1. Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lord Baden Powell)
"Baden Powell" redirects here. For other meanings, see Baden Powell (disambiguation).
"Stephe" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Steph, Stephie, Stephy, or Stephen.
Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell
22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941 (aged 83)
Founder of Scouting
Nickname B-P
Place of birth Paddington, London, England
Place of death Nyeri, Kenya
Service/branch British Army
Years of 1876–1910

2. service
Rank Lieutenant-General
Commands Chief of Staff, Second Matabele
held War(1896–1897)
5th Dragoon Guards in India (1897)
Inspector General of Cavalry, England
(1903)
Battles/wars Anglo-Ashanti Wars,
Second Matabele War,
Siege of Mafeking,
Second Boer War
Other work Founder of the international Scouting
Movement; writer; artist
Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-
Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB (pronounced /ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊ.əl/) (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941), also
known as B-P or Lord Baden-Powell, was a lieutenant-general in the British Army, writer, and founder of
the Scout Movement.
After having been educated at Charterhouse School, Baden-Powell served in the British Army from 1876 until
1910 in India and Africa. In 1899, during the Second Boer War in South Africa, Baden-Powell successfully
defended the town in the Siege of Mafeking. Several of his military books, written
for military reconnaissance and scout training in his African years, were also read by boys. Based on those
earlier books, he wrote Scouting for Boys, published in 1908 by Pearson, for youth readership. During writing,
he tested his ideas through a camping trip on Brownsea Island with the local Boys' Brigade and sons of his
friends that began on 1 August 1907, which is now seen as the beginning of Scouting.
After his marriage to Olave St Clair Soames, Baden-Powell, his sister Agnes Baden-Powell and notably his wife
actively gave guidance to the Scouting Movement and the Girl Guides Movement. Baden-Powell lived his last
years in Nyeri, Kenya, where he died and was buried in 1941.

3. [edit]Early life
Baden-Powell was born as Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell, or more familiarly as Stephe Powell, at 6
Stanhope Street (now 11 Stanhope Terrace), Paddington in London, on 22 February 1857,[7] Part of his name
was taken from his godfather, Robert Stephenson, the railway and civil engineer.[8] His father Reverend Baden
Powell, a Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University, already had four teenage children from the
second of his two previous marriages. On 10 March 1846 at St Luke's Church, Chelsea, Reverend Powell
married Henrietta Grace Smyth (3 September 1824 – 13 October 1914), eldest daughter of Admiral William
Henry Smyth and 28 years his junior. Quickly they hadWarington (early 1847), George (late
1847), Augustus (1849) and Francis (1850). After three further children who died when very young, they had
Stephe, Agnes (1858) and Baden (1860). The three youngest children and the often ill Augustus were close
friends. Reverend Powell died when Stephe was three, and as tribute to his father and to set her own children
apart from their half-siblings and cousins, the mother changed the family name to Baden-Powell. Subsequently,
Stephe was raised by his mother, a strong woman who was determined that her children would succeed.
Baden-Powell would say of her in 1933 "The whole secret of my getting on, lay with my mother."[7][9][10]
After attending Rose Hill School, Tunbridge Wells, during which his favourite brother Augustus died, Stephe
Baden-Powell was awarded a scholarship to Charterhouse, a prestigious public school. His first introduction to
Scouting skills was through stalking and cooking game while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which
were strictly out-of-bounds. He also played the piano and violin, was an ambidextrous artist, and
enjoyed acting. Holidays were spent on yachting or canoeing expeditions with his brothers.[7]
[edit]Military career
In 1876, R.S.S. Baden-Powell, as he styled himself then, joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank
of lieutenant. He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal
province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was Mentioned in Despatches.
During one of his travels, he came across a large string of wooden beads, worn by the Zulu kingDinizulu, which
was later incorporated into the Wood Badge training programme he started after he founded the Scouting
Movement. Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and he was Brevetted Major as Military Secretary
and senior Aide-de-camp of the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry
Augustus Smyth.[7] He was posted in Malta for three years, also working as intelligence officer for
the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence.[7] He frequently travelled disguised as a butterfly
collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings. [11]
Baden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896 to aid the British South Africa Company colonials under siege
in Bulawayo during the Second Matabele War.[12] This was a formative experience for him not only because he

4. had the time of his life commanding reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in Matobo Hills, but because
many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here.[13] It was during this campaign that he first met and
befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who introduced Baden-Powell to the American Old
West and woodcraft (i.e., scoutcraft), and here that he wore his signature Stetson campaign
hat and kerchief for the first time.[7]After Rhodesia, Baden-Powell took part in a successful British invasion
of Ashanti, West Africa in the Fourth Ashanti War, and at the age of 40 was promoted to lead the 5th Dragoon
Guards in 1897 in India.[14] A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of
lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, to help train recruits. Using this and other methods he
was able to train them to think independently, use their initiative, and survive in the wilderness.
Baden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war, Matabele chief Uwini, in 1896, who had
been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered. Uwini was shot by firing squad under Baden-Powell's
instructions. Baden-Powell was cleared by an inquiry, and later claimed he was "released without a stain on my
character".
B-P returned to South Africa prior to the Second Boer War and was engaged in further military actions against
the Zulus. By this time, he had been promoted to be the youngest colonel in the British Army. He was
responsible for the organisation of a force of Legion of Frontiersmen to assist the regular army. While arranging
this, he was trapped in the Siege of Mafeking, and surrounded by a Boer army, at times in excess of 8,000
men. Although wholly outnumbered, the garrison withstood the siege for 217 days. Much of this is attributable
to cunning military deceptions instituted at Baden-Powell's behest as commander of the garrison. Fake
minefields were planted and his soldiers were ordered to simulate avoiding non-existent barbed wire while
moving between trenches.[15] Baden-Powell did most of the reconnaissance work himself.[16] In one instance
noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with
sharpshooters and successfully sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in
a strategic attempt to decapitate the Boer leadership.
Baden-Powell on patriotic postcard in 1900
Contrary views of Baden-Powell's actions during the Siege of Mafeking pointed out that his success in resisting
the Boers was secured at the expense of the lives of the native African soldiers and civilians, including

