105996292 electrical-control-automation-studio

Electrical Control
Workshop User’s Guide

 FAMIC Technologies 2000 Inc.
All rights reserved.
User’s Guide for the Automation Studio, Electrical Control workshop.
Document Number: FT-DOC-85103, version 3.0
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction of this manual or software, in whole or in part, is strictly
prohibited without the express written consent of FAMICTechnologies
2000 Inc.
IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corp.
WINDOWS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
PNEUSIM is a registered trademark of FAMIC Inc.
AUTOMATION STUDIO is a registered trademark of FAMIC
Technologies 2000 Inc.

i
Table of Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................................3
About the Electrical Control workshop ....................................................................4
1 Building a First Electrical Control circuit ...........................................................5
1.1 Inserting Components....................................................................................7
1.2 Inserting Links between Components..........................................................11
1.3 Saving the Project........................................................................................12
1.4 Electrical Control circuit Simulation ...........................................................14
2 Component Properties .........................................................................................19
2.1 Electrical Control workshop List of Components........................................19
2.2 Definition of Properties for Electrical Control Components .......................20
3 Electrical Control Exercises ................................................................................25
3.1 Exercise 1 - Circuit with Coils.....................................................................26
3.2 Exercise 2 - Jog Command Control Circuit for a Single-phase
Motor...........................................................................................................31
3.3 Exercise 3 - Stop and go Control Circuit for Single-phase Motors..............33
4 Multi-Workshop Exercises ..................................................................................39
4.1 Exercise 1 - Simple Electropneumatic Circuit.............................................39
4.2 Exercise 2 - Control Circuit of a Drill Press................................................45
4.3 Exercise 3 - Control Circuit of a Metering System......................................51
4.4 Exercise 4 - Control Circuit of a Stamping System .....................................59
A. Technical Specifications.......................................................................................67
A.1 Lines ............................................................................................................67
A.2 Power Sources .............................................................................................71
A.3 Output Components.....................................................................................81
A.4 Contacts.......................................................................................................90

Electrical Control Workshop User's Guide
ii
A.5 Switches...................................................................................................... 95
A.6 Counters.................................................................................................... 103
B. Glossary.............................................................................................................. 107
C. Index ................................................................................................................... 113

3
Introduction
This Electrical Control workshop User's Guide provides the
information required to install and use this workshop with the
Automation Studio Core System. This includes technical specifications
for components, procedures for defining properties, the building and
simulation of a circuit and examples of Electrical Control applications.
Automation Studio is a modular simulation software package composed
of a Core System to which various simulation modules can be plugged
in.
Each module, called a workshop, is a library from which you can draw
components to create different types of circuits - hydraulic, pneumatic,
digital electronic etc. either alone or combined together.
The Core System handles the following functions: editing, simulation,
file and diagram management, printing and display.

4
About the Electrical Control
workshop
The Electrical Control workshop is an optional module of the
Automation Studio application. This workshop allows you to create
Electrical Controls or add Electrical Control components to circuits you
designed using other workshops (Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Digital
Electronics or other workshops).
The Electrical Control library contains components classified in
different categories:
The symbols used comply with two standards:
• American symbols;
• European symbols.
When this workshop is installed, both symbol libraries are added to the
library. They are identified as Electrical Control (US) and Electrical
Control (Europe).
Appendix A on page 67 contains the technical specifications of all the
components included with the Electrical Control workshop.

5
1 Building a First Electrical
Control circuit
This exercise will familiarize you with the software commands. You
will create an Electrical Control circuit by following a step by step
method.

6
Description of the circuit to build
L1 N
Control circuit
NL1
Functional portion of circuit
L1C N
BP-1
BP-1
B1
B1
L1
Led
MOT1
B1
This circuit allows you to control a single-phase motor. When you
activate push button BP-1, it closes toggle switch BP-1 that in turn
activates coil B1. Two NO contacts are associated to this coil. The first
contact closes the supply circuit of single-phase motor MOT1; the
second contact closes the circuit with the LED that indicates the status
of the motor.
List of components
Qty Component Identifier Tagname
1 NO push button BP-1
1 NO toggle switch BP-1
1 Coil B1
2 NO Contact B1
1 Indicator light (LED type) L1
1 Single-phase motor (Power:
500 W, Rotation speed: 1800
turns/min.)
MOT1

Building a First Electrical Control Circuit
7
Qty Component Identifier Tagname
2 L1 power supply (Voltage: 24
V)
L1C, L1P
2 Neutral N
File ELEC00.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory
EXERC of this application.
1.1 Inserting Components
Follow these steps to construct this circuit:
1. Start the software.
2. Create a new project.
3. Create a new diagram.
4. Maximize the diagram window.
Power Supply - L1C
1. Open the library.
2. From the library’s toolbar, click on the Electrical Control (US) or
(Europe) workshop button.
or
Double-click on the Electrical Control (US) or Electrical Control
(Europe) workshop labels.
3. Click on the Power Sources category and on the Power Supply L1.
The Power Supply L1 appears at the bottom of the library.

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Figure 1-1 : L1 power supply US symbol
3. Click on the diagram to insert the power supply.
4. In order to display its Properties dialog box, choose the Properties
command from the Edit menu.
or
Click on the Properties button on the Edit toolbar.
or
Double-click on the component.
or
Press ALT+ENTER.
The Properties dialog box for the power supply appears.

9
5. Click on the Catalog tab.
6. In the Identifier field, type in L1C.
7. Click on OK.
Power Supply – L1P
1. Select the power supply L1.
2. Choose the Copy command, then choose the Paste command from
the Edit menu.
or
Click on the Copy, then the Paste buttons on the Edit toolbar.
or
Type CTRL+R to re-insert the last component.
A second power supply appears.
3. Display its dialog box and type L1P in the Item Identifier field of
the Catalog tab.
4. Click on OK.
Pushbutton – BP-1
1. From the Switches category, select and insert the Pushbutton NO..
Figure 1-2 : NO push button US symbol
2. Open its Properties dialog box.
3. In the Tagname field of the Simulation tab, type in BP-1.
4. Click on OK.
NO Toggle Switch – BP-1
1. From the Switches category, select and insert the Toggle Switch
NO.1.

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Figure 1-3 : NO toggle switch US symbol
2. Open its Properties dialog box
3. In the Tagname field of the Simulation tab, type in BP-1.
or
Select BP-1 from the dropdown list.
4. Click on OK.
Two components that have the same tagname will have the same
behavior. If one of them changes state, the other will change state too.
See chapter 2 Component Properties on page 19 for more information.
NO Contact – B1
1. In the Contacts category, select and insert Contact NO.
Figure.1-4 : NO contact US symbol
2. Open its Properties dialog box.
3. In the Tagname field of the Simulation tab, type in B1.
4. Click on OK.
Duplicating Contact – B1
The Duplicate command allows you to copy an element without having
to use the Clipboard.
1. Select previously inserted contact B1 by placing the mouse pointer
on it and clicking on the left mouse button.
2. Choose the Duplicate command from the Edit menu.
3. Insert the duplicated contact by clicking on the diagram..
4. Select the newly inserted B1 contact.

