Nanotechnology in Industries

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN INDUSTRIES
MADE BY- GUIDED BY-
VEDANT PATEL Dr. JAYESH RUPARELIA
13BCH043 Professor

2. OVERVIEW
• Introduction.
• Nanotech in various Industries.
– FOOD INDUSTRY
– AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
– OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
– CONSUMER GOOD INDUSTRY
– AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
– CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
– CONSTUCTION INDUSTRY
– NANOTECH IN BIOTECH
– NANOCOMPOSITES
– ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
• Nanotechnology in the energy sector:
– Introduction.
– Nanotechnology in Energy Production.
– Nanotechnology in Energy Saving.
– Nanotechnology in Energy Distribution.
– Nanotechnology in Energy Storage.
• Assessment, Risks and Management of
Nanotechnology in industries.

3. INTRODUCTION
• What is Nanotechnology?
• A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the
engineering of functional systems at
the molecular scale.
• In other words Nanotechnology is the
study, process, and manipulation of
material at a molecular level i.e. one of its
dimension should lie in the range of 1 to
100 nm.

4. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

5. FOOD INDUSTRY
• The definition of nanofood is that the
nanotechnology techniques or tools are
used during cultivation, production,
processing or packaging of the food.
• The main areas of application are-
 CHANGING FOOD CHARACTERISTICS.
 FOOD PACKAGING.
 FOOD PRODUCTION.
 FOOD PROCESSING

6. Image Ref: www.nature.com

7. AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY
• The main applications and advances in the
agriculture industry are :
PRECISION FARMING.
NANO DELIVERY SYSTEMS.
Image Ref : www.nanobugle.org

8. OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
• The Nanotechnology applications have
pierced through different Petroleum
disciplines from Exploration, to Reservoir,
Drilling, Completion, Production and
Processing & Refinery.
• The main areas of nanotech application are:
SENSORS.
COATINGS.
NANOMEMBRANES.
NANOFLUIDS AND NANOMATERIALS
FOR DRILLING AND COMPLETION.
Image Ref: http://www.aflglobal.com

9. CONSUMER GOODS
INDUSTRY
• The main areas of application are :
SURFACES AND COATINGS.
TEXTILES.
COSMETICS.
SPORTS.
Img ref:
http://www.nanotec
h-now.com
Img ref: http://nanohex.orgImg ref: http://blogs.dickinson.edu
Img ref:
http://www.itc.polyu.edu.hk

10. AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
• The primary development are advantages
offered by using various nanomaterials in
the place of traditional bulk metals like steel.
• The main advances are in:
NANOSTRUCTURED METALS.
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES.
TRIBOLOGICAL AND ANTI-CORROSION
COATINGS. Img ref: http://www.airforce-technology.com

11. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• The main area of application of nanotech in
chemical industry is the catalysis process.
• due to the extremely large surface to
volume ratio. The application potential of
nanoparticles in catalysis ranges from fuel
cell to catalytic converters and
photocatalytic devices.
• Platinum nanoparticles are now being
considered in the next generation of
automotive catalytic converters.
Img ref: http://images.gizmag.com

12. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
• Nanotechnology has the potential to make
construction faster, cheaper, safer, and more
varied.
• The main advances are in:
CEMENT
STEEL
GLASS
Img ref: http://www.european-coatings.com
Img ref:
http://www.nanotechuniversal.com Img ref: http://www.vanguardwindows.com

13. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• ADVANTAGES OF
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY:
• Drug targeting .
• Accumulation at higher concentrations than
normal drugs.
• Increased permeability .
• Selective localization.
• Overcoming the presence of blood–brain
barrier.
• Enhanced drug efficiency.

14. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY (conti.)
• DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS:
• DETECTION.
• INDIVIDUAL TARGET PROBES.
• PROTEIN CHIPS.
• TOOL IN IMAGING.
Image ref: en.wikibooks.org
http://www.nanotech.upenn.edu

15. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY (conti.)
• THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS:
• DRUG DELIVERY.
• GENE DELIVERY.
• BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING.
• BIOPHARMACEUTICALS.
http://trialx.com

16. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY (conti.)
• POTENTIAL HAZARDS:
• If ingested, the nanoparticles can reach the
circulation and reach different organs and
systems and possibly result in toxicity.
• CHALLENGES:
• Exposure to nano-materials need to be
monitored.
• To develop applicable methods.
• Predicting effects of these nano-materials.
• Impact of engineered nano-materials on
health.
• Properly assess risk to human health.