5. members of his own African garrison. Pakenham stated that Baden-Powell drastically reduced the rations to
the natives' garrison.[17] However, in 2001, after subsequent research, Pakenham decidedly retreated from this
position.[7][18]
During the siege, a cadet corps, consisting of white boys below fighting age, was used to stand guard, carry
messages, assist in hospitals and so on, freeing the men for military service. Although Baden-Powell did not
form this cadet corps himself, and there is no evidence that he took much notice of them during the Siege, he
was sufficiently impressed with both their courage and the equanimity with which they performed their tasks to
use them later as an object lesson in the first chapter of Scouting for Boys. The siege was lifted in the Relief of
Mafeking on 16 May 1900. Promoted to major-general, Baden-Powell became a national hero.[19] After
organising the South African Constabulary, the national police force, he returned to England to take up a post
asInspector General of Cavalry in 1903. In 1907 he was appointed to command a division in the newly-
formed Territorial Force.[20]
In 1910 Lieutenant-General Baden-Powell decided to retire from the Army reputedly on the advice of King
Edward VII, who suggested that he could better serve his country by promoting Scouting.[21][22]
On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Baden-Powell put himself at the disposal of the War Office. No
command, however, was given him, for, as Lord Kitchener said: "he could lay his hand on several competent
divisional generals but could find no one who could carry on the invaluable work of the Boy Scouts." [23] It was
widely rumoured that Baden-Powell was engaged in spying, and intelligence officers took great care
to inculcate the myth.[24]
[edit]Scouting movement
Pronunciation of Baden-Powell
/ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊ.əl/
Man, Nation, Maiden
Please call it Baden.
Further, for Powell
Rhyme it with Noel
—Verse by B-P
On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had
become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations.[25] Following his involvement in
the Boys' Brigade as Brigade Secretary and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from
his friend, William Alexander Smith, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth
readership. In August 1907 he held a camp on Brownsea Island for twenty-two boys from local Boys Brigade
companies and sons of friends of Baden-Powell's from public schools Eton and Harrow to test out the

6. applicability of his ideas. Baden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded
the Woodcraft Indians. Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft
Indians and they met in 1906.[26][27] The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's Scouting for
Boys was published in six instalments in 1908, and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth
bestselling book of the 20th century.[28]
Reviewing the Boy Scouts of Washington D.C. from the portico of the White House: Baden-Powell, President Taft, British
ambassador Bryce (1912)
Boys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement had inadvertently started, first
as a national, and soon an international obsession. The Scouting Movement was to grow up in friendly parallel
relations with the Boys' Brigade. A rally for all Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which
Baden-Powell discovered the first Girl Scouts. The Girl Guide Movement was subsequently founded in 1910
under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell. Baden-Powell's friend, Juliette Gordon Low,
was encouraged by him to bring the Movement to America, where she founded theGirl Scouts of the USA.
In 1920, the 1st World Scout Jamboree took place in Olympia, and Baden-Powell was acclaimed Chief Scout of
the World. Baden-Powell was created aBaronet in the 1921 New Year Honours and Baron Baden-Powell, of
Gilwell, in the County of Essex, on 17 September 1929, Gilwell Park being the International Scout Leader
training centre.[29] After receiving this honour, Baden-Powell mostly styled himself "Baden-Powell of Gilwell".

7. Three Scouting pioneers: Robert Baden-Powell (seated), Ernest T. Seton (left), andDan Beard (right)
In 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree, he received as a present a new 20 horse power Rolls-
Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan.[30] This combination well
served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is
now on display atGilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-
Powell in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007.
Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B-P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are
being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car.[30][31] Baden-Powell also had a positive impact
on improvements in youth education.[32] Under his dedicated command the world Scouting Movement grew. By
1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was in excess of
3.3 million.[33]
At the 5th World Scout Jamboree in 1937, Baden-Powell gave his farewell to Scouting, and retired from public
Scouting life. 22 February, the joint birthday of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, continues to be marked
as Founder's Day by Scouts and Thinking Day by Guides to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief
Scout and Chief Guide of the World.
In his final letter to the Scouts, Baden-Powell wrote:
...I have had a most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too. I believe that God put us in
this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness does not come from being rich, nor merely being
successful in your career, nor by self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and
strong while you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are a man. Nature
study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has made the world for you to enjoy. Be
contented with what you have got and make the best of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the
gloomy one. But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try and leave this
world a little better than you found it and when your turn comes to die, you can die happy in feeling that at any
rate you have not wasted your time but have done your best. 'Be Prepared' in this way, to live happy and to die
happy — stick to your Scout Promise always — even after you have ceased to be a boy — and God help you
to do it.[34]
[edit]Personal life

8. Olave Baden-Powell
In January 1912, Baden-Powell met Olave St Clair Soames, on the ocean liner, Arcadian, heading for New
York to start one of his Scouting World Tours.[35][36] She was 23, while he was 55; they shared the same
birthday, 22 February. They became engaged in September of the same year, causing a media sensation due
to Baden-Powell's fame. To avoid press intrusion, they married in secret on 31 October 1912, at St Peter's
Church in Parkstone.[37] The Scouts of England each donated a penny to buy Baden-Powell a wedding gift, a
car (note that this is not the Rolls-Royce they were presented with in 1929). There is a monument to their
marriage inside St Mary's Church, Brownsea Island.
Baden-Powell and Olave lived in Pax Hill near Bentley, Hampshire from about 1919 until 1939.[38] The Bentley
house was a gift of her father.[39] Directly after he had married, Baden-Powell began to suffer persistent
headaches, which were considered by his doctor to be of psychosomatic origin and treated with dream
analysis.[7]The headaches disappeared upon his moving into a makeshift bedroom set up on his balcony.

