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Thomas Malthus
Ms Salma Shaheen
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 – 1834)
• An Essay on the Principle of Population 1798
• Principles of Political Economy 1820
2Thomas Malthus
Population
• Malthus’s theory of population argued that
population grew at a geometric rate while food
output grew at an arithmetic rate and that food
scarcity was, therefore, inevitable.
• In other words, nature imposes firm limits on our
pursuit of a higher standard of living.
3Thomas Malthus
• Malthus argued that, in the absence of
preventive checks on population growth—
these are lifestyle changes that reduce the birth
rate—more painful positive checks—which
raise the death rate—will be imposed by
nature.
Thomas Malthus 4
Principle Of Population
• Population, when unchecked, will double
itself every twenty-five years.
• "...Supposing the present population equal to a
thousand million, the human species would
increase as the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8,16, 32, 64,
128, 256, and subsistence as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9...
Principle Of Population
"In two centuries the population would be to the
means of subsistence as 256 to 9; in three
centuries as 4096 to 13, and in two thousand
years the difference would be almost
incalculable.”
Subsistence Vs. Population
• Please note: By writing this Malthus is not
making a prediction of the future.
• He knows full well that population cannot
grow long beyond the means of subsistence.
• He is simply trying to illustrate to his readers
the unequal powers of growth in population
and food production.
The Core Principles of Malthus
1. Food is necessary for human existence
2. Human population tends to grow faster than the
power in the earth to produce subsistence
3.Effects of these two unequal powers must be kept
equal
4.Population reduction tends to be accomplished
through the “positive” checks of famine, disease,
poverty, and war
Subsistence Vs. Population
The following slide is a graphic illustration of
Malthus’ conception of the unequal strength
of subsistence and population growth
potential.
Growth Potential of
Subsistence Vs. Population
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
SUBSISTENCE POPULATION
TIME 1
TIME 2
TIME 3
TIME 4
TIME 5
TME 7
TIME 6
TIME 7
Food and Population
As the food supply increases, food becomes
cheaper, and more children are brought into
the world.
As there are more mouths to feed, food
becomes more expensive, thus causing more
land to be put under the plow, or greater
investment in fertilizer.
Food and Population
Periods of increase in food productivity,
whether it be because of the application of
technology or the expansion of cultivated
land, have been met with expansions of
population.
Food and Population
Periods of stability in food production, or
contraction in productivity, have been marked
by the same phenomena in population level.
Iron law of wages
• Malthus defined the subsistence wage as a
wage at which the working population does
not change.
• If the wage exceeds the subsistence wage,
population would grow rapidly owing to the
workers’ lack of what Malthus called “moral
restraint”.
• This increase in population would tend to
reduce wages.
14Thomas Malthus
Iron law of wages
• If, on the other hand, the wage falls below the
subsistence wage, population would fall
rapidly owing to hunger.
• This fall in population would tend to increase
wages.
• As a result, wages would in the long run be
equal to the subsistence wage.
15Thomas Malthus
Only moral restraint can help the
workers
• Neither technological progress nor
government generosity would make any
difference to the workers’ standard of living.
– Why?
• According to Malthus, only “moral restraint”
would help.
16Thomas Malthus
Only moral restraint can help the
workers
• Suppose the subsistence wage is currently 2
tons of wheat a year.
– That is, suppose this is the wage at which the
working population stays constant; at any higher
wage the population grows and grows.
– As a result, the workers’ long run wage would be
2 tons of wheat per year.
17Thomas Malthus
• Now suppose that, as a result of moral restraint
exercised by workers, the subsistence wage increases to
3 tons of wheat a year.
– That is, now the working population would grow only if the
wage rose above 3 tons of wheat a year.
• In this case, the long run wage would also rise to 3 tons
of wheat a year.
• In this way, Malthus argued that only “moral restraint”
by workers could improve their standard of living
18
moral restraint won’t work
• Malthus had little faith that preventive checks
(or, "moral restraint") would solve the
population problem.
• He even argued that society might wish to do
whatever it could to hurry along nature's
positive checks.
19Thomas Malthus
• Malthus joined the contemporary policy
debate on the Poor Laws to oppose public
assistance to the poor
• because such assistance would only enlarge
the ranks of the poor and make the eventual
estimate with nature's positive checks all the
more painful.