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5. Choose the Rotate Left 90° command from the Layout menu.
or
Click on the Rotate counterclockwise 90° button on the Drawing
toolbar.
The component will display with a 90° rotation to the left.
Remaining components
Insert the remaining components from the table on page 6 to complete
the circuit making sure the tagnames and identifiers are entered
correctly.
1.2 Inserting Links between Components
To simplify the insertion of links between components, displaying
connections is very useful. Connections are small circles around the
connection points of components and links. These circles change color
when the connection is properly done. This function is accessible when
you activate the Connections command from the View menu. (For more
information about this command, see the Core System User’s Guide.)
You will now link the components with lines.
Linking Components of the Control Portion
1. In the Lines category of the Electrical Control (US) workshop,
select the Electric wire component.
The mouse pointer takes the shape shown on the left.
2. Move the mouse over a connector.
The mouse pointer turns black.
3. Click and release the left mouse button.
4. Move the cursor to another connector.

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5. Click and release the left mouse button.
The link is now established-B1.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for each of the remaining connections.
6. To stop linking components, click the right button of the mouse.
The mouse pointer reverts to its original shape.
Verify Connections
At all times, you can verify the links to see if the connections are made
correctly.
For any given diagram, the Verify Connections command from the
Tools menu will give you the number of free connections for lines and
components.
If components are not properly connected, they will be displayed with a
different color from the others, allowing you to easily identify them.
(For more details, see section Inserting Links in the Core System User’s
Guide.)
1.3 Saving the Project
1. Choose the Save command from the File menu.
The first time you save a project, the Save as dialog box appears.

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Figure 1-5 : Save As dialog box
2. Select the drive and directory you want the project to be saved in
by choosing them in the Drives and Directories fields.
The path you choose is displayed above the lists.
3. In the File Name field, type the name of the project in front of the
default .PRO extension.
Automation Studio generates files with the .PRO extension.
4. Click on OK.
The complete path and the name of the file identify the project.

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1.4 Electrical Control circuit Simulation
1.4.1 Project Simulation
To simulate your first project:
1. Choose the Start Project command from the Simulation menu
or
Click on the Simulate button on the Simulation toolbar.
The Simulation mode is activated.
The elements of the diagrams will take on the simulation colors. (You
can find a list of the simulation colors assigned by default to Electrical
Control components, see section 1.4.3 Display Colors of Components
and Links on page 16.)
2. To activate the circuit, point and click on push button BP-1 of the
control portion of the circuit.
To observe the simulation process for each computation cycle:
3. Choose the Step by Step command from the Simulation menu. A
check next to the command indicates that this speed is now in
effect.
or
Click on the Step by Step button on the Simulation toolbar.
The simulation will advance a step at a time (one cycle) at each
click of the left mouse button. At each cycle, a computation is done
to determine the new status of the components.
4. Click on push button BP-1 and release the mouse button.
The first computation cycle is done.
5. Move the pointer anywhere on the diagram and click again to
perform the second cycle of computation, and the third etc.

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1.4.2 User Modifications
When simulating an Electrical Control circuit, you may modify the
status of a component by activating it with the mouse.
You can activate the following Electrical Control components:
• NO and NC toggle switches;
• NO and NC push buttons.
To activate these components when in the Simulation mode:
1. Place the pointer on the component.
The pointer takes the shape of a hand. The hand indicates that you
may intervene during simulation.
Figure 1-6 : Example demonstrating the position
of the pointer when activating a push button
2. Click on the component as indicated in part 1 of the above figure.
The Simulation mode will allow the component to respond to the
cursor action as indicated in part 2 of the above figure.
Depending on which component is activated, you may have to hold
down the mouse button on the command if you wish to maintain
the status of the component.
3. Release the mouse button and the component will regain its initial
status as in part 1.

16
Description of the Control Portion
When push button BP-1 is activated, toggle switch BP-1 closes and coil
B1 is activated. When coil B1 is activated, it closes NO contact B1 that
supplies indicator light L1 that then lights up.
Description of the Functional Portion
When push button BP-1 of the control portion of the circuit is activated,
toggle switch BP-1 closes and coil B1 is activated. When coil B1 is
activated, it closes both NO contact B1, the one in the control portion
and the one in the functional portion. Since contact B1 of the functional
portion is closed, the single-phase motor is supplied by L1P and starts
running.
1.4.3 Display Colors of Components and Links
The color changes that components and links undergo during simulation
will allow you to identify changes in their status, and animate the
simulation.
To modify the colors or the configuration parameters of the software:
1. Choose the Configuration command from the File menu.
The Configuration dialog box appears.
2. Choose the Electrical Control (US) tab.
The Electrical Control (US) tab from the Configuration dialog box
appears.

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Figure 1-7 : Electrical Control (US) tab from the
Configuration dialog box
3. Modify, according to your preferences, the simulation colors
offered in the Electrical Control (US) tab of the Configuration
dialog box.
Automation Studio immediately modifies the configuration parameters
according to your specifications with the exception of the selected
Language of the General tab. This modification will be enabled the next
time you start Automation Studio.

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2 Component Properties
This chapter covers the following sections:
• the Electrical Control workshop list of components;
• the simulation parameters for Electrical Control components;
• the dialog boxes allowing the modifications of properties for
Electrical Control components.
2.1 Electrical Control workshop List of
Components
The Diagram Editor contains a Library window that groups all the
components of active workshops from the Automation Studio software.
An active workshop is an installed workshop appearing in the Diagram
Editor Library. (For more information on installing or uninstalling a
workshop, see the Core System User’s Guide.)
American and European Symbols
The Electrical Control library contains component categories based on
two different symbol libraries:
• American symbols (Electrical Control (US));
• European symbols (Electrical Control (Europe)).
These two library groups contain exactly the same components,
distributed in the same categories, with the same names and properties.
Only the symbols used in the diagrams differ.

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List of Components
Appendix A on page 67 contains all the technical specifications for the
components, their symbols (US and European), and the definition of
their properties and complementary information.
2.2 Definition of Properties for Electrical
Control Components
When inserting an Electrical Control component in a diagram, the
dialog box for properties usually appears automatically. If it is not the
case, you may access the Properties dialog box by double clicking on
the component pressing ALT+ENTER
The following sections describe each of the dialog boxes. Appendix A
on page 67 contains technical specifications explaining the different
properties for each of the components.
2.2.1 Standard Dialog Box
The Standard dialog box is the most frequently used dialog box for
Electrical Control components. The following figure shows a standard
dialog box. The Title bar display the name of the selected components.

Component Properties
21
Figure 2-1 : Standard dialog box
This button allows you to access the External tools list and to execute
any of those tools. See the Core system User’s Guide for more
information.
This button is only activated when the Catalog tab is selected. It allows
you to add user-defined fields to a component. This is useful when
creating a bill of materials.
Some components allow you to enter the same tagname to two or more
components in order to bind their behavior. To do so, you can select
that particular tagname in the Tagname list. This is the case for the
following components:
• Coil;
• Contacts;
• Solenoid;
• Jump-to label (input);
• Jump-to label (output).

