LOCATION BASED SERVICES
VERHAERTINNOVATIONDAY – OCTOBER 20th, 2006
www.mastersininnovation.com
Location Based Services
Injaas De Mul
Injaas.demul@verhaert.com
www.verhaert.com
Commercially confidence – This presentation contains ideas and information which are proprietary of VERHAERT, Masters in Innovation®*, it is given in confidence. You are authorized to
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20.10.2006 Slide 1

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Content
1. What does location based services means?
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2. Main drivers for location based services
3. Identifying location techniques
• Global positioning system (GPS)
• Mobile positioning (Cell- ID)
• RFID localisation
• Wifi
4. Tracking algorithm
5. Location based services & Self service technology
6. Inspiring applications
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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What does Location Based Services mean?
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Location based services
• Location-based services (LBS) are
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applications that leverage the user's physical
location to provide an enhanced service or
experience.
• Location awareness can be used, for example,
for navigation and mapping, workforce
tracking, finding points of interest, and getting
weather information.
• It presents a compelling new business
opportunity for application developers,
operators and content producers. Location
awareness differentiates mobile applications
from traditional PC and wired Internet services.
20.10.2006 Slide 4

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Main drivers for Location Based Services
20.10.2006 Slide 5

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Main drivers for Location Based Services
Main drivers:
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1. Adding the location aspect to a range of
services increases the value of this service
for the user
2. In- & outdoor localisation & tracking
3. Safety and security of persons, property and
goods
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Identifying location techniques
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Techniques used for identifying location
Techniques that can be used
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identifying location
1. Global positioning system
(GPS)
2. Mobile positioning (Cell- ID)
3. RFID localisation
4. Wifi
5. .......
20.10.2006 Slide 8

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Global positioning system
20.10.2006 Slide 9

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Global positioning system (GPS)
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is
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actually a constellation of 27 Earth-
orbiting satellites (24 in operation and
three extras in case one fails).
• Satellites circle the globe at about 19,300
km, making two complete rotations every
day.
• The orbits are arranged so that at any
time, anywhere on Earth, there are at
least four satellites \"visible\" in the sky.
• A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or
more of these satellites, figure out the
distance to each, and use this information
to deduce its own location.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Global positioning system (GPS)
• GPS functionality can be used by
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emergency services and location based
services to locate mobile phones
• The mobile phone location may also be
used to provide location specific
information to the mobile phone, such as
location specific advertising, or providing
service information specific to the phone
user's geographic location
• Location based games:
• search for objects hidden by other
geocachers
• walking or hiking to natural locations
• .......
20.10.2006 Slide 11

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Global positioning system (GPS)
• Accuracy:
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• The receivers do this by
measuring the time delay between
when the satellite sent the signal
and the local time when the signal
was received
• The location accuracy is
anywhere from 1 to 100 meters
depending on the type of
equipment used
20.10.2006 Slide 12

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Mobile positioning
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Mobile positioning – Cell ID
• GSM is the digital radio network for
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mobile telephony and the positioning
system takes advantage of the fact
that base stations are placed for the
best possible coverage
• Mobile positioning technologies
1. Terminal (device) based technologies
(A-GPS / E-OTD)
2. Network based technologies (E-CID /
U-TDOA)
3. Hybrid solutions (combination of 1 & 2)
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Mobile positioning (A-GPS)
• A-GPS (Assisted GPS)
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• Uses an assistance
server to cut down the
time needed to
determine a location
using GPS
• Useful in urban areas
• No indoor coverage
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Mobile positioning (E-OTD)
Enhanced Observed Time Difference
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• A position-location method for
GSM networks in which the phone
measures the difference in the
time of arrival signals from
different towers
• The phone triangulates its position
using signals from the towers
• Only works with phones that
specifically include E-OTD
technology
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Mobile positioning (E-CID) CID
• CID: Cell Identification
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• The accuracy of this method can be as good
as a few hundred meters in urban areas, but
very poor in suburban areas and rural zones.
LB
E-CID
• E –CID: Enhanced Cell Identification
• Higher accuracy by using
• TOA (time of arrival)
*Cell Global Identity
LBS
• AOA (angle of arrival)
• Neighbouring cells
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Mobile positioning (U-TDOA)
• U-TDOA :Uplink the difference of
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arrival
• Method calculates the location of a
handset by using the difference in
time of arrival of signals at different
receivers.
• The handset or device could be a
standard mobile phone or PDA.
• Accuracy is under 50 meters.
20.10.2006 Slide 18

