Mini Project- Communications Link Simulation

Communication Link Simulation Author: University of Hertfordshire Date created: Date revised: 2009 Abstract The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng (Hons) in Digital Communications & Electronics (course number 2ELE0064) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes. The objective of this module is to have built communication links using existing AM modulation, PSK modulation and demodulation blocks, constructed AM modulators and constructed PSK modulators using operational function blocks based on their mathematical expressions, and conducted simulations of the links and modulators, all in Simulink®. Use Matlab®/ Simulink® to design a communication link for AM audio broadcasting. The message signal is a mono audio signal although you may not be able to transmit the full audio frequency range that is normally required for high quality sound. Contents Communication Link Simulation........................................................................................................................1 Day 1. Design and simulation of a communication link using AM....................................................................2 Day 2. Design and simulation of communication links using PSK....................................................................3 Matlab® and Simulink® Assignment.................................................................................................................4 Time and frequency domains of a square wave............................................................................................4 Sampling.......................................................................................................................................................4 Spectrum of a Sampled Signal......................................................................................................................5 Digital filters...................................................................................................................................................5 Credits..............................................................................................................................................................7 In addition to the resources found below there are supporting documents which should be used in combination with this resource. Please see: Mini Projects - Introductory presentation. Mini Projects - E-Log. Mini Projects - Staff & Student Guide. Mini Projects - Standard Grading Criteria. Mini Projects - Reflection. You will also need the ‘Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation’ presentations containing the ‘Channels Signal and Noise’, and the ‘Digital Modulation’ lectures.. © University of Hertfordshire 2009. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License.

Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation Day 1. Design and simulation of a communication link using AM Expected Outcomes for the day: To have built communication links using existing AM modulation and demodulation blocks, constructed AM modulators using operational function blocks based on their mathematical expressions, and conducted simulations of the links and modulators, all in Simulink®. Assessment Criteria: Diagrams of communication links and modulators, simulated/calculated results and performances such as spectra (frequency domain), waveforms (time domain), bandwidth, power and SNR, analysis and discussions of results Detailed Requirements: Use Matlab®/ Simulink® to design a communication link for AM audio broadcasting. The message signal is a mono audio signal although you may not be able to transmit the full audio frequency range that is normally required for high quality sound. The specification for the link is as follows: Required signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the demodulated audio output of the receiver: 40 dB for a 1 kHz message signal at 50% modulation (m = 0.5). *Carrier frequency: 1.35 MHz *Maximum RF bandwidth available 9 kHz *Channel loss = 120 dB *Channel noise power spectral density = -150dBm/Hz Find out the following: What is the highest frequency of the message signal that can be transmitted without exceeding the specified RF bandwidth? For this message frequency, save a time domain plot and a frequency domain plot showing the modulated RF output from the transmitter. How much carrier power is required in order to achieve the required SNR? For this carrier power, how much power is there in each sideband for the m = 0.5? What is the SNR at the demodulated output if the frequency of the message signal is changed to the following frequencies: • 100 Hz • The highest frequency that can be transmitted without exceeding the specified RF bandwidth What is the SNR at the demodulated output if the modulation index m is increased to 1? What happens if m > 1, e.g. if m = 1.1? Compare the demodulated output from the receiver in the time domain and in the frequency domain for m = 1 and m = 1.1 and explain why a modulation index greater than 1 must be avoided in an AM link. Prompts: In order to complete the work required in the above, you will need to • Generate baseband and carrier sinewave signals and AWGN noise • Construct a channel model with constant loss and AWGN noise • Construct an AM modulator with operational function blocks based on time-domain AM expression • Construct a communications link using the built AM modulator, built channel model, and exiting AM demodulator block in Simulink®. Page 2 of 7

Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation Day 2. Design and simulation of communication links using PSK Expected Outcomes for the day: To have built communication links using existing PSK modulation and demodulation blocks, constructed PSK modulators using operational function blocks based on their mathematical expressions, and conducted simulations of both links and modulators, all in Simulink®. Assessment criteria: Signals generated, link and modulator diagrams, simulation results including waveforms, constellations, BER and SNR (or Eb/No), evaluation of results, contrasting between BPSK and QPSK. Key Tasks: • Generate baseband binary signals and carrier sinewave signals and AWGN noise • Simulate and evaluate a communications link using BPSK with existing mod and demod blocks • Simulate and evaluate a communications link using QPSK with existing mod and demod blocks • Construct a BPSK modulator with operational function blocks based on the time-domain BPSK expression, and simulate and evaluate the BPSK modulator. Detailed Requirements for bullet link tasks 2 and 3: 1. You must measure BER against SNR or Eb/No and plot the performance curves according to the data obtained. 2. For the same noise level, in order to achieve a BER of 10-4, what is the signal power ratio of the BPSK and QPSK links? 3. Therefore, comment on BPSK and QPSK in terms of bandwidth efficiency and signal power required. 4. Show waveforms at different points of the link with different SNR (or Eb/No) 5. Show the constellations of the modulators Page 3 of 7

Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation Matlab® and Simulink® Assignment Time and frequency domains of a square wave A square wave signal with unit frequency can be expressed as a summation of sinusoidal signals as shown by the equation 1 1 1 1 square wave = sin(t ) + sin(3t ) + sin(5t ) + sin(7t ) + sin(9t ) + .... 3 5 7 9 Demonstrate the above principle using the Simulink®. Use five sinusoidal signals with the required frequencies and amplitudes to produce an approximation for a square wave signal with 1 rad/sec frequency and amplitude of 1. Plot the resultant signal. Save your work for future reference. To add the five sinusoidal signals, use the sum in the math object. Use the Simulink® to generate a square wave signal with 1 amplitude and 1 rad/sec frequency. Use the power spectral density block to plot the spectrum of the square wave. Sampling Sampling of a signal can be achieved by multiplying the signal by a square wave signal, which has two possible values 0 and 1. The principle of sampling can be illustrated using the Simulink® as shown in the following example. Example: Construct the system shown below. The pulse generator is used to produce the square wave signal. The integrator works as a low pass filter. sampling signal sampled signal filtered original signal signal a) Set the frequency of the sinusoidal signal to 1 rad/sec. Set the frequency of the square wave signal to 10 rad/sec. Note the sampled and filtered signals. b) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 6 rad/sec and record what you noticed. c) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 4 rad/sec and record what you noticed. d) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 3 rad/sec and record what you noticed. e) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 2 rad/sec and record what you noticed. f) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 1 rad/sec and record what you noticed. Page 4 of 7

Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation From this example what you can conclude. Q. The minimum frequency of the square wave in order to sample the sinusoidal signal in the above example correctly is ________ rad/sec. Spectrum of a Sampled Signal Connect the diagram shown below. sampling sampled signal signal original filtered signal signal a) Set the frequency of the sinusoidal signal to 1 rad/sec. Set the frequency of the square wave signal to 10 rad/sec. Notice spectrum of the original signal, the sampled and filtered signals. b) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 6 rad/sec. Notice the spectrum of the original signal, the sampled and filtered signals. c) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 4 rad/sec. Notice the spectrum of the original signal, the sampled and filtered signals. d) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 3 rad/sec. Notice the spectrum of the original signal, the sampled and filtered signals. e) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 2 rad/sec. Notice the spectrum of the original signal, the sampled and filtered signals. f) Reduce the frequency of the square wave signal to 1 rad/sec. Notice the spectrum of the original signal, the sampled and filtered signals. From this example what you can conclude? The minimum frequency of the square wave in order to sample the sinusoidal signal in the above example correctly is ________ rad/sec. Digital filters Digital filters are made up of three basic components: adders, multipliers and delays. The figure below shows a sample averager. Construct this using Matlab®/Simulink® and plot the result. Add a spectral analyser and plot the output. Page 5 of 7

Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation Increase the number of samples averaged as shown below. Plot the results using a scope and then a spectral analyser. What do you conclude? Page 6 of 7

Mini Project- Communication Link Simulation Credits This resource was created by the University of Hertfordshire and released as an open educational resource through the Open Engineering Resources project of the HE Academy Engineering Subject Centre. The Open Engineering Resources project was funded by HEFCE and part of the JISC/HE Academy UKOER programme. © University of Hertfordshire 2009 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. The name of the University of Hertfordshire, UH and the UH logo are the name and registered marks of the University of Hertfordshire. To the fullest extent permitted by law the University of Hertfordshire reserves all its rights in its name and marks which may not be used except with its written permission. The JISC logo is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales Licence. All reproductions must comply with the terms of that licence. The HEA logo is owned by the Higher Education Academy Limited may be freely distributed and copied for educational purposes only, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given to the Higher Education Academy as the copyright holder and original publisher. Screen shots taken from Matlab® and/or Simulink ®, both of which are trade marks of The MathWorks, Inc. Page 7 of 7

Mini Project- Communications Link Simulation

by University of Hertfordshire, School of Electronic Communications and Electrical Engineering

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