22
The Suffix field allows a subscript to be added to the Tagname to better
differentiate between two jump-to labels.
You can add a suffix to the tagname of a component. For example, if
you type in –1 as a suffix for coil U2, its complete tagname will become
U2-1.
Example
COIL1 COIL1-1 COIL1-2
Figure 2-2 : Labeling coils and contacts
The above figure contains a coil (COIL 1), a NO contact (COIL 1-1)
and a NC contact (COIL 1-2). When the coil was inserted in the
diagram, tagname COIL 1 was given to the coil. When the coil is
activated, it has to activate two contacts, one NO and one NC contact.
For the coil to be able to do this task, both contacts need to have the
same tagname as the coil, (COIL 1). The Suffix field allows you to add
a subscript to the tagname to better differentiate the two contacts (-1
and –2 in this example).
To label components with the Tagname and Suffix, follow this
procedure:
1. In the Output Components category of the Electrical Control (US)
workshop, click on Coil.
2. In the diagram, drag the component to the position where you wish
to insert the coil and click.
The Properties dialog box for the coil appears.
3. In the Tagname field, type in COIL 1.
4. Click on OK.
The tagname is displayed in the diagram.
5. In the Contacts category, click on Contact NO.

Component Properties
23
6. In the diagram, drag the component to the position where you wish
to insert the contact and click.
The Properties dialog box for the contact appears.
7. Click on the arrow on the right of the Tagname field. A scroll list
will open showing the coil tagnames already in place.
8. In the list, click on COIL 1.
The selected tagname appears in the Tagname field.
9. In the Suffix field, type in –1.
10. Click on OK.
The tagname and the suffix appear in the diagram near the contact.
11. For other contacts associated with coil COIL 1, repeat steps 6 to 11
by modifying the suffix according to your numbering system.
The insertion order of contacts and the coil can be inverted.
The following figure gives an example of a Standard dialog box for a
component that has other parameter than Tagname simulation
parameter. The Title bars display the name of the selected components.
Figure 2-3: Standard dialog box with other fields

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2.2.2 Specialized Dialog Boxes
Electric Wire Dialog Box
Figure 2-4 : Electric Wire dialog box
The Color field of this dialog box allows the modification of the color
of the component during simulation. The Style and Width fields modify
the lines according to your selection. To modify these properties, click
on the arrows on the right of the fields and click on the chosen option.

25
3 Electrical Control Exercises
This chapter contains various exercises allowing you to edit and
simulate Electrical Control circuits.
This chapter contains the following three exercises:
1. A circuits with coils.
2. A jog command control circuit for a single-phase motor.
3. A stop and go control circuit for single-phase motors.

26
3.1 Exercise 1 - Circuit with Coils
These three examples will familiarize you with how a coil, a coil latch
and a coil unlatch work. Three simple Electrical Control circuits are
proposed:
1 – Circuit with a coil
This first example illustrates the use of a coil in a simple Electrical
Control circuit. It also gives a better understanding an electrical relays
functioning.
NL1
B1 L1
LED
B1BP-1
BP-1
NL1C
List of components
Qty Component Identifier Tagnames
1 NO switch BP-1
1 Coil B1
1 NO contact B1
1 Indicator light (Type : LED) L1
1 L1 power supply (24 V) L1C

Electrical Control Exercises
27
1 Neutral N
With the components from the Electrical Control library, build the
illustrated circuit.
Once the circuit is completed, you can go to the Simulation mode to
verify that it works correctly.
Push button BP-1 is associated with the switch having the same
tagname. Furthermore, coil B1 is associated with the contact having the
same tagname. When push button BP-1 is pushed, switch BP-1 closes
which allows the activation of coil B1. NO contact B1, which is
associated to coil B1 closes, which allows the activation of indicator
light L1.
Indicator light L1 stays lit as long as push button BP-1 is held down.
Once push button BP-1 is released, coil B1 is no longer activated since
switch BP-1 opens. Consequently, contact B1 also opens and the
indicator light, which is no longer activated closes.
File ELEC02A.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory
EXERC.

28
2 – Circuit with a coil latch
This second example allows you to create an Electrical Control circuit
that shows how a coil latch works. This example is identical to the
previous example except for the type of coil used.
NL1
B1 L1
BP-1
BP-1
NL1C
B1
List of components
1 NO switch BP-1
1 Coil latch B1
1 NO contact B1
1 Indicator light (Type : LED) L1
1 Neutral N

29
Activating push button BP-1 closes the switch having the same
tagname. This activates coil latch B1 which closes contact B1. Since
the indicator light L1 is now activated, it lights up.
Releasing push button BP-1 opens the associated switch (same
tagname). The coil latch is no longer activated but NO contact B1 stays
closed and the indicator light L1 stays lit.
File ELEC02B.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory
3 – Circuit with a coil latch and a coil unlatch
This third example allows you to create an Electrical Control circuit
with a coil latch and a coil unlatch that both control the indicator light
L1.
NL1
BP-2
BP-2
B1
B1 L1
BP-1
BP-1
NL1C
B1

30
List of components
2 NO push button BP-1 and BP-2
2 NO switch BP-1 and BP-2
1 Coil latch B1
1 Coil unlatch B1
1 NO contact B1
1 Indicator light (Type
: LED)
L1
1 Neutral N
As in the preceding example, activating push button BP-1 lights up
indicator light L1. It stays lit even after push button BP-1 has been
released. In this circuit, push button BP-2 allows the closing of the
indicator light.
Activating push button BP-2 closes its associated switch (with the same
tagname). Coil unlatch B1 is then activated and opens NO contact B1.
Since the indicator light L1 is no longer activated, it closes.
File ELEC02C.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory

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3.2 Exercise 2 - Jog Command Control
Circuit for a Single-phase Motor
This exercise allows you to create an Electrical Control circuit with a
jog command control for a single-phase motor. This command is used
to make a motor turn step by step so that it is possible to precisely set
the position of an element. For example, this command is used to set the
position of a machine tool carriage. This command allows the start-up
and stop of a motor with a simple push button activation.
Furthermore, this circuit has an automatic control that gives an
alternative to the use of activated and deactivated coils to start and stop
a motor.
L1
L1 N
N
BP-1 BP-2 BP-3
F1
10 Amp.
L1C
L1P N
N
BP-2BP-1
BP-3
M
CTR
CTR/1
CTR/2
MOT
M
List of components
3 NO push button BP-1, BP-2 and BP-3
1 NC switch BP-1
2 NO switch BP-2 and BP-3
2 Coil M and CTR

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1 L1 power supply
(120 Volts)
L1P
3 NO contact M
CTR (Suffix
/1)
CTR (Suffix
/2)
1 Fuse (Max.
Intensity 10 A)
F1
1 L1 power supply
(24 Volts)
L1C
2 Neutral N
1 Single-phase
motor
(Power: 500 W,
Rotation
speed: 1800 rpm)
MOT
This circuit allows the activation of single-phase motor (MOT) in
automatic or jog command mode.
The jog command mode is available when using push button BP-2.
In that mode, activating push button BP-2 closes the associated switch
(with the same tagname). Coil M is then activated and closes contact M.
Single-phase motor MOT is activated and starts running.
Releasing push button BP-2 opens the associated switch. Coil M is no
longer activated which opens contact M. Motor M is no longer
activated, so it stops running.
Activating push button BP-3 closes the associated switch. Coil CTR is

33
activated so it closes contacts CTR/1 and CTR/2. Contact CTR/1
activates coil M which then closes contact M. The motor is then
activated and starts turning. Contact CTR/2 controls coil CTR, so this
coil stays activated even if push button BP-3 is released. The only way
to stop the motor is by using push button BP-1. Switch BP-1, by
opening, opens the circuit deactivating coil CTR. Contacts CTR/1 and
CTR/2 will then open. Coil M is no longer activated which opens
contact M and the motor stops turning.
File ELEC03.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory
3.3 Exercise 3 - Stop and go Control
Circuit for Single-phase Motors
This third exercise has two circuits that allow the control of the start
and stop of two single-phase motors, in sequence. This type of control
circuit can be used in the installation of a conveyer bank.
1 – Start Circuit
This first example shows how to start two single-phase motors, MOT1
and MOT2, in sequence. The delay between the two starts is set with a
contact with off delay.