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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RFID localisation
20.10.2006 Slide 19

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - What is RFID?
What is RFID?
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• RFID = Radio Frequency Identification
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an
automatic identification method, relying on
storing and remotely retrieving data using
devices called RFID tags or transponders.
• An RFID tag is an object that can be
attached to or incorporated into a product,
animal, or person for the purpose of
identification using radio waves. Chip-based
RFID tags contain silicon chips and
antennas. Passive tags require no internal
power source, whereas active tags require a
power source.
20.10.2006 Slide 20

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - tracking
The origin of RFID in inventory tracking:
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• Wal-mart has spent millions of dollars since the late
1990s researching the efficiency of RFID systems to
replace the bar codes (which have been in use since the
early 1970s)
• In 1999, with the help of scientist of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), a consortium of companies
formed the Auto-ID center – a center for continued
research into the nature and use of radio frequeny
identification.
20.10.2006 Slide 21

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - Electronic Product Code
Tracking Goods with EPC :
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• EPC = Electronic Product Code (Developed at MIT’s Audio center in
2000)
• EPC is modern day replacement for the Universal Product Code
(UPC)
• A tag embedded EPC number is unique to the Tag
• The EPC protocol is universal to all EPC compliant systems and
serve two specific functions:
• Telling how data is to be stored on the tag – numbering scheme
• Determining how tag and readers communicate – air interface protocol
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - Electronic Product Code
• Why an EPC code doesn’t contain more information:
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1. Security: Like a car license plate, every car has its own license
plate but you need to have access to a database to find out
who owns the car, where the owner lives and other private
information. The same applied to EPC; it points to a file in a
database, so this information stays secure.
2. Cost: Delivering a very low cost tag was one of the primary
goals of the Auto-ID Center. Memory on an IC is one of the
drivers for the cost.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - The basic physics of RFID
1. RFID reader
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2. The Tag (active or
passive –
technologies
antennas)
3. Frequency – Air
Protocol
20.10.2006 Slide 24

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - Main operating frequency
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20.10.2006 Slide 25

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - Technical Challenges
On the surface, the technology is very straightforward, but there are a number of
very interesting features, limitations and weaknesses of the systems:
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•
Frequency, Power & The range of a reader/tag pair is determined by the frequency
Range of transmission and the power transmitted by the reader.
• The RFspectrum is tightly controlled and heavily used.
• UHF support ranges around 20feet
-30
• HF support range to 2 feet
s up
•
Interference from Devices are subject to many sources of interference.
•
Materials and RF Readers typically cannot penetrate metals or liquids.
Devices • Interference also comes from other RF devices like bar
codescanners, cordless phones, wa
lkie-talkies, wireless
networks,and security systems.
•
Multiple Reads The RF wave from a reader triggers transmission in all tags
within range.
• Reader must contend with multiple simultaneous signals and
multiple transmissions from each tag.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation - Technical Challenges
•
Accuracy of Reads Fully loaded pallets have a readrate of 66%
• Cases on stocking carts 90%
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• Conveyor belts 95%,
• Trash compactors 98%.
•
Triangulation Identifying the location of a specific tag requires triangulation
from multiple readers that are placed in very specific patterns.
• A large number of readers are required to provide locations in a
large area.
•
Speed of reading Cases move through distribution center at 8 MPH.
• Readers must correctly identify a product at this pace.
•
Hacking Hackers can read tag data anywhere, anytime.
• For active tags, hackers may also be able to write and overwrite
data on the tags.
• Encryption
•
Data fusion In a tag-dense environment (like an Airbus A380), a reader will
receive a large number of reads in a single scan.
• This will create a need for data fusion algorithms within the
computers receiving the data.
•
Competing Tag Some environments will contain a number of tags from different
Environments manufacturers and systems.
20.10.2006 Slide 27

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation + Wifi
• Active tag including WLAN.
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• Conventional idea would be to use
something like Zigbee.
• WiFi -> absurd for this type of job:
• far too power-hungry (most power-
hungry of all short range wireless
technologies)
• far too difficult to integrate into a LAN
which means all the complications of
setting up network addresses, IP
authentication, and so on
• But WiFi is available in most places.
20.10.2006 Slide 28