9. Baden-Powell with wife and three children, 1917
The Baden-Powells had three children, one son and two daughters, who all acquired the courtesy title of "The
Honourable" in 1929 as children of a baron. The son succeeded his father in 1941 to the Baden-Powell barony
and the title of Baron Baden-Powell.[29]
 Arthur Robert Peter (Peter), later 2nd Baron Baden-Powell (1913–1962). He
married Carine Crause-Boardman in 1936, and had three children: Robert
Crause, later 3rd Baron Baden-Powell; David Michael (Michael), current heir
to the titles, and Wendy.
 Heather (1915–1986), who married John King and had two children: Michael,
who died in the sinking of the SS Heraklion, and Timothy,
 Betty (1917–2004), who married Gervase Charles Robert Clay in 1936 and
had three sons and one daughter: Robin, Crispin, Gillian and Nigel.
Baden-Powell grave
In 1939, he and his wife moved to a cottage he had commissioned in Nyeri, Kenya, near Mount Kenya, where
he had previously been to recuperate. The small one-room house, which he named Paxtu, was located on the
grounds of the Outspan Hotel, owned by Eric Sherbrooke Walker, Baden-Powell's first private secretary and
one of the first Scout inspectors.[7] Walker also owned the Treetops Hotel, approx 17 km out in the Aberdare
Mountains, often visited by Baden-Powell and people of the Happy Valley set. The Paxtu cottage is integrated
into the Outspan Hotel buildings and serves as a small Scouting museum.
Baden-Powell died on 8 January 1941 and is buried in Nyeri, in St. Peter's Cemetery [40] His gravestone bears
a circle with a dot in the centre , which is the trail sign for "Going home", or "I have gone home":[41] When
his wife Olave died, her ashes were sent to Kenya and interred beside her husband. Kenya has declared
Baden-Powell's grave a national monument.[42]
See also: Baden-Powell grave
[edit]Personal beliefs

10. A World War I propaganda poster drawn by Baden-Powell
Jeal argues that Baden-Powell's distrust of communism led to his implicit support, through naïveté, of fascism.
In 1939 Baden-Powell noted in his diary: "Lay up all day. Read Mein Kampf. A wonderful book, with good ideas
on education, health, propaganda, organization etc.-and ideals which Hitler does not practise himself."[7]:550
Baden-Powell admired Benito Mussolini early in the Italian fascist leader's career and some early Scouting
badges had a swastika symbol on them.[43] According to Rosenthal, Baden-Powell used the swastika because
he was a Nazi sympathizer. Jeal, however, argues that Baden-Powell was naïve of the symbol's growing
association with fascism and maintained that his use of the symbol related to its earlier, original meaning of
"good luck" in Sanskrit, for which purpose the symbol had been used for centuries prior to the rise of fascism.
In conflict with the idea that Powell was a Nazi supporter is the fact that Baden-Powell was a target of the Nazi
regime in the Black Book, which listed individuals who were to be arrested during and after an invasion of Great
Britain as part of Operation Sealion. Scouting was regarded as a dangerous spy organization by the Nazis.[44]
[edit]Artist and writer
Baden-Powell made paintings and drawings almost every day of his life. Most have a humorous or informative
character.[7] He published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and
to educate his men.[7]
Baden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller. During his whole life he told 'ripping yarns' to
audiences.[7] After having published Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and
educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders. In his later years, he also wrote
about the Scout Movement and his ideas for its future. He spent the last decade of his life in Africa, and many
of his later books had African themes. Currently, many pages of his field diary, complete with drawings, are on
display at the National Scouting Museum in Irving, Texas.

11. [edit]Awards
Statue of Baden-Powell by Don Potter in front of Baden-Powell House in London
Memorial to Baden-Powell, "Chief Scout of the World", at Westminster Abbey
In 1937 Baden-Powell was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of the most exclusive awards in the British
honours system, and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the
Portuguese Order of Christ,[53] the Grand Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer(1920),[54] the
Commander of the French Légion d'honneur (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the
Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, the
Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix, and the Order of Polonia Restituta.
The Silver Wolf Award worn by Robert Baden-Powell is handed down the line of his successors, with the
current Chief Scout, Bear Grylls wearing this original award.
The Bronze Wolf Award, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by
the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a
unanimous decision of the then International Committee on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf

12. in Stockholm in 1935. He was also the first recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926, the highest award
conferred by the Boy Scouts of America.
In 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree he was awarded by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund with the
"Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB.[55]:113
In 1931 Baden-Powell received the highest award of the First Austrian Republic (Großes Ehrenzeichen der
Republik am Bande) out of the hands of PresidentWilhelm Miklas.[55]:101 Baden-Powell was also one of the first
and few recipients of the Goldene Gemse, the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer
Pfadfinderbund.[56]
In 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham dedicated Mount Baden-Powell[57] in California to his old Scouting
friend from forty years before.[58][59] Today their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the
adjoining peak, Mount Burnham.[60]
Baden-Powell was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on numerous occasions, including 10 separate
nominations in 1928.[61]
As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Peak.

13. Scouting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Scout Movement. For other meanings, see Scout (disambiguation).
Scouting
Country Worldwide
Founded 1907
Founder Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell
Scouting portal
Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of
supporting young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, so that they may play constructive
roles in society.
Scouting began in 1907 when Robert Baden-Powell, Lieutenant General in the British Army, held the first
Scouting encampment at Brownsea Island in England. Baden-Powell wrote the principles of Scouting
in Scouting for Boys (London, 1908), based on his earlier military books, with influence and support
of Frederick Russell Burnham (Chief of Scouts in British Africa), Ernest Thompson Seton of the Woodcraft
Indians, William Alexander Smith of the Boys' Brigade, and his publisher Pearson. During the first half of the
20th century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups each for boys (Cub Scout, Boy
Scout, Rover Scout) and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls (Brownie Guide, Girl
Guide and Girl Scout, Ranger Guide).