34
L1 N
N NL1 L1
L1C N
N NL1P L1P
BP-1 BP-2
BP-2BP-1
M1-1
M1-2 M2
TR
M1
TR
M2
MOT1 MOT2
F1
10 Amp.
F2
10 Amp.
List of components
2 NO push button BP-1 and
BP-2
1 NC switch BP-1
1 NO switch BP-2
3 Coil M1, M2 and
TR
3 NO contact M1 (Suffix –
1)
M1 (Suffix –
2)
M2
1 NO contact with off delay
(Preset: 10 cycles)
TR
2 Single-phase motor
(Power: 500 W,
Rotation speed: 3600 rpm)
MOT1 and
MOT2

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2 Fuse (Max. Intensity 10 A) F1, F2
2 L1 power supply (120 V) L1P
3 Neutral N
Activating push button BP-2 closes the associated switch (with the
same tagname). Coils M1 and TR are then activated and close contacts
M1-1, M1-2 and TR. Contact M1-1 allows the activation of the coils
even if push button BP-2 is deactivated. Contact M1-2 allows the
activation of motor MOT1, which will then start running. Contact TR is
a contact with off delay, so it closes 10 simulation cycles after coil TR
has been activated. Once closed, it allows the activation of coil M2
which closes contact M2. Motor MOT2 is activated and starts
running.
Stopping both motors is done simultaneously. It is done by activating
push button BP-1 that opens the associated switch. Coils M1 and TR
are no longer activated and contacts M1-1, M1-2, M2 and TR open
which causes motors MOT1 and MOT2 to stop.
File ELEC04A.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory

36
2 – Stop Circuit
This second example shows how to stop two single-phase motors,
MOT1 and MOT2, in sequence. The delay between the two shut off is
set with a contact with on delay (this contact is the only different
component between this circuit and the preceding one).
L1L1 NN
NL1
F2
10 Amp.
F1
10 Amp.
MOT2MOT1
M2
TR
M1
M2M1-2
M1-1
BP-1 BP-2
BP-2BP-1
L1PL1P NN
NL1C
TR
List of components
2 NO push button BP-1 and BP-2
1 NC switch BP-1
1 NO switch BP-2
3 Coil M1, M2 and TR
3 NO contact M1 (Suffix –1)
M1 (Suffix –2)
M2
1 NO contact with on
delay
(Preset: 10 cycles)
TR

37
2 Single-phase motor
(Power: 500 W,
Rotation
speed: 3600 rpm)
MOT1 and
MOT2
2 Fuse (Max.
Intensity 10 A)
F1, F2
1 L1 power supply
(24 V)
L1C
2 L1 power supply
(120 V)
L1P
3 Neutral N
Activating push button BP-2 closes the associated switch (with the
same tagname). Coils M1 and TR are then activated and close contacts
M1-1, M1-2, and TR. Contact M1-1 activates the coils even if push
button BP-2 is released. Contact M1-2 activates motor MOT1 who
starts running. Contact TR activates coil M2 which closes contact M2.
Motor MOT2 is activated and starts running.
Activating push button BP-1 opens the associated switch (with the same
tagname). Coils M1 and TR are no longer activated which opens
contacts M1-1, M1-2 and TR. Motor MOT1 is no longer activated and
stops. Contact TR is a contact with on delay, so it opens only 10
simulation cycles after the contact has been activated. Once open, coil
M2 is no longer activated which opens contact M2 and consequently
stops motor MOT2.
File ELEC04B.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory

39
4 Multi-Workshop Exercises
This chapter contains four exercises allowing you to build and simulate
more complex electropneumatic circuits. These exercises are circuits
built with components from two Automation Studio workshops, the
Pneumatic workshop and the Electrical Control workshop.
4.1 Exercise 1 - Simple Electropneumatic
Circuit
This simple electropneumatic circuit shows how an electropneumatic
control circuit works and how you can go from a SFC to an Electrical
Control.
Description of the functional portion
The functional portion of this exercise circuit is composed of a
pneumatic cylinder (A) and a double solenoid 5/2 (12) directional
valve.
PROX-A1PROX-A0
EXT-A RET-A
A

40
List of Pneumatic components
Qty Component Properties
1 Double-acting cylinder Identifier: A
Opposing force: 100
Rod diameter: 0,5
Piston diameter: 2
Stroke length: 8
1 5/2 (12) directional valve Left command:
Solenoid: EXT-A
Right command:
Solenoid: RET-A
2 Proximity sensor Tagname : PROX-A0 and
PROX-A1
2 Exhaust
1 Pneumatic pressure source
The properties not mentioned in the list must keep their default values.
SFC
The working cycle is composed of the extension and retraction of
cylinder A's rod.

Multi-Workshop Exercises
41
1
1 START
2
2 PROX-A1
3
3 PROX-A0
A+
A-
Going from SFC to an Electrical Control
Converting a SFC to an Electrical Control is done with Boolean
equations. Each step in the SFC has to be converted into a Boolean
equation. The Boolean equation has the following form.
Note that for the following equations, steps are represented by the letter
E and transitions by the letter R. Also, the initial step of a SFC is step
number zero.
E E R E En n n n n= +− • − • +( )1 1 1
In this equation, En is the active step, En-1 the preceding step and En+1
the following step. Rn-1 is the transition between steps En-1 and En.
The SFC of this automatism has two steps (E1 and E2) and an initial
step (E0). The Boolean equations of each of these steps are the
following:
E E PROX A E E0 2 0 0 1= − +• •( )
E E START E E1 0 1 2= +• •( )
E E PROX A E E2 1 1 2 0= − +• •( )

42
E0, the initial step also has to take into account the initial conditions of
the control circuit, i.e. when the circuit is put under voltage. Under
these conditions, all steps of the SFC have to be deactivated. That is
why coil INIT is used. It will only be activated if all steps are not
activated when the circuit is under voltage. Once coil INIT is activated,
contact INIT closes and initial step E0 is activated. The activation
equation of step E0 then becomes the following.
E E PROX A E INIT E0 2 0 0 1= − + +• •( )
Control circuit
From the Boolean equations already established, it is now possible to
trace the control circuit into an Electrical Control. The figures
following the list of Electrical Control components show the control
circuits in American and European symbols.
List of Electrical Control components
4 Coil INIT, E0, E1
and E2
1 NO switch BP-1
2 NO proximity
switch
PROX-A0 and
PROX-A1
9 NO contact INIT
E0 (for two)
E1 (for three)
E2 (for three)
6 NC contact E0 (for two)
E1 (for two)
E2 (for two)
2 Solenoid EXT-A and RET-
A

