles 10, 11 and implicitly in article 9 Work is mentioned in Article 27 of the CRPD; it is mentioned explicitly in Law No. 29 in article 16, 19 and implicitly in article 7 Political and public participation is mentioned in article 29 of the CRPD; it is not mentioned in Law No. 29, and is missing from 5, 18, 37, 3 Failures between an agent and his/her environment can occur along multiple sectors. All over the world, I’ve documented these failures and the solutions exist.
- Future Work (10 minutes) – 4 slides In conversation with United Nations Development Program and WHO to develop Urban Inclusion Index
- Catrina Johnson – Disability Convention and other conventions, Rights and Structures, Budgets, =