14. The movement employs the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical
outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports. Another widely
recognized movement characteristic is the Scout uniform, by intent hiding all differences of social standing in a
country and making for equality, with neckerchiefand campaign hat or comparable headwear. Distinctive
uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well asmerit badges and other patches.
In 2011, Scouting and Guiding together had over 41 million members in 216 countries. The two largest
umbrella organizations are the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), for boys-only and co-
educational organizations, and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS), primarily for
girls-only organizations but also accepting co-educational organizations. The year 2007 marked the centenary
of Scouting world wide, and member organizations planned events to celebrate the occasion.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
o 1.1 Origins
o 1.2 Growth
o 1.3 Influences
2 Movement characteristics
o 2.1 Scout method
o 2.2 Activities
o 2.3 Uniforms and distinctive insignia
3 Age groups and sections
4 Adults and leadership
5 Around the world
o 5.1 Co-educational
o 5.2 Membership
o 5.3 Nonaligned and Scout-like organizations
6 Controversy and conflict
7 In film and the arts
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

15. [edit]History
[edit]Origins
Stone on Brownsea Islandcommemorating the first Scout camp
As a military officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in British India and Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. Since his
youth, he had been fond ofwoodcraft and military scouting, and—as part of their training—showed his men how
to survive in the wilderness. He noticed that it helped the soldiers to develop independence rather than just
blindly follow officers' orders.[1]
In 1896, Baden-Powell was assigned to the Matabeleland region in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) as
Chief of Staff to Gen.Frederick Carrington during the Second Matabele War, and it was here that he first met
and began a life-long friendship with Frederick Russell Burnham, the American born Chief of Scouts for the
British.[2][3] This would become a formative experience for Baden-Powell not only because he had the time of
his life commanding reconnaissance missions into enemy territory, but because many of his later Boy Scout
ideas took hold here.[4] During their joint scouting patrols into the Matobo Hills, Burnham began teaching
Baden-Powellwoodcraft, inspiring him and giving him the plan for both the program and the code of honor of
Scouting for Boys.[5][6] Practiced byfrontiersmen of the American Old West and Indigenous peoples of the
Americas, woodcraft was generally unknown to the British, but well known to the American scout
Burnham.[2] These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called scoutcraft, the fundamentals of
Scouting. Both men recognised that wars in Africa were changing markedly and the British Army needed to
adapt; so during their joint scouting missions, Baden-Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad
training programme in woodcraft for young men, rich in exploration, tracking, fieldcraft, and self-reliance.[7] It
was also during this time in the Matobo Hills that Baden-Powell first started to wear his signature campaign
hat like the one worn by Burnham, and it was here that Baden-Powell acquired his Kudu horn, the Ndebele war

16. instrument he later used every morning at Brownsea Island to wake the first Boy Scouts and to call them
together in training courses.[8][9][10]
Three years later, in South Africa during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town
of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army (the Siege of Mafeking).[11] The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of
youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, which freed the men for military duties and kept the
boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town
(1899–1900), and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting
movement.[12][13][14] Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined compass point and spearhead.
The badge's logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol.[15]
In the United Kingdom, the public followed Baden-Powell's struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers, and
when the siege was broken, he had become a national hero. This rise to fame fueled the sales of a small
instruction book he had written about military scouting, Aids to Scouting.[16]
On his return to England, he noticed that boys showed considerable interest in the book, which was used by
teachers and youth organizations.[17] He was suggested by several to rewrite this book for boys, especially
during an inspection of the Boys' Brigade, a large youth movement drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell
thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be
used.[18] He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting.
A 2007 British fifty pence coin commemorating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Scout Movement
In July 1906, Ernest Thompson Seton sent Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birchbark Roll of the
Woodcraft Indians. Seton, a British-born Canadian living in the United States, met Baden-Powell in October
1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs.[19][20] In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft
called Boy Patrols. In the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds (from
boy's schools in the London area and a section of boys from the Poole, Parkstone, Hamworthy,Bournemouth,
and Winton Boys' Brigade units) and held a week-long camp in August on Brownsea Island in Poole

17. Harbour, Dorset, England.[21] His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of
Scouting training, allowed the boys to organize themselves into small groups with an elected patrol leader. [22]
In the autumn of 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, Arthur
Pearson, to promote his forthcoming book, Scouting for Boys. He had not simply rewritten his Aids to Scouting,
but left out the military aspects and transferred the techniques (mainly survival) to non-military heroes:
backwoodsmen, explorers (and later on, sailors and airmen).[1] He also added innovative educational principles
(the Scout method) by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education. [20]
Scouting for Boys first appeared in England in January 1908 as six fortnightly installments, and was published
in England later in 1908 in book form. The book is now the fourth-bestselling title of all time,[23] and is now
commonly considered the first version of the Boy Scout Handbook.[24]
At the time, Baden-Powell intended that the scheme would be used by established organizations, in particular
the Boys' Brigade, from the founder William A. Smith.[25]However, because of the popularity of his person and
the adventurous outdoor game he wrote about, boys spontaneously formed Scout patrols and flooded Baden-
Powell with requests for assistance. He encouraged them, and the Scouting movement developed momentum.
As the movement grew, Sea Scout, Air Scout, and other specialized units were added to the program.[26][27]
[edit]Growth
Girl Guiding/Scoutingpioneer Olave Baden-Powell
The Boy Scout movement swiftly established itself throughout the British Empire soon after the publication
of Scouting for Boys. The first recognized overseas unit was chartered in Gibraltar in 1908, followed quickly by
a unit in Malta. Canada became the first overseasdominion with a sanctioned Boy Scout program, followed
by Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Chile was the first country outside the British dominions to have a