Thomas Malthus 20
Malthus’s theory of population
• The theory of population used by Malthus had
been proposed earlier by Giovanni Botero and
Richard Cantillon.
• Malthus's theory that agricultural output
would grow at an arithmetic rate even though
the labor force may be growing at a geometric
rate depended on the notion of diminishing
returns in production.
21Thomas Malthus
• Although this notion of diminishing returns
must have been obvious to observant people,
its analytical treatment was provided by
Turgot, who had used diminishing returns to
construct a theory of investment.
Thomas Malthus 22
We are flawed and imperfect
• Malthus may have been rebelling against his
father, Daniel Malthus, who had been
influenced by the writings of William Godwin,
the Marquis de Condorcet and Bishop Paley.
• These writers had argued that human beings
would understand the right way on their
own.
23Thomas Malthus
• Paley, in particular, welcomed the prospect of
a larger population
• Malthus saw this optimism and this belief in
the perfectibility of human society as seriously
misguided.
Thomas Malthus 24
Assessment
• Malthus's theory of population has by and
large been proven wrong.
• Far from running out of food, there have been
astonishing increases in agricultural
productivity in advanced countries.
• However, Malthus was right in the sense that
the problems of overpopulation and famine
have not disappeared entirely.
25Thomas Malthus
theory of market gluts
• Malthus also proposed a theory of market gluts in
which an excess of supply over demand was
regarded as possible.
– Such market gluts are unwelcome because they lead to
unemployment
• Malthus felt that the key to avoiding such gluts lay
in the amount spent by the land-owning class.
• If they spent freely, there would be adequate
demand, gluts would be avoided and
unemployment would be low.
26Thomas Malthus
• One way to ensure this, Malthus argued in his
contribution to the debate on the Corn Laws
that had imposed tariffs on imports of cheap
corn, was to retain those tariffs.
• This would raise the price of British
agricultural produce, raise the incomes of the
landlords, increase their spending and
thereby avoid the occurrence of a market
glut.
Thomas Malthus 27
theory of market gluts
• Elements of this theory were later revived as
the Keynesian theory of the short-run role of
tariffs under fixed exchange rates.
• Classical theory denied the likelihood of
demand being less than supply
• Whether theoretically sound or not, many
economists continue to believe in the real-
world truth of this idea
28Thomas Malthus

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Malthus

  • 2. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 – 1834) • An Essay on the Principle of Population 1798 • Principles of Political Economy 1820 2Thomas Malthus
  • 3. Population • Malthus’s theory of population argued that population grew at a geometric rate while food output grew at an arithmetic rate and that food scarcity was, therefore, inevitable. • In other words, nature imposes firm limits on our pursuit of a higher standard of living. 3Thomas Malthus
  • 4. • Malthus argued that, in the absence of preventive checks on population growth— these are lifestyle changes that reduce the birth rate—more painful positive checks—which raise the death rate—will be imposed by nature. Thomas Malthus 4
  • 5. Principle Of Population • Population, when unchecked, will double itself every twenty-five years. • "...Supposing the present population equal to a thousand million, the human species would increase as the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8,16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and subsistence as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9...
  • 6. Principle Of Population "In two centuries the population would be to the means of subsistence as 256 to 9; in three centuries as 4096 to 13, and in two thousand years the difference would be almost incalculable.”
  • 7. Subsistence Vs. Population • Please note: By writing this Malthus is not making a prediction of the future. • He knows full well that population cannot grow long beyond the means of subsistence. • He is simply trying to illustrate to his readers the unequal powers of growth in population and food production.
  • 8. The Core Principles of Malthus 1. Food is necessary for human existence 2. Human population tends to grow faster than the power in the earth to produce subsistence 3.Effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal 4.Population reduction tends to be accomplished through the “positive” checks of famine, disease, poverty, and war
  • 9. Subsistence Vs. Population The following slide is a graphic illustration of Malthus’ conception of the unequal strength of subsistence and population growth potential.
  • 10. Growth Potential of Subsistence Vs. Population 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 SUBSISTENCE POPULATION TIME 1 TIME 2 TIME 3 TIME 4 TIME 5 TME 7 TIME 6 TIME 7
  • 11. Food and Population As the food supply increases, food becomes cheaper, and more children are brought into the world. As there are more mouths to feed, food becomes more expensive, thus causing more land to be put under the plow, or greater investment in fertilizer.