43
1 L1 power supply
(120 V)
L1P
1 L1 power supply (24
V)
L1C
2 Neutral N (for two)
L1 N
NL1
BP-1
L1P N
RET-A
EXT-AE1
E2
E2
E1
E0
INIT
BP-1
PROX-A1
PROX-A0
E0
E2
E1
E2
E1
E0
E0
INIT
E1E2
E2E1E0
NL1C
Control circuits
(American symbols)

44
L1
N
N
L1
E1 E2
L1P
N
RET-AEXT-A
E2E1E0INIT
PROX-A0
PROX-A1
BP-1
BP-1
E2 E0
E2
E1E1E0
E1
INITE0E2
E2
E1
E0
N
L1C
Control circuits
(European symbols)
Description of the control portion
The first line of this control circuit allows the initialization of the circuit
when it is put under voltage for the first time.
Activating coil INIT closes contact INIT and initial step E0 becomes
active. It is also possible to activate step E0 by activating proximity
switch PROX-A0 when step 2 is active.
When push button BP-1 is activated, switch BP-1 closes and step 1
becomes active. Solenoid EXT-A is then put under voltage and controls
the extension of cylinders A's rod.
Steps 2 becomes active when step 1 is active and proximity switch
PROX-A1 is activated. At that time, solenoid RET-A is put under
voltage and controls the retraction of cylinder A's rod.
File IELPN01.PRO containing this exercise is available in Directory

45
4.2 Exercise 2 - Control Circuit of a Drill
Press
The drill press is composed of a horizontal cylinder (cylinder A). This
cylinder is used to hold in place the piece to drill. A second cylinder,
(cylinder B) is used to drill the piece. When you start the circuit,
cylinder A's rod extends. Then cylinder B's rod extends then retracts.
The cycle finishes when cylinder A's rod retracts to its initial position.
Each cylinder is controlled by a 5/2 (12) directional valve controlled on
both sides by solenoids. Two mechanical position sensors, A0 and A1
detect cylinder A’s rod movement. Two proximity sensors, PROX-B0
and PROX-B1 detect cylinder B’s rod movement.
PROX-B1PROX-BO
A1A0
EXT-B RET-BEXT-A RET-A
BA

46
2 Double-acting cylinder Identifier : A
Opposing force: 0
Return friction: 10
Extend friction: 10
Rod diameter: 1
Piston diameter: 3
Stroke length: 2
Identifier : B
Opposing force: 50
Return friction: 10
Extend friction: 10
Rod diameter: 1
Piston diameter: 2
Stroke length: 12
2 5/2 (12) directional valve Left control:
Solenoid
Control iden.: EXT-A
Right control:
Solenoid
Control iden.: RET-A
Left control:
Solenoid
Control iden.: EXT-B
Right control:
Solenoid
Control iden.: RET-B
2 Mechanical position sensor Tagnames A0 and A1
2 Proximity sensor Tagnames : PROX-B0 and
PROX-B1

47
4 Exhaust
6 Coil INIT, E0, E1,
E2, E3 and E4
1 NO switch BP-1
2 NO limit switch A0 and A1
2 NO proximity
switch
PROX-B0 and
PROX-B1
15 NO contact INIT 1
E0 (for two)
E1 (for three)
E2 (for three)
E3 (for three)
E4 (for three)
10 NC contact E0 (for two)
E1 (for two)
E2 (for two)
E3 (for two)
E4 (for two)
4 Solenoid EXT-A and
RET-A
EXT-B and
RET-B
2 L1 power supply
(24 V)
L1C and L1P
2 Neutral N (for both)

48
SFC
The following SFC represents the working cycle of the drill press.
1
1 BP-1
2
2 A1
3
3 PROX-B1
A+
B+
4
4 PROX-B0
5
B-
A-
5 A0
Control Circuit
Going from the SFC to the Electrical Control gives the following
control circuit (shown in both symbols).

49
NL1
NL1
NL1P
E3
E4
E2
E1
RET-B
RET-A
EXT-B
EXT-A
E4
E3
E2
E1
E0
INIT
PROX-BO
PROX-B1
A1
A0
BP-1
BP-1
E0
E4
E3
E2
E1
E4
E3
E3
E2
E2
E1
E1
E0
INIT
E0
E4
E4E3E2E1E0
NL1C
Control circuit of the drill press (American symbols)

50
N
L1
N
L1
E4E3E2E0
RET-ARET-BEXT-BEXT-A
E4E3E2E1
N
L1P
E1
E0E4E3E2
BP-1
E3E2
E1
E4
E3
E2
E1
E0
PROX-B1 PROX-BOA1A0
BP-1
E1INITE0E4
INIT
E4
E3E2E1E0
N
L1C
Control circuit of the drill press (European symbols)
The first line of the control circuit allows the activating of coil INIT
when the circuit is put under voltage for the first time. This places the
SFC at the initial step, step E0.
When push button BP-1 is activated, step 1 becomes active and cylinder
A's rod extends. Once the rod is extended, switch A1 is activated and
allows step E2 to be activated.
Step E2 is the step that makes cylinder B's rod extend. This extension is
detected by proximity sensor PROX-B1 that activates proximity switch
PROX-B1.
At that time, step E3 becomes active so cylinder B's rod retracts.
Activating step E4 is possible when proximity sensor PROX-B0 is
activated, which indicated that cylinder B's rod is completely retracted.
When step E4 is active, cylinder A's rod retracts and the automation
cycle goes back to initial step E0.

51
For another working cycle, push button BP-1 has to be activated. If this
button is kept pressed down permanently, the cycle is continuous.
4.3 Exercise 3 - Control Circuit of a
Metering System
This system is used to measure material against a fixed volume. It
works with two containers whose movements are controlled by two
cylinders, A and B. The lower container, controlled by cylinder A is
filled with the material supplied by a hopper. When the lower container
is filled to the brim, the top container, controlled by cylinder B, will
place itself over the lower container, blocking the material. The lower
container then moves to unload the measured material. The work cycle
ends when the top container takes back its initial position.
To simulate this system, we suppose that the volume of material is
reached when the lower container has finished its stroke length. Two
mechanical position sensors are used to detect the movements of
cylinder A and two proximity sensors are used to detect the movements
of cylinder B.

52
EXT-A RET-A
EXT-B RET-B
PROX-B1PROX-B0
A1A0
B
A

53
2 Double-acting cylinder Identifier: A
Opposing force: 200
Return friction: 30
Extend friction: 30
Rod diameter: 1,5
Piston diameter: 4
Stroke length: 18
Identifier: B
same properties as
cylinder A.
2 5/2 (12) directional valve 1) Left control:
Solenoid: EXT-A
Right control:
Solenoid: RET-A
2) Left control:
Solenoid: EXT-B
Right control:
Solenoid: RET-B
2 Mechanical position sensor Tagnames: A0 and A1
2 Proximity sensor Tagnames: PROX-B0 and
PROX-B1
4 Exhaust

54
3 NO push button 1) CY/CY
2) AUTO
BP-1
3 NO switch 1) CY/CY
2) AUTO
BP-1
2 Coil INIT and R1
5 Coil unlatch E0, E1, E2, E3
and E4
5 Coil latch E0, E1, E2, E3
and E4
11 NO contact INIT
R1
E0
E1 (for two)
E2 (for two)
E3 (for two)
E4 (for two)
7 NC contact E0
E1 (for two)
E2 (for two)
E3 and E4
2 NO limit switch A0 and A1
2 NO proximity switch PROX-B0 and
PROX-B1
4 Solenoid EXT-A and
EXT-B
RET-A and
RET-B
V)
L1C and L1P