18. recognized Scouting program. The first Scout rally, held in 1909 at The Crystal Palace in London, attracted
10,000 boys and a number of girls. By
1910, Argentina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Malaya, Mexico,
the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States had Boy Scouts.[28][29]
The program initially focused on boys aged 11 to 18, but as the movement grew, the need became apparent for
leader training and programs for younger boys, older boys, and girls. The first Cub Scout and Rover
Scout programs were in place by the late 1910s. They operated independently until they obtained official
recognition from their home country's Scouting organization. In the United States, attempts at Cub programs
began as early as 1911, but official recognition was not obtained until 1930.[29][30][31]
Girls wanted to become part of the movement almost as soon as it began. Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes
Baden-Powell introduced the Girl Guides in 1910, a parallel movement for girls, sometimes named Girl Scouts.
Agnes Baden-Powell became the first president of the Girl Guides when it was formed in 1910, at the request
of the girls who attended the Crystal Palace Rally. In 1914, she started Rosebuds—later renamed Brownies—
for younger girls. She stepped down as president of the Girl Guides in 1920 in favor of Robert's wife Olave
Baden-Powell, who was named Chief Guide (for England) in 1918 and World Chief Guide in 1930. At that time,
girls were expected to remain separate from boys because of societal standards, though co-educational youth
groups did exist. By the 1990s, two thirds of the Scout organizations belonging to WOSM had become co-
educational.[32]
Baden-Powell could not single-handedly advise all groups who requested his assistance.
Early Scoutmaster training camps were held in London in 1910 and in Yorkshire in 1911. Baden-Powell wanted
the training to be as practical as possible to encourage other adults to take leadership roles, so the Wood
Badge course was developed to recognize adult leadership training. The development of the training was
delayed by World War I, so the first Wood Badge course was not held until 1919.[33] Wood Badge is used by
Boy Scout associations and combined Boy Scout and Girl Guide associations in many countries. Gilwell
Park near London was purchased in 1919 on behalf ofThe Scout Association as an adult training site and
Scouting campsite.[34] Baden-Powell wrote a book, Aids to Scoutmastership, to help Scouting Leaders, and
wrote other handbooks for the use of the new Scouting sections, such as Cub Scouts and Girl Guides. One of
these was Rovering to Success, written for Rover Scouts in 1922. A wide range of leader training exists in
2007, from basic to program-specific, including the Wood Badge training.
[edit]Influences

19. U.S. President Calvin Coolidgegreeting 1500 Boy Scouts making an annual pilgrimage to the Capitol, 1927
Important elements of traditional Scouting have their origins in Baden-Powell's experiences in education and
military training. He was a 50-year-old retired army general when he founded Scouting, and his revolutionary
ideas inspired thousands of young people, from all parts of society, to get involved in activities that most had
never contemplated. Comparable organizations in the English-speaking world are the Boys' Brigade and the
non-militaristic Woodcraft Folk; however, they never matched the development and growth of Scouting.[35]
Aspects of Scouting practice have been criticized as too militaristic.[36] Military-style uniforms, badges of
rank, flagceremonies, and brass bands were commonly accepted in the early years because they were a part
of normal society, but since then have diminished or been abandoned in both Scouting and society.
Australian Scouts attend Scouts' Own, an informal, spiritual Scouting ceremony
Local influences have also been a strong part of Scouting. By adopting and modifying local ideologies,
Scouting has been able to find acceptance in a wide variety of cultures. In the United States, Scouting uses
images drawn from the U.S. frontier experience. This includes not only its selection of animal badges for Cub
Scouts, but the underlying assumption that American native peoples are more closely connected with nature
and therefore have special wilderness survival skills which can be used as part of the training program. By
contrast, British Scouting makes use of imagery drawn from the Indian subcontinent, because that region was a

20. significant focus in the early years of Scouting. Baden-Powell's personal experiences in India led him to
adopt Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as a major influence for the Cub Scouts; for example, the name used
for the Cub Scout leader,Akela (whose name was also appropriated for the Webelos), is that of the leader of
the wolf pack in the book.[37]
The name "Scouting" seems to have been inspired by the important and romantic role played by military scouts
performing reconnaissance in the wars of the time. In fact, Baden-Powell wrote his original military training
book, Aids To Scouting, because he saw the need for the improved training of British military-enlisted scouts,
particularly in initiative, self-reliance, and observational skills. The book's popularity with young boys surprised
him. As he adapted the book as Scouting for Boys, it seems natural that the movement adopted the
names Scouting and Boy Scouts.[38]
"Duty to God" is a principle of Scouting, though it is applied differently in various countries. [39][40] The Boy
Scouts of America (BSA) take a strong position, excludingatheists.[41] The Scout Association in the United
Kingdom permits variations to its Promise, in order to accommodate different religious obligations,[42] but does
not allow for atheists. Scouts Canada defines Duty to God broadly in terms of "adherence to spiritual principles"
and leaves it to the individual member or leader whether they can follow a Scout Promise that includes Duty to
God.[43]
[edit]Movement characteristics
Scouting is taught using the Scout method, which incorporates an informal educational system that emphasizes
practical activities in the outdoors. Programs exist for Scouts ranging in age from 6 to 25 (though age limits
vary slightly by country), and program specifics target Scouts in a manner appropriate to their age.[44][45]
[edit]Scout method
Scouting Statue at the Cockrell Scout Center of the Boy Scouts of America in Houston
Main article: Scout method