  • 12. Food and Population Periods of increase in food productivity, whether it be because of the application of technology or the expansion of cultivated land, have been met with expansions of population.
  • 13. Food and Population Periods of stability in food production, or contraction in productivity, have been marked by the same phenomena in population level.
  • 14. Iron law of wages • Malthus defined the subsistence wage as a wage at which the working population does not change. • If the wage exceeds the subsistence wage, population would grow rapidly owing to the workers’ lack of what Malthus called “moral restraint”. • This increase in population would tend to reduce wages. 14Thomas Malthus
  • 15. Iron law of wages • If, on the other hand, the wage falls below the subsistence wage, population would fall rapidly owing to hunger. • This fall in population would tend to increase wages. • As a result, wages would in the long run be equal to the subsistence wage. 15Thomas Malthus
  • 16. Only moral restraint can help the workers • Neither technological progress nor government generosity would make any difference to the workers’ standard of living. – Why? • According to Malthus, only “moral restraint” would help. 16Thomas Malthus
  • 17. Only moral restraint can help the workers • Suppose the subsistence wage is currently 2 tons of wheat a year. – That is, suppose this is the wage at which the working population stays constant; at any higher wage the population grows and grows. – As a result, the workers’ long run wage would be 2 tons of wheat per year. 17Thomas Malthus
  • 18. • Now suppose that, as a result of moral restraint exercised by workers, the subsistence wage increases to 3 tons of wheat a year. – That is, now the working population would grow only if the wage rose above 3 tons of wheat a year. • In this case, the long run wage would also rise to 3 tons of wheat a year. • In this way, Malthus argued that only “moral restraint” by workers could improve their standard of living 18
  • 19. moral restraint won’t work • Malthus had little faith that preventive checks (or, "moral restraint") would solve the population problem. • He even argued that society might wish to do whatever it could to hurry along nature's positive checks. 19Thomas Malthus
  • 20. • Malthus joined the contemporary policy debate on the Poor Laws to oppose public assistance to the poor • because such assistance would only enlarge the ranks of the poor and make the eventual estimate with nature's positive checks all the more painful. Thomas Malthus 20
  • 21. Malthus’s theory of population • The theory of population used by Malthus had been proposed earlier by Giovanni Botero and Richard Cantillon. • Malthus's theory that agricultural output would grow at an arithmetic rate even though the labor force may be growing at a geometric rate depended on the notion of diminishing returns in production. 21Thomas Malthus
  • 22. • Although this notion of diminishing returns must have been obvious to observant people, its analytical treatment was provided by Turgot, who had used diminishing returns to construct a theory of investment. Thomas Malthus 22
  • 23. We are flawed and imperfect • Malthus may have been rebelling against his father, Daniel Malthus, who had been influenced by the writings of William Godwin, the Marquis de Condorcet and Bishop Paley. • These writers had argued that human beings would understand the right way on their own. 23Thomas Malthus
  • 24. • Paley, in particular, welcomed the prospect of a larger population • Malthus saw this optimism and this belief in the perfectibility of human society as seriously misguided. Thomas Malthus 24
  • 25. Assessment • Malthus's theory of population has by and large been proven wrong. • Far from running out of food, there have been astonishing increases in agricultural productivity in advanced countries. • However, Malthus was right in the sense that the problems of overpopulation and famine have not disappeared entirely. 25Thomas Malthus
  • 26. theory of market gluts • Malthus also proposed a theory of market gluts in which an excess of supply over demand was regarded as possible. – Such market gluts are unwelcome because they lead to unemployment • Malthus felt that the key to avoiding such gluts lay in the amount spent by the land-owning class. • If they spent freely, there would be adequate demand, gluts would be avoided and unemployment would be low. 26Thomas Malthus
  • 27. • One way to ensure this, Malthus argued in his contribution to the debate on the Corn Laws that had imposed tariffs on imports of cheap corn, was to retain those tariffs. • This would raise the price of British agricultural produce, raise the incomes of the landlords, increase their spending and thereby avoid the occurrence of a market glut. Thomas Malthus 27
  • 28. theory of market gluts • Elements of this theory were later revived as the Keynesian theory of the short-run role of tariffs under fixed exchange rates. • Classical theory denied the likelihood of demand being less than supply • Whether theoretically sound or not, many economists continue to believe in the real- world truth of this idea 28Thomas Malthus