55
SFC
This system can work in automatic (AUTO) or cycle by cycle (CY/CY)
mode. In the cycle by cycle mode, the start is controlled by push button
BP-1. The SFC of this automation is the following.
1
1 AUTO+CY / CY.BP-1
2
2 A1
3
3 PROX-B1
4
4 A0
5
A+
B+
A-
B-
5 PROX-B0

56
Control Circuit
The control circuit of this system uses the properties of a coil latch and
a coil unlatch. The following figures show the control circuits with both
the American and European symbols.
NL1
NL1
INIT
RET-A
RET-B
EXT-B
EXT-A
NL1P
E4
E1
E2
E3
E3
E4
E2
E3
E1
E2
E0
E1
E4
E0
E3
E2
E1
RE0
E2E4
PROX-B1
PROX-B0
A1
A0
RE1
AUTO
BP-1CY/CY
BP-1AUTOCY/CY
INITE4E3E2E1E0
NL1C
Control circuit of a metering system
(American symbols)

57
N
L1
N
L1
E4E3E2E1
N
L1P
RET-B RET-AEXT-BEXT-A
E3E4E2E3E1E2E0E1E4E0
E3E2E1
R
E0
E2
INITE4
R
E1
BP-1
AUTOCY/CY
PROX-B1 PROX-B0A1A0
BP-1AUTOCY/CY
INIT
E4
E3
E2
E1
E0
L1C
Control circuit of a metering system
(European symbols)
when it is put under voltage for the first time. Activating coil INIT
closes contact INIT and initial step E0 becomes active. It is also
possible to activate step E0 by activating proximity switch PROX-B0
when step E4 is active. Activating step E0 and deactivating step E4
(coil latch E0 and coil unlatch E4) is done simultaneously.
The second line represents the receptivity associated with the transition
from initial step E0 and step E1. This receptivity includes the starting
modes of the circuit. The starting mode is automatic (AUTO) or cycle
by cycle. With this last mode, push button BP-1 has to be activated to
start a new working cycle.
Activating coil R1 closes contact R1 and activates step E1 when step
E0 is active. Activating step E1 is done at the same time that step E0 is
deactivated.

58
Notice that this circuit is built with coil latches and coil unlatches.
Activating a step is done with a coil latch and deactivating a step is
done with a coil unlatch. So, the control circuit has many lines with a
coil latch and a coil unlatch built in parallel. This allows the activating
of a step and the simultaneous deactivating of the previous step. For
example, on the third line, when step E0 becomes active, step E4
becomes inactive at the same time.

59
4.4 Exercise 4 - Control Circuit of a
Stamping System
This exercise shows a system used to stamp coins. The functional
portion of this system consist of three double-acting cylinders; A, B and
C. Cylinder A is used to position the coin on the horizontal, cylinder B
pushes the coins to where they are stamped. Cylinder C actually does
the stamping with up and down movements of its rod. After the
stamping, cylinders A and B go back to their initial position. All three
cylinders are controlled by double solenoid 5/2 directional valves.
A proximity sensor detects the position of cylinder A's rod as it retracts,
and a mechanical position sensor detects the rod as it extends. A second
mechanical position sensor detects cylinder B's rod as it retracts and a
proximity sensor is used to detect the rod as it extends. Finally, two
mechanical position sensors detect the position of cylinder C's rod as it
extends and retracts.
EXT-C RET-CEXT-B RET-BEXT-A RET-A
A B C
A1
PROX-A0
B0
PROX-B1
C1C0

60
3 Double-acting cylinder 1) Identifier: A
Opposing force: 5
Return friction: 2
Extend friction: 2
Rod diameter : 0,25
Piston diameter: 0,75
Stroke length: 4
2) Identifier: B
same properties as
cylinder A.
3) Identifier: C
Opposing force: 500
Return friction: 20
Extend friction: 20
Rod diameter : 2
Piston diameter: 5
Stroke length: 4
3 5/2 (12) directional valve 1) Left control:
Solenoid: EXT-A
Right control:
Solenoid: RET-A
2) Left control:
Solenoid: EXT-B
Right control:
Solenoid: RET-B
3) Left control:
Solenoid: EXT-C
Right control:
Solenoid: RET-C
4 Mechanical position sensor Tagnames:
A1, B0, C0 and C1

61
2 Proximity sensor Tagnames:
PROX-A0 and PROX-B1
6 Exhaust
4 NO push button CY/CY, AUTO
and AU
BP-1
4 NO switch CY/CY, AUTO
and AU
BP-1
3 Coil INIT, R and S
26 NO contact INIT, R, S (4), E0
(2), E1 (3), E2
(3), E3 (3), E4
(3), E5 (3) and
E6 (3)
21 NC contact S (7), E0 (2), E1
(2), E2 (2), E3
(2), E4 (2), E5 (2)
and E6 (2)
7 Coil E0, E1, E2, E3,
E4, E5
and E6
6 Solenoid RET-A, RET-
B, RET-C
EXT-A, EXT-
B and
EXT-C
V)
L1C and L1P

62

63
SFC
This system can work in automatic (AUTO) or cycle by cycle (CY/CY)
mode. In the cycle by cycle mode, the start is controlled by push button
BP-1. This system also has an emergency stop (AU) that allows to stop
the system and to reset the automatism to initial step E0. The SFC of
this automatism is the following.
1
1 (AUTO+CY / CY.BP-1)
2
2 A1
3
3 PROX-B1
4
4 C1
5
A+
B+
C+
C-
Si AU reprise à A0
Si AU C-, B-, A-
5 C0
6 B-
6 B0
7 A-
7 PROX-A0

64
Control Circuit
L1 N
NL1
E0 E1
E1
EXT-C
EXT-B
EXT-A
RET-B
RET-C
E3
E2
E1
E6
S
E5
S
S
E4
E6
E5
E4
E3
E2
E6
E6
S E5 B0
E5
E4S
E4
E5C1E3S
E3
E4PROX-B1E2
E2
E3A1E1
E2
E1
RE0
S
S
S
E0
PROX-A0
E0
E6
INIT
S
R
AUTO
BP-1CY/CY
SAU
S
RET-A
E1
C0
AUBP-1AUTOCY/CY
INITE6E5E4E3E2E1E0
L1C N
NL1C
Control circuit of a stamping system
(American symbols)

65
N
L1
N
L1
AUSAUTOCY/CY
N
EXT-CEXT-BEXT-ARET-ARET-BRET-C
E3E2E1SE4SE4SE4
L1P
E6
E0
B0
E6E5
E5
E6
C0
E5E4
E4
E5
C1
E4E3
E3
E4
PROX-B1
E3E2
E2
E3
A1
E2E1
SSSSS
E1
E2
R
E0
S
E0
E1
PROX-A0
E0E6INITS
R
AUTO
BP-1
CY/CY
S
S
AU
N
INIT
E6
E5
E4
E3
E2
E1
E0
L1C
E1
Control circuit of a stamping system
(European symbols)
when it is put under voltage for the first time. Activating coil INIT will
allow initial step E0 to become active when the circuit is under voltage.
The second line is composed of normally open switch AU and coil S.
This coil is activated when push button AU is activated for an
emergency stop. Activating coil S deactivates all the active steps by
opening all NC contacts S. Closing NO contact S resets the automatism
to initial step E0. Activating coil S also makes cylinder A, B and C rods
retract.
Activating initial step E0 is done in three ways. The first way is by
initializing the circuit by closing NO contact INIT. The second way is
by using the emergency stop by closing NO contact S. The third way is
by the transition from step E6 to step E0.
The starting mode can be automatic (push button AUTO) or cycle by
cycle (push button CY/CY). With this last mode, push button BP-1 has
to be activated to start a new working cycle.
Files IELPN04A.PRO and IELPN04B.PRO containing these exercises
are available in Directory EXERC of this application.