21. The Scout method is the principal method by which the Scouting organizations, boy and girl, operate their units.
WOSM describes Scouting as "...a voluntary nonpolitical educational movement for young people open to all
without distinction of origin, race or creed, in accordance with the purpose, principles and method conceived by
the Founder..."[44] It is the goal of Scouting "to contribute to the development of young people in achieving their
full physical, intellectual, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members
of their local, national and international communities."[44]
The principles of Scouting describe a code of behavior for all members, and characterize the movement. The
Scout method is a progressive system designed to achieve these goals, comprising seven
elements: law and promise, learning by doing, team system, symbolic framework, personal progression, nature,
and adult support.[46] While community service is a major element of both the WOSM and WAGGGS programs,
WAGGGS includes it as an extra element of the Scout method: service in the community. [47]
The Scout Law and Promise embody the joint values of the Scouting movement worldwide, and bind all
Scouting associations together. The emphasis on "learning by doing" provides experiences and hands-on
orientation as a practical method of learning and building self-confidence. Small groups build unity,
camaraderie, and a close-knit fraternal atmosphere. These experiences, along with an emphasis on
trustworthiness and personal honor, help to developresponsibility, character, self-reliance, self-confidence,
reliability, and readiness; which eventually lead to collaboration and leadership. A program with a variety of
progressive and attractive activities expands a Scout's horizon and bonds the Scout even more to the group.
Activities and games provide an enjoyable way to develop skills such as dexterity. In an outdoor setting, they
also provide contact with the natural environment.[45]
Since the birth of Scouting in 1907, Scouts worldwide have taken a Scout Promise to live up to ideals of the
movement, and subscribe to the Scout Law. The form of the promise and laws have varied slightly by country
and over time, but must fulfil the requirements of the WOSM to qualify a National Scout Association for
membership.[44]
The Scout Motto, 'Be Prepared', has been used in various languages by millions of Scouts since 1907. Less
well-known is the Scout Slogan, 'Do a good turn daily'.[48]
[edit]Activities

22. Girl Guides in front of aCatholic church in Poland
Sculpture erected in 1982 to commemorate the 1979 Jamboree atPerry Lakes Western Australia and 75 years of
Scouting
Common ways to implement the Scout method include having Scouts spending time together in small groups
with shared experiences, rituals, and activities, and emphasizing good citizenship and decision-making by
young people in an age-appropriate manner. Weekly meetings often take place in local centres known as Scout
dens. Cultivating a love and appreciation of the outdoors and outdoor activities is a key element. Primary
activities include camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports.[49][50]
Camping is most often arranged at the unit level, such as one Scout troop, but there are periodic camps
(known in Australia as "jamborettes" and in the US as "camporees") and "jamborees". Camps occur a few
times a year and may involve several groups from a local area or region camping together for a weekend. The
events usually have a theme, such as pioneering. World Scout Moots are gatherings, originally for Rover
Scouts, but mainly focused on Scout Leaders. Jamborees are large national or international events held every
four years, during which thousands of Scouts camp together for one or two weeks. Activities at these events

23. will include games, scoutcraft competitions, badge, pin or patch trading, aquatics, woodcarving, archery and
activities related to the theme of the event.[51]
In some countries a highlight of the year for Scouts is spending at least a week in the summer engaging in an
outdoor activity. This can be a camping, hiking, sailing, or other trip with the unit, or a summer camp with
broader participation (at the council, state, or provincial level). Scouts attending a summer camp work on merit
badges, advancement, and perfecting scoutcraft skills. Summer camps can operate specialty programs for
older Scouts, such as sailing, backpacking, canoeing and whitewater,caving, and fishing.[52][53]
At an international level Scouting perceives one of its roles as the promotion of international harmony and
peace.[54] Various initiatives are in train towards achieving this aim including the development of activities that
benefit the wider community, challenge prejudice and encourage tolerance of diversity. Such programs include
co-operation with non-scouting organisations including various NGOs, the United Nations and religious
institutions as set out in The Marrakech Charter.[55]
[edit]Uniforms and distinctive insignia
Individual national or other emblems may be found at the individual country's Scouting article.
The R. Tait McKenziesculpture Ideal Scout depicts a Scout in proper uniform
The Scout uniform is a widely recognized characteristic of Scouting. In the words of Baden-Powell at the
1937 World Jamboree, it "hides all differences of social standing in a country and makes for equality; but,
more important still, it covers differences of country and race and creed, and makes all feel that they are
members with one another of the one great brotherhood".[56] The original uniform, still widely recognized,
consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts, and a broad-brimmed campaign hat. Baden-Powell also wore
shorts, because he believed that being dressed like a Scout helped to reduce the age-imposed distance

24. between adult and youth. Uniform shirts are now frequently blue, orange, red or green and shorts are
frequently replaced by long trousers all year or only in winter.
While designed for smartness and equality, the Scout uniform is also practical. Shirts traditionally have
thick seams to make them ideal for use in makeshift stretchers—Scouts were trained to use them in this
way with their staves, a traditional but deprecated item. The leather straps and toggles of the campaign
hats or Leaders' Wood Badges could be used as emergency tourniquets, or anywhere that string was
needed in a hurry. Neckerchiefs were chosen as they could easily be used as a sling or triangular
bandage by a Scout in need. Scouts were encouraged to use their garters for shock cord where
necessary.[56]
Distinctive insignia for all are Scout uniforms, recognized and worn the world over, include the Wood
Badge and the World Membership Badge. Scouting has two internationally known symbols: the trefoil is
used by members of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) and the fleur-de-
lis by member organizations of the WOSM and most other Scouting organizations.[57][58]
The swastika was used as an early symbol by the British Boy Scouts and others. Its earliest use in
Scouting was on the Thanks Badge introduced in 1911.[59] Lord Baden-Powell's 1922 design for the
Medal of Merit added a swastika to the Scout fleur-de-lis to symbolize good luck for the recipient. Like
Rudyard Kipling, he would have come across this symbol in India. In 1934, Scouters requested a change
to the design because of the later use of the swastika by the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei (Nazi Party). A new British Medal of Merit was issued in 1935.[59]
[edit]Age groups and sections
Main article: Age groups in Scouting and Guiding
A group of Hong Kong Cub Scouts