17. NANOTECH IN COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
• The key to nanoparticle benefits is this high
ratio of surface area to total volume.
• The trend in composites has been to use
nanomaterials as a kind of “super filler” in
polymer resins.
• These polymers achieve the same
performance properties achieved with
traditionally filled resins but with a smaller
filler volume fraction.
• Other novel beneficial characteristics, such as
improved thermal and electrical conductivity
or reduced flammability.

18. NANOTECH IN COMPOSITE
MATERIALS (conti.)
• APPLICATION:
• Lubricants and scratch free paints.
• New fire retardant materials.
• New scratch/abrasion resistant materials.
• Superior strength fibers and films.
• Food Packaging.
• Fuel Tanks.
• Environmental Protection.
• Flammability Reduction.
• Drug delivery systems.
• Anti-corrosion barrier coatings.
• UV protection gels.

19. NANOTECH IN
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
• Main advances to happen in next few years:
• Flexible electronic circuits.
• Higher speed data transmission.
• Nanomagnets as switches.
• Print prototype circuit boards using standard inkjet
printers.
• Light with much tighter frequency control.
• Nanoemmissive" display panel.
• Using buckyballs to build dense, low power
memory devices.

20. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
ENERGY SECTOR

21. WHERE NANOTECHNOLOGY
MAY CONTRIBUTE..
Ref: Part One Sustainable Energy Production, Nanotechnology for Energy Production, Elena Serrano , Kunhao Li , Guillermo Rus , and Javier García-Martínez.

22. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENERGY
PRODUCTION
• Solar Economy.
• Hydrogen Economy.
• Biofuels.
• Thermoelectricity etc..

23. SOLAR ECONOMY
• This section deals with the use of
nanotechnology in all the energy-related
processes that involve the use of solar
radiation as an energy source.
• Currently the main use of Nanotech is in
– Photovoltaic Technology.
– Hydrogen Production (Artificial
Photosynthesis).

24. PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY
• PV (Photo Voltaic) solar cells are devices which
produce electricity from the sun radiation by means of
the photoelectric effect.
• The inclusion of nanoscale components in PV cells leads to
– The ability to control the energy band gap provides flexibility and
inter-changeability.
– Nanostructured materials enhance the effective optical path and
significantly decrease the probability of charge recombination.
• The use of nanocrystals quantum dots, which are
nanoparticles usually made of direct band gap
semiconductors, lead to thin film solar cells based on a silicon
or conductive transparent oxide (CTO), like Indium-tin-oxide
(ITO), substrate with a coating of nanocrystals.

25. Ref: www.azonano.com

26. Ref: www.solartribune.com

27. DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL
• O’Regan and Gratzel introduced in 1991 the first
nanostructured solar cell namely Gratzel cell or dye-
sensitized solar cell, based on Dye-sensitized colloidal
titanium dioxide films.
• These films were sandwiched between a transparent
electrode acting as anode, which is based on a
conducting glass, and a platinum electrode, which acts
as a catalytic conductor. An electrolyte is placed
between the film and the platinum electrode for
transportation of the electrons.
• In these cells, most of the light absorption takes place
in dye molecules, the electrons produced leading to
an increase of light harvesting due to the high surface
area of the nanoparticles.

28. Ref: www.nanotech-now.com

30. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
• PV energy can be used to break water
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen via
the so-called photocatalytic water
electrolysis. It means that solar energy
can be directly stored in the form of
hydrogen.
• For this purpose, a variety of
semiconductor nanoparticulated
catalyst systems based on CdS, SiC, or
TiO2 can be used, the last one being the
most promising candidate.

31. Schema of solar water splitting system a composite polycrystalline-Si/doped TiO2
semiconductor thin-film electrode.
Ref: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 13 issue 9 2009 2373–2384, E. Serrano et al.

32. HYDROGEN ECONOMY
• Hydrogen has a tremendous application in the
energy sector as it produces a lot of energy by
combustion. One of the most attractive
features of hydrogen is that the only product of
its combustion is water.
• The main existing application of Nanotech in
Hydrogen Economy are:
– Hydrogen production.
– Hydrogen transport and storage.
– Fuel Cells.

33. BIOFUELS
• U.S. scientists say they are using nanotechnology to
improve the cellulosic ethanol processes involved in
producing biofuels.
• The nanotechnology processes developed at Louisiana
Tech University can immobilize the expensive enzymes
used to convert cellulose to sugars, allowing them to be
reused several times over and, thus significantly reducing
the overall cost of the process. Savings estimates range
from approximately $32 million for each cellulosic ethanol
plant to a total of $7.5 billion.
• A new type of membrane, developed by scientists of the
University of Twente in The Netherlands, can stand high
temperatures for a long period of time. This ‘molecular
sieve’ is capable of removing water out of e.g. solvents
and biofuels. It is a very energy efficient alternative to
existing techniques like distillation.