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID localisation + Wifi
• Solution power problem: tags have to pop up
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every now and again and say \"here I am\"
• Powered by standard AA batteries will position
and track any asset equipped with a tag.
• Items that move around a lot (like
wheelchairs) can be set to send a signal more
often than items that are relatively stationary
(like heart monitors).
• They don't go into sleep mode -> they
completely shut off when not transmitting.
They're only associated for the few seconds
that they transmit.
20.10.2006 Slide 29

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Tracking algorithm
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
Kalman filter invented in
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1960 by R. E. Kalman
Problem:
• System state cannot be
measured directly
• Need to estimate
“optimally” from
measurements
20.10.2006 Slide 31

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
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y
• Lost on the 1-dimensional line
• Position – y(t)
• Assume Gaussian distributed measurements
20.10.2006 Slide 32

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
0.16
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0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sextant Measurement at t1: Mean = z1 and Variance = σz1
•
• Optimal estimate of position is: ŷ(t1) = z1
Variance of error in estimate: σ2x (t1) = σ2z1
•
• Boat in same position at time t2 - Predicted position is z1
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
0.16
0.14
measurement
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0.12
z(t2)
prediction ŷ-(t2) 0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• So we have the prediction ŷ-(t2)
GPS Measurement at t2: Mean = z2 and Variance = σz2
•
• Need to correct the prediction due to measurement to get ŷ(t2)
• Closer to more trusted measurement
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
prediction ŷ-(t2)
0.16
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corrected
0.14
optimal
0.12
estimate ŷ(t2)
0.1
measurement
0.08
z(t2)
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Corrected mean is the new optimal estimate of position
• New variance is smaller
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
0.1 6
ŷ(t2)
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0.1 4
Naïve
Prediction ŷ-(t3)
0.1 2
0 .1
0.0 8
0.0 6
0.0 4
0.0 2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• At time t3, boat moves with velocity dy/dt=u
• Naive approach: Shift probability to the right to predict
• This would work if we knew the velocity exactly (perfect model)
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
Naïve
0.16
Prediction ŷ-(t3)
ŷ(t2)
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0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
Prediction ŷ-(t3)
0.04
0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Better to assume imperfect model by adding Gaussian noise
• dy/dt = u + w
• Distribution for prediction moves and spreads out
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
0 .1 6
Corrected optimal estimate ŷ(t3)
0 .1 4
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0 .1 2
Measurement z(t3)
0 .1
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
Prediction ŷ-(t3)
0 .0 4
0 .0 2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Now we take a measurement at t3
• Need to once again correct the prediction
• Same as before
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter
• Overview:
• Initial conditions (ŷk-1 and σk-1)
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• Prediction (ŷ-k , σ-k)
• Use initial conditions and model
(eg. constant velocity) to make
prediction
• Measurement (zk)
• Take measurement
• Correction (ŷk , σk)
• Use measurement to correct
prediction by ‘blending’ prediction
and residual – always a case of
merging only two Gaussians
• Optimal estimate with smaller
variance
20.10.2006 Slide 39

LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Location based services & Self
service technology
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
LBS & Self service technology
• Self service technology:
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• ICT Information & Communication
Technology supported systems to
automate or facilitate consumer /
citizen interaction during sales, pre
sales and information processes.
• Initially conceived within banking
industry, later transferred towards
governments, retail & mobility
industry.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
LBS & Self service technology
• Why self service concepts?
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Main goal
• Improve convenience
=
• Lower operational costs with more control
• Wider range of services more
• Create new distribution channels convenience
• Increase safety
at a lower cost
• Increase loyalty
• Exclude fraud
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
LBS & Self service technology
Micro kiosk
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Banking Info kiosk
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Inspiring applications
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Near Field communication
• Consumers are seeking easier ways to interact with their
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immediate environment and to enable easy communication
between their electronic devices.
• NFC are getting their own notoriety as a unique technology,
however, they are really just a specific type of RFID that uses
the high band of the spectrum (most often 13.56 MHz).
• In addition to the different band, it uses a different form of
communication that has an impact on the usable range.
• NFC is all via magnetic waves and has an inverse sixth power
(1/r6) relationship with range, which explains why the range is
only a few inches because the power to wake up and
communicates with the tag diminishes very quickly.
• Simply by bringing two NFC-enabled devices close together,
they automatically initiate network communications without
requiring the user to configure the setup.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Near Field communication
NFC applications can be split into four basic categories.
Touch and Go
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Applications such as access control or transport/event
ticketing, where the user only needs to bring the device
storing the ticket or access code close to the reader. Also, for
simple data capture applications, such as picking up an
Internet URL from a smart label on a poster.
Touch and Confirm
Applications such as mobile payment where the user has to
confirm the interaction by entering a password or just
accepting the transaction.
Touch and Connect
Linking two NFC-enabled devices to enable peer to peer
transfer of data such as downloading music, exchanging
images or synchronizing address books.
Touch and Explore
NFC devices may offer more than one possible function. The
consumer will be able to explore a device's capabilities to
find out which functionalities and services are offered.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
PDA & LBS
• PDA (Personal Digital
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Assistant) - Smartphone
• Localisation -> Wifi / GPS
technology?
• User friendly interface
• Applications:
• Tourism
• Guided tours
• Feedback point of interest
• ......
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Banking applications
• Banking card with RFID chip
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• RFID reader installed in banking
infrastructure
• Detection the customer (m/f,
age, interest,...)
• Display specific information
• Staff has extra client information
• Video streaming
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Child tracking
A splash at water park
• An RFID locating system gives parents
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visiting Dolly's Splash Country piece of
mind, because kids are always tracked. It
also gives the park the opportunity to
increase revenues by adding services, like
cashless payments.
Crowded coast line
• RFID location by using Wifi technology.
• Added value
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Child tracking “Kidspotter”
• Legoland in Denmark is using a combination of
wireless technologies to track very important assets:
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kids gone astray. Not only does the service use RFID
and WiFi, the interface to it is through the parents'
mobile phones.
• Accuracy of about 5 feet
• Renting a wristband with a Wi-Fi-enhanced radio frequency
identification (RFID) tag on it for a child's arm. Parents also
get a map of the site.
• If they lose sight of their child, parents can send a text
message (SMS) to the Kidspotter system, which will
automatically send a return message stating the name of the
park area and the coordinates of their child's location.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Safety aspects
• Developped a system that uses standard
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access points to locate children wearing
tags as they walk to and from school.
• Automobile drivers are alerted to the
presence of nearby children through a voice
service, to reduce accidents in residential
city areas.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Human implants
• Implantable RFID chips designed for
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animal tagging are now being used for
human beings.
• An early experiment with RFID implants
was conducted in 1998
• Night clubs use an implantable chip to
identify their VIP customers, who in turn
use it to pay for drinks.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Patient care
• Wave the PC over the patient's wrist and bring up the
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problem list, medications, allergies and other critical
information, it will simplify patient identification and
save clinical-staff keystrokes.
Tagging office folders
• The goal is to eliminate many hours of
searching for lost.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Truck scanner
• The French shipping company finds that a tag-and-
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reader system significantly improves the efficiency of
its overnight deliveries.
RFID shops timber cost
• RFID embedded in plastic nails.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Blood service bank
• RFID system to manage and track blood, improve
safety, make deliveries more timely and lower costs.
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Banks follow the money
• Rabobank branches save time and cut
costs by using RFID to track cash
deliveries for their ATMs.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
RFID gate detection
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Retail applications
Customer identification ->
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added value
Product check -> Display
relevant information
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Wearables
Using assistant GPS
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Start
End
Equipped with movement
sensors Indoor application
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Proximity sensing for the Blind User
• Navigation and location determination system for the blind
using an RFID tag grid.
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• Each RFID tag is programmed upon installation with spatial
coordinates and information describing the surroundings.
• With an established RFID grid
infrastructure blind children and adults will
gain the independence and freedom to
explore and participate in activities without
external assistance.
• A reader integrated into the user’s shoe.
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking assets (RFID + integrated sensors)
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
Tracking assets (RFID + integrated sensors)
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES
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Verhaert New Products & Services nv
Hogenakkerhoekstraat 21
9150 Kruibeke
Belgium
Tel +32 (0)3 250 19 00
Fax +32 (0)3 254 10 08
www.verhaert.com
info@verhaert.com
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