25. Scouting and Guiding movements are generally divided into sections by age or school grade, allowing
activities to be tailored to the maturity of the group's members. These age divisions have varied over time
as they adapt to the local culture and environment.[60]
Scouting was originally developed for adolescents—youths between the ages of 11 and 17. In most
member organizations, this age group composes the Scout or Guide section. Programs were developed
to meet the needs of young children (generally ages 6 to 10) and young adults (originally 18 and older,
and later up to 25). Scouts and Guides were later split into "junior" and "senior" sections in many member
organizations, and some organizations dropped the young adults' section. The exact age ranges for
programs vary by country and association.[61][62][63]
Original age groups as developed by Baden-Powell:
Age range Scouting section Guiding section
7 to 10 Cub Scout Brownie Guide
11 to 17 Boy Scout Girl Guide or Girl Scout
18 and up Rover Scout Ranger Guide
The national programs for younger children include Tiger Cubs, Cub Scouts, Brownies, Daisies, Rainbow
Guides, Beaver Scouts, Joey Scouts, Keas, and Teddies. Programs for post-adolescents and young
adults include the Senior Section,[64] Rover Scouts, Senior Scouts, Venture Scouts, Explorer Scouts, and
the Scout Network. Many organizations also have a program for members with special needs. This is
usually known as Extension Scouting, but sometimes has other names, such asScoutlink. The Scout
Method has been adapted to specific programs such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, Rider Guides and
Scoutingbands .[65]
In many countries, Scouting is organized into neighborhood Scout Groups, or Districts, which contain one
or more sections. Under the umbrella of the Scout Group, sections are divided according to age, each
having their own terminology and leadership structure.[66]
[edit]Adults and leadership

26. Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement
Adults interested in Scouting or Guiding, including former Scouts and Guides, often join organizations
such as the International Scout and Guide Fellowship. In the United States and the Philippines, university
students might join the co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega. In the United Kingdom, university
students might join the Student Scout and Guide Organisation, and after graduation, the Scout and Guide
Graduate Association.
Scout units are usually operated by adult volunteers, such as parents and carers, former Scouts,
students, and community leaders, including teachers and religious leaders. Scout Leadership positions
are often divided into 'uniform' and 'lay' positions. Uniformed leaders have received formal training, such
as the Wood Badge, and have received a warrant for a rank within the organization. Lay members
commonly hold part-time roles such as meeting helpers, committee members and advisors, though there
are a small number of full-time lay professionals.[67]
A unit has uniformed positions—such as the Scoutmaster and assistants—whose titles vary among
countries. In some countries, units are supported by lay members, who range from acting as meeting
helpers to being members of the unit's committee. In some Scout associations, the committee members
may also wear uniforms and be registered Scout leaders.[68]
Above the unit are further uniformed positions, called Commissioners, at levels such as district, county,
council or province, depending on the structure of the national organization. Commissioners work with lay
teams and professionals. Training teams and related functions are often formed at these levels. In the UK
and in other countries, the national Scout organization appoints the Chief Scout, the most senior
uniformed member.[69][70][71]
[edit]Around the world

27. Scouting 'round the world, 1977 edition
Following its foundation in the United Kingdom, Scouting spread around the globe. The first association
outside the UK was opened in Malta, which is independent now but was a British colony at the time. In
most countries of the world, there is now at least one Scouting (or Guiding) organization. Each is
independent, but international cooperation continues to be seen as part of the Scout Movement. In 1922
the WOSM started as the governing body on policy for the national Scouting organizations (then male
only). In addition to being the governing policy body, it organizes the World Scout Jamboree every four
years.[72]
In 1928 the WAGGGS started as the equivalent to WOSM for the then female-only national
Scouting/Guiding organizations. It is also responsible for its four international centres: Our Cabaña in
Mexico, Our Chalet in Switzerland, Pax Lodge in the United Kingdom, andSangam in India.[73]
Today at the international level, the two largest umbrella organizations are:
 World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), for boys-only and co-educational organizations.
 World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS), primarily for girls-only organizations but
also accepting co-educational organizations.
[edit]Co-educational

28. Scouts and Guides from several different countries meet at World Scout Moot in Sweden, 1996
There have been different approaches to co-educational Scouting. Countries such as the United States
have maintained separate Scouting organizations for boys and girls.[74] In other countries, especially
within Europe, Scouting and Guiding have merged, and there is a single organization for boys and girls,
which is a member of both the WOSM and the WAGGGS.[75][76]In others, such as Australia and the United
Kingdom, the national Scout association has opted to admit both boys and girls, but is only a member of
the WOSM, while the national Guide association has remained as a separate movement and member of
the WAGGGS. In some countries like Greece, Slovenia and Spain there are separate associations of
Scouts (members of WOSM) and guides (members of WAGGGS), both admitting boys and girls. [77]
The Scout Association in the United Kingdom has been co-educational at all levels since 1991, but this
has been optional for groups, and currently 52% of groups have at least one female youth member. Since
2000 new sections have been required to accept girls. The Scout Association has decided that all Scout
groups and sections will become co-educational by January 2007, the year of Scouting's centenary.[78]
In the United States, the Cub Scout and Boy Scout programs of the BSA are for boys only; however, for
youths age 14 and older, Venturing is co-educational. The Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) is an
independent organization for girls and young women only. Adult leadership positions in the BSA and
GSUSA are open to both men and women.[79][80]
In 2006, of the 155 WOSM member National Scout Organizations (representing 155 countries), 122
belonged only to WOSM, and 34 belonged to both WOSM and WAGGGS. Of the 122 which belonged
only to WOSM, 95 were open to boys and girls in some or all program sections, and 20 were only for
boys. All 34 that belonged to both WOSM and WAGGGS were open to boys and girls. [81]
WAGGGS had 144 Member Organizations in 2007 and 110 of them belonged only to WAGGGS. Of
these 110, 17 were coeducational and 93 admitted only girls.[82][83][84]
[edit]Membership
As of 2008, there are over 31 million registered Scouts and 10 million registered Guides around the
world, from 216 countries and territories.[85][86]
Top 20 countries with Scouting and Guiding, sorted by total male and female membership of
all organisations.[n.b. 1][32][87][88]
Scouting Guiding
[85][86]
Country Membership introduced introduced