34. THERMOELECTRICITY
• Thermoelectricity (TE), also known as the Peltier–
Seebeck effect, refers to the direct conversion of
temperature differences to electric potential or vice
versa.
• Currently, there are two primary areas of research:
– (i) Electricity generation from waste heat.
– (ii) Thermoelectric refrigeration.
• Nanoscaled multilayered bulk materials
manufactured by repeated pressing and rolling of
alternately stacked thin metallic foils in the Cu–Fe
system were synthesized by Shinghu et al. in 2001,
who observed a significant change in
thermoelectricity depending on the layer thickness.
• Recently, Cobalt Antimonide (CoSb3) has been
extensively studied because of its promising properties
for thermoelectric applications.

35. Structure of solar thermoelectric
generators (STEGs) based on bulk
nanostructured materials.
a) STEG cell;
b) Schematic illustration of
thermal concentration;
c) Photograph of a real STEG
device.
Ref: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 13 issue 9 2009 2373–2384, E. Serrano et al.

36. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENERGY
SAVINGS
• Energy savings can be achieved in numerous
ways, such as improving insulation of
residential homes and offices; more efficient
lighting; and using lighter and stronger
materials to build devices which would then
require less energy to operate.
Nanotechnologies can potentially be applied
to all of these energy-saving materials and
technologies.
• Main applications Industrially of Nanotech are:
– Catalysis.
– Advanced materials.
– Insulators and ‘smart’ coatings.

37. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENERGY
DISTRIBUTION
• Replacing current wires with nanoscale
transmission wires, called quantum wires
(QWs) or armchair QWs, could revolutionize the
electrical grid. The electrical conductivity of
QW is higher than that of copper at one-sixth
the weight, and QW is twice as strong as steel.
A grid made up of such transmission wires
would have no line losses or resistance.
• High-temperature superconductors (HTS) (i.e.,
substances that become superconducting near
liquid nitrogen temperatures [about 77 Kelvin
(K)] rather than near liquid helium temperatures
[about4 K]) may be developed.

38. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENERGY
STORAGE
• Nanotechnology can also be applied to
the field of energy storage. Due to the
large surface to volume ratio the
storage capacity increases thereby
reducing the cost.
• Mainly Nanotech in the storage available
is:
– Ultra capacitors.
– Hydrogen Storage.

39. ASSESSMENT, RISKS AND
MANAGEMENT OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY

40. ASSESSMENT
Nanoparticles Uses
Metal oxides
• Silica (SiO2)
• Titania (TiO2)
• Aluminia (AL2O3)
• Iron oxide (Fe3O4, Fe3O3)
• Zirconia (ZrO2)
• zinc dioxide (ZNO2)
• Additives for polymer composites
• UV-A protection
• Solar cells
• Pharmacy /medicine
• Additives for scratch resistance coatings
Fullerenes
• C60
• Mechanical and Tribological applications /
additives to grease
Carbon Nanotubes
• Single-wall carbon nanotubes
• Multiwall carbon nanotubes
• Additives for polymer composites
(mechanical performance, conductivity)
• Electronic field emitters
• Batteries
• Fuel cells
Compound Semiconductors
• CdTe
• GaAs
• Electronic an optical devices
Organic Nanoparticles • Micronized drugs and chemicals

41. RISKS
• Keeping in mind the broad range of
applications of nanotechnologies
outlined in the previous chapters and the
variety of industrial sectors that are
affected, it is self-evident, that the
nanotechnologies will also form a set of
risks.
• The assessment to be made of effects of
manufactured Nano-Particles are on the
Humans and the Environment.

42. EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
• Nanoparticles are acutely toxic when
compared to larger particles composed of
the same material, such as ultra-fine
carbon and diesel exhaust particles
respectively.
• The main effects are:
– Inhalation of nanoparticles.
– Ingestion of nanoparticles.
– Absorption through skin.

43. EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
• Some nanoparticles (such as copper or silver)
have been shown to be harmful to aquatic life.
• Removing nanoparticles from the environment
may also present a significant problem due to
their small size. Particles could conceivably be
absorbed quickly into plants and soil or
transported large distances in the air or
suspended in water.
• Many studies indicate that nanoparticles
generally are more toxic than larger particles of
the same materials
• The biggest concern is that free nanoparticles
or nanotubes could be inhaled, absorbed
through the skin or ingested.