67
A. Technical Specifications
A.1 Lines
The electric wire contained in the Electrical Control workshop library
has the following simulation parameters:
Color Allows the modification of the color of the
line according to the colors supported by
the Core System.
Style Allows the modifications of the line type of
lines according to the types supported by
the Core System.
Width Allows the modifications of the line width
of lines according to the widths supported
by the Core System.
A.1.1 Electric Wire
American symbol European symbol
Electric wires are used to link two points in an electrical circuit.
Electric wires are made of a conductor covered with an insulating
sheath. The most commonly used conductor is copper. The material
used for the insulating sheath depends on the temperature the wire will
be submitted to.

68
Wires used to distribute electricity in houses and buildings have a
flexible insulating sheath made of rubber, cotton or thermoplastic
products. On the other hand, wires used in electric ovens have
insulating sheath made from mineral materials: glass, asbestos,
porcelain or mica. These materials can withstand high temperatures
very well.
Choosing an electric wire depends on the considered use. Choice
criteria include the diameter of the conductor, the color and the
connection mode.
A.1.2 Vertical and horizontal jump
Pressure line allowing to jump over a line without being connected to it.
A.1.3 Plug (male)/Socket (female)
Plug
Socket
Using a plug and a socket to connect two components is optional. They
are used to add information to a diagram. However, take note that a
plug output can only be connected to a socket input and inversely.
Usually, plug and socket terminals are identified by their shape and
size. For example, in North America sockets in houses have two or
three terminals. In both cases, the terminals have different shapes and
sizes to identify their use. The rectangular shape is used to identify the
power line or the neutral. As for the circular shape, it is used to identify
the ground.

Technical Specifications
69
In sockets with two terminals, the smallest terminal is used to connect
the power line and the largest to connect the neutral.
Sockets with three terminals are usually used when a ground terminal is
obligatory. For example, electrical appliances with a metallic casing,
such as an oven have three terminal plugs.
A.1.4 Jump-to Label (output)
Simulation parameters
Tagname Allows an association between jump-to
labels (Input/Output)
The jump-to label (output) can act like a transmitter or a receiver. The
status of the voltage at the connection point is transmitted as-is to the
associated jump-to label, i.e. that shares a common tagname.
A.1.5 Jump-to Label (input)
Tagname Allows an association between jump-to
labels (Input/Output)
The jump-to label (output) can act like a transmitter or a receiver. The
status of the voltage at the connection point is transmitted as-is to the
associated jump-to label, i.e. that shares a common tagname.

70
A.1.6 Connection Block
Total numbers (1..40) Total number of connections
First number (0..99) Number of the first connection
A connection block is composed of a certain number of connections.
Each connection makes it possible to connect in full safety 2 conductors
of an electric circuit. During the insertion of the connector block, the
user must specify the number of the first connection as well as the
number of connections.
A.1.7 Fuse
10 Amp. 10 Amp.
Max. Amps (A) Represents the maximum current (A) that the
fuse is capable of withstanding. The intensity
that the fuse can withstand has no effect on
the simulation. This parameter is used for
information purposes.
A fuse is a protection device. It can shut down a circuit in which the
current going through is too high (for example, in a short circuit
situation). The fuse is calibrated to support a maximum intensity for the
circuit. As long as the intensity does not go over the set intensity value,
the fuse acts as a wire and does not influence the circuit. If the intensity
of the current goes over the set value, the internal element of the fuse
melts rapidly, opening the circuit. All the voltage goes to the terminals
of the fuse and no current can circulate in the circuit.

71
Fuses are usually made of a zinc or silver filament enclosed in a glass,
ceramic or fiber tube. The heat generated from the current going
through the circuit provokes, if it goes over the maximum intensity set
for the fuse, the melting of the filament and consequently, the opening
of the circuit.
Fuses are often used in control circuits of motors.
A.2 Power Sources
A.2.1 Power Supply
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
Voltage Represents the voltage value (V). This
parameter has no incidence on the
simulation.
A power supply line is characterized by its voltage and supplies the
electrical power to circuits and motors. For example, a triple-phase
motor supply needs three power lines, one for each of the phases.

72
In industrial and domestic electrical installations, power supply is
available from the local power company. The electrical company
supplies many types of power sources, mainly a triple-phase 600 Volts
system with three lines and a triple-phase 208/120 Volts system with
four lines.
The 600 Volts supply with three lines is used in industrial installations
as a motive force for the drive of triple-phase motors.
The 208/120 Volts supply system with four lines supplies three power
lines with 208 Volts line to line and a neutral. A line to neutral
connection is used to supply a 120 Volts single-phase voltage.
All three lines can be used to supply 208 Volts line to line triple-phase
motors. Each 208 Volts line to line bus can be combined with the
neutral to supply 120 Volts lighting circuits.
In triple-phase power circuits, the line to neutral voltage is equal to the
line to line voltage divided by 1,73. For example, from a line to line
208 Volts triple-phase supply it is possible to obtain a 208/1,73 = 120
Volts line to line single-phase supply.
A.2.2 Neutral
N N
The neutral is used in electrical power circuits as a reference for the
voltage on a single-phase or triple-phase line. It is also used in triple-
phase supply circuits to supply a smaller voltage than the line to line
voltage.
In triple-phase power circuits, the combination of a power line with a
neutral allows the supply of a smaller voltage than the line to line
voltage. For example, the combination of a 208 Volts triple-phase line
to line power line with the neutral, has an output supply of 120 Volts
line to neutral.

73
In triple-phase circuits, the line to neutral voltage is equal to the line to
line voltage divided by 1,73. For example, with a triple-phase supply of
208 Volts line to line, it is possible to obtain a single-phase supply of
208/1,73 = 120 Volts line to neutral.
Sockets for ordinary domestic current are composed of two terminals.
One terminal is connected to the single-phase 120 or 240 Volts line
(depending on the country) and the other terminal is connected to the
neutral.
A.2.3 Ground
The ground is equal to 0 Volts. It represents the reference by which the
voltages are measured.
The term ground is used because one of the wires of a supply cord in
electrical installations is always linked to the ground by a low resistance
wire. In reality, in the case of commercial and residential buildings, this
connection is done by the water supply pipe located at the entrance of
the building. In certain cases, the ground is also called the common.
In electrical installations, the main objective of the ground is to reduce
the danger of electrical shocks.
Domestic electrical appliances with a metallic casing are required to
have a ground wire on their casing. Such is the case for electric stoves,
and water heaters for example. In that type of appliance, the plug
socket, has a third terminal used to connect the casing to the ground.
In industrial installations, the ground is usually achieved through a grid
stuck in the ground. All motors and machines in factories are fitted with
a ground.
Also see sections A.2.1 Power Supply on page 71 and A.2.2 Neutral on
page 72.