29. Indonesia 17,100,000 1912 1912
United States 7,500,000 1910 1912
India 4,150,000 1909 1911
Philippines 2,150,000 1910 1918
Thailand 1,300,000 1911 1957
Bangladesh 1,050,000 1920 1928
United Kingdom 1,000,000 1907 1909
Pakistan 575,000 1909 1911
Kenya 480,000 1910 1920
Korea 270,000 1922 1946
Germany[n.b. 2] 250,000 1910 1912
Uganda 230,000 1915 1914
Italy[n.b. 3] 220,000 1910 1912
Canada 220,000 1908 1910
Japan 200,000 1913 1919
France[n.b. 4] 200,000 1910 1911
Belgium[n.b. 5] 170,000 1911 1915
Poland[n.b. 6] 160,000 1910 1910
Nigeria 160,000 1915 1919
Hong Kong 160,000 1914 1916
1. ^ Full tables on List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members and List of World
Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members.
2. ^ Including 90,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Germany
3. ^ Including 30,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Italy

30. 4. ^ Including 60,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in France
5. ^ Including 5,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Belgium
6. ^ Including 20,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Poland
[edit]Nonaligned and Scout-like organizations
Main article: Non-aligned Scouting and Scout-like organisations
Girl Guides from the Polish ZHR, an associate member of the CES
Fifteen years passed between the first publication of Scouting for Boys and the creation of the current
largest supranational Scout organization, WOSM, and millions of copies had been sold in dozens of
languages. By that point, Scouting was the purview of the world's youth, and several Scout associations
had already formed in many countries.[89][90]
Alternative groups have formed since the original formation of the Scouting "Boy Patrols". They can be a
result of groups or individuals who maintain that the WOSM and WAGGGS are currently more political
and less youth-based than envisioned by Lord Baden-Powell. They believe that Scouting in general has
moved away from its original intent because of political machinations that happen to longstanding
organizations, and want to return to the earliest, simplest methods.[91][92] Others do not want to follow all
the original ideals of Scouting but still desire to participate in Scout-like activities.[93]
In 2008, there were at least 539 independent Scouting organizations around the world,[83] 367 of them
were a member of either WAGGGS or WOSM. About half of the remaining 172 Scouting organizations
are only local or national orientated. About 90 national or regional Scouting associations have felt the
need to create alternative international Scouting organizations to set standards for Scouting and to
coordinate activities among member associations. Those are served by four international Scouting
organizations:[83]
 Order of World Scouts – the first international Scouting organisation, founded in 1911.
 Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme, established in 1978.

31.  Union Internationale des Guides et Scouts d'Europe, an independent faith-based Scouting
organization founded in 1956.
 World Federation of Independent Scouts, formed in Laubach, Germany, in 1996.
Some Scout-like organizations are also served by international organizations for example:
 Pathfinders
 Royal Rangers
[edit]Controversy and conflict
Main article: Scouting controversy and conflict
Since the inception of Scouting in the early 1900s, the movement has sometimes been entangled in
social controversies such as the civil rights struggle in the American South and in nationalist resistance
movements in India. Scouting was introduced to Africa by British officials as a way to strengthen their
rule, but turned to challenge the legitimacy of the British Empire, as African Scouts used the Scout Law's
principle that a Scout is a brother to all other Scouts to collectively claim full imperial citizenship.[94][95]
More recently, the Scout Movement has been a focus of criticism in the USA for not allowing the
participation of atheists, agnostics, or homosexuals.[96][97] In the United Kingdom the organisation has
been criticised for its insistence on the use of a religious oath.[98]
[edit]In film and the arts
The young, fictional Indiana Jones is portrayed as a Life Scout in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.
Main article: Scouting in popular culture
Scouting has been a facet of culture during most of the 20th century in many countries; numerous films
and artwork focus on the subject.[99] It is especially prevalent in the United States, where Scouting is tied
closely to the ideal of Americana. Movie critic Roger Ebert mentioned the scene in which the young Boy

32. Scout, Indiana Jones, discovers the Cross of Coronado in the movie Indiana Jones and the Last
Crusade, as "when he discovers his life mission."[100]
The works of painters Norman Rockwell, Pierre Joubert and Joseph Csatari and the 1966 film Follow Me,
Boys! are prime examples of this idealized American ethos. Scouting is often dealt with in a humorous
manner, as in the 1989 film Troop Beverly Hills, the 2005 film Down and Derby, and the film Scout
Camp and is often fictionalized so that the audience knows the topic is Scouting without any mention of
Scouting by name. In 1980, Scottish singer and songwriter Gerry Rafferty recorded I was a Boy Scout as
part of his Snakes and Ladders album.[101]
The Boy Scouts of America are quite particular about how and when the Scout uniforms and insignia may
be used in film and other portrayals, however, and for that reason, most films and television productions
made in the U.S. utilize "ersatz" Scouting organizations. Examples of this include the "Order of the
Straight Arrow," portrayed in the King of the Hill cartoon series, and the "Indian Guides" depicted in
the 1995 Chevy Chase film Man of the House. A notable exception to this policy, is the final scene of The
Sopranos television show, where Tony Soprano (apparently about to be murdered) sits down to dinner in
a restaurant. At another table, several Webelos Cub Scouts, in full uniform, are seated.
[edit]See also
 Youth organization
 Youth movement
 Pioneer movement
[edit]References
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[edit]Further reading
 László Nagy, 250 Million Scouts, The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985
 World Organization of the Scout Movement, Scouting 'round the World. Facts and Figures on the
World Scout Movement. 1990 edition. ISBN 2-88052-001-0
 Block, Nelson R.; Proctor, Tammy M. (2009). Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's
First Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.ISBN 1443804509.
 World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau, Trefoil Round the World. 11th ed.
1997. ISBN 0-900827-75-0
[edit]External links
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to: Scouting
 Milestones in World Scouting
 Scouting Milestones - Scouting history site
 World Scouting infopage by Troop 97
 The World Scout Emblem by Pinetree Web
 Scoutwiki - international wiki for Scouting
 The Scouting Pages - All sorts of Scouting Facts

38.  Scouting at the Open Directory Project
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