44. Product Examples Potential release and exposure
Cosmetics IV absorbing TiO2 or ZnO2 in
sunscreen
Directly applied to skin and late
washed off. Disposal of containers
Fuel additives Cerium oxide additives in the EU Exhaust emission
Paints and coatings antibacterial silver nanoparticles
coatings and hydrophobic
nanocoatings
Wear and washing releases the
particles or components such as Ag+.
Clothing antibacterial silver nanoparticles
coatings and hydrophobic
nanocoatings
Skin absorption; wear and washing
releases the particles or components
such as Ag+.
Electronics Carbon nanotubes are proposed for
future use in commercial electronics
Disposal can lead to emission
Toys and utensils Sports gear made from
carbon nanotubes
Disposal can lead to emission
Combustion processes Ultrafine particles are the result of
diesel combustion and many other
processes can create nanoscale
particles in large quantities.
Emission with the exhaust
Soil regeneration Nanoparticles are being considered
for soil regeneration (see later in this
chapter)
High local emission and exposure
where it is used.
Nanoparticle production Production often produces by
products that cannot be used (e.g.
not all nanotubes are single wall)
If the production is not suitably
planned, large quantities of
nanoparticles could be emitted
locally in wastewater and exhaust
gasses.

45. RISK MANAGEMENT
• Nanotechnology presents both an
unprecedented challenge and an unparalleled
opportunity for risk management.
• The nanotechnology risk assessment dilemma
is thus aptly summarized by Kristen Kulinowski,
Executive Director of the Center for Biological and
Environmental Nanotechnology: “We are in this
awkward middle territory where we have just
enough information to think there is an issue,
but not enough information to really inform
policymakers about what to do about it”.

46. RISK MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES
• The three most common traditional models
for risk management of hazardous agents
are:
– Acceptable risk.
– Cost-benefit analysis.
– Feasibility (or best available technology).

47. THE PRECAUTIONARY
PRINCIPLE
• Often summarized by the phrase “Better safe
than Sorry.”
• Given the massive uncertainty about
nanotechnology risks, this technology might
appear to be an ideal candidate for
application of the precautionary principle.
• The main disadvantages are:
– It is too poorly defined to serve as a decision
making rule.
– What level of risk is acceptable.

48. REGULATION OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• In 2009, EPA began work on a TSCA
regulation that would be applicable to all
nanoscale materials.
• It would have two components:
– Significant New Use Rule
– Information reporting rule.

49. NANOMATERIAL SIGNIFICANT
NEW USE RULE
• The anticipated SNUR would be applicable to any use of a nanoscale
material. For new uses, the rule would require:
– Importers, manufacturers, and processors to submit a dossier (a “significant
new use notice” or “SNUN”) to EPA detailing how the nanomaterial substance
would be manufactured and used by the proponent and its downstream
customers.
– The SNUN would have to be submitted at least 90 days prior to any new use of
a nanomaterial. EPA would conduct a risk assessment of that use, and could
then choose to ban or restrict the use under an order, or compel testing.
– The user would be obligated to notify EPA before exporting the material, and
required to keep records.
– Based recent EPA SNURs for new nanomaterials, the restriction might tightly
bind the user to a particular use of the material, restrict the user to material
made by a particular manufacturer, and require a submission of a new SNUN
and new 90-day review period if there were any changes.
– The SNUR might also require the user to have its customers enter into a parallel
order with EPA, at least for 12 or 18 months until EPA issued a regulation
imposing those restrictions.

50. NANOMATERIAL INFORMATION
COLLECTION RULE
• Coupled with the nanomaterial SNUR, EPA is also poised to issue a
TSCA section 8(a) information collection rule applicable to all
existing nanoscale materials.
• EPA has great flexibility is determine the extent of the information
to be collected on manufacturing, processing, use and exposure.
• In this case, it appears EPA anticipates very significant information
collection efforts by industry as it estimates each response will
require nearly 160 man hours to complete.
• EPA would use that information to identify existing uses that may
present risks warranting future EPA regulation.
• EPA also would use the information responses to inventory all
existing commercial uses of nanomaterials.
• Any use not identified in the ‘inventory’ presumably would be
deemed to be a “new use” and prohibited unless first notified to
EPA under the nanomaterial SNUR.

51. CURRENT STATUS OF THE
NANOMATERIAL INFORMATION
COLLECTION RULE AND SNUR
• The combined rule has been delayed.
• EPA submitted a draft of the proposed rule to
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
in the White House for review in late 2010, but
it has not yet been returned.
• While such a long review is unusual, EPA
sources confirm that discussions between EPA
and OMB are continuing.

52. REFERENCES
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