74
A.2.4 Power supply 24V
24V 24V
The power supply 24V is a source of 24 Volts.
A.2.5 Common (0 volt)
0V 0V
The common component is the equivalent to the Ground component but
it is for circuits in DC current.
A.2.6 Transformer
220:24 220:24
Primary Voltage Allows the specification of the amplitude
of the alternate voltage to transform. This
parameter has no effect on the simulation.
Secondary Voltage Allows the specification of the alternate
voltage at the transformer outputs. This
The transformer allows the modification of the amplitude of an alternate
voltage. It is made of two coils, the primary and the secondary.

75
The main parameters of a transformer are the nominal voltage at the
primary coil terminals (H) and the voltage at the secondary coil
terminals (X). For example, using an alternate 120 Volts voltage, it is
possible to obtain, by using a transformer, an alternate 24 Volts voltage.
The transformer works because of a magnetic induction phenomenon.
Supplying a voltage on the primary coil induces a magnetic field in the
secondary coil. This results in an induced voltage at the terminals of the
secondary coil.
In practice, the amplitude of the induced voltage at the secondary coil
depends on the voltage supplied on the primary coil and the number of
turns ratio that exist between the two coils.
Also see section A.2.7 DC Power Supply on page 75.
A.2.7 DC Power Supply
220:24 220:24
of the alternate voltage that has to be
transformed into DC power.
Secondary Voltage Allows the specification of the amplitude
of DC voltage that the DC power supply
outputs.
The DC power supply is used to obtain DC power from an alternate
voltage. Its main parameters are the amplitude of the alternate voltage
at the input (˜) and the amplitude of the DC voltage at the output (+/-).
In practice, transforming alternate voltage into DC voltage is done with
an electrical device called a power supply.

76
A power supply is composed of a transforming stage, a rectification
stage and a regulating stage.
The transforming stage has a transformer that lowers the amplitude of
the alternate voltage coming from the input. The rectification stage will
rectify the negative parts of the alternate voltage. Finally, the regulating
stage has capacitors that stabilize the output voltage to the desired
value.
Also see section A.2.6 Transformer on page 74.
A.2.8 Multi. I/O transformer
H4 H3 H2 H1
X3X2X1
220:24 220:40
H4 H3 H2 H1
X3X2X1
220:24 220:40
of the alternate voltage to transform. This
Secondary Voltage Allows the specification of the alternate
Secondary Voltage 2 Allows the specification of the alternate
The Multi I/O transformer behave like the regular transformer except
that it can induce two different alternative tensions.

77
X1
X2
X3
H4
H3
H2
H1
Vh13
Vh24
Vh14
Vh12
Vh23
Vh34
Vx23
Vx12
Vx13
Here are some examples on how to use it :
• Vh12 primary supply :

78

79
• Transformer supplying a rectifier:

80
Note: Generally, when there is a primary tension, tension is also
induced in the secondary. Only one tension can be induced in the
secondary. The following example is impossible:
If the primary tension is 220 volts, the secondary tension 1 is equal to
100 volts and the secondary tension 2 is equal to 50 volts. The
transformer should have the following notation:

81
A.3 Output Components
The various types of output components (except for the diode and the
LED) contained in the Electrical Control workshop library have the
following simulation parameters:
Tagname Allows the specification of a label to
establish an association with the
components with which it interacts.
A.3.1 Coil
American
symbol
European
symbol
Coil
Coil latch
Coil unlatch
A coil is made of a rolled up copper wire. When the coil has current
going through it, an electro-magnetic force is generated in its core. The
coil is used in many electrical applications, in contact relays for
example. In contact relays, the electro-magnetic force generated by the
passage of the current in the coil opens or closes the contacts of the
relay that are associated with the coil.
Three types of coils are available in the Electrical Control workshop,
they are the coil, the coil latch and the coil unlatch.
When a coil in under voltage, the normally open contacts associated
with it close whereas the normally closed contacts associated with it
open. When the coil is no longer under voltage, the contacts take back
their initial status.

82
The coil latch works as the coil except that the contacts that are
associated with it stay in their activated status even if the coil latch is no
longer under voltage. That way, when the coil latch is under voltage,
the normally open contacts close and the normally closed contacts open.
The coil unlatch allows the contacts that were activated by a coil latch
to take back their initial status. When the coil unlatch is activated, the
normally open contacts become open again and the normally closed
contacts become closed again. The contacts will remain in that status
even if the coil unlatch is no longer under voltage.
In Automation Studio, the coil has to have the same tagnames than the
contacts to which it is associated. Also see section A.4 Contacts on
page 90.
A.3.2 Coil with OFF delay
1 2SR 1
2
Preset Time delay from 1 to 99.
The Coil with OFF delay deactivates its associated contacts when
current is applied, but only after the preset delay.

83
A.3.3 Coil with ON delay
1 2SA 1
2
establish an association with the components
with which it interacts.
The Coil with ON delay activates its associated contacts when current is
applied, but only after the preset delay.
A.3.4 Flashing coil
1 2 1
2

84
The Flashing coil activates and deactivates its associated contacts when
as long as current is applied. The preset delay specifies that delay
between the activation and the deactivation.
A.3.5 Solenoid
A solenoid is made of a wire evenly wrapped around in a helix shape to
form a long coil into which is placed a iron core. When the coil has a
current going through it, it generates a magnetic field that has its lines
parallel to the axis of the solenoid. This magnetic field develops a force
that will attract the floating core.
The movement of the core is used to control many devices such as
pneumatic and hydraulic directional valves. A return force is necessary
to bring back the floating core to its rest status. This force can be
generated by a spring, a push button, a lever or another solenoid. In
pneumatic directional valves, the return of the floating core can also be
done with a pressure pilot.
A solenoid has to have the same tagname than the solenoid of the
pneumatic or hydraulic directional valve to which it is associated.
Pneumatic and hydraulic directional valves controlled by a solenoid are
available in their corresponding workshops.
A.3.6 Indicator Light

85
Color Allows the specification of the color
emitted by the indicator light.
Type The indicator light can be of three types:
electro-luminescent, neon or incandescent.
This parameter has no effect on the
simulation.
The indicator light is used to indicate the status of a component in a
control system. Its color is usually associated with the task to be done.
For example, red can be used for the indicator light of a push button
used as an emergency stop button. Also, the indicator light of a push
button authorizing the start of an automatism’s cycle is usually green.
The indicator light can work with voltages varying between 6 and 120
Volts, in AC as well as DC current. Models supporting a small current
use LED (light emitting diode). They occupy a small space and have a
longer life span; they consume little energy and have a low maintenance
cost compared to neon or incandescent type lights.
In some applications, (a current limiting device) allows the indicator
light to work under a lower current than the one in the control circuit.
This device can a transformer or more commonly a resistor.
The working principle behind the indicator light using LEDs relies on
an important characteristic of electronics. It uses a special p-n junction
that emits light when it is under direct current (when the anode-cathode
voltage is positive).
Also see sections A.3.9 Three-phase motor on page 88 and A.3.11 LED
(light emitting diode) on page 89.

86
A.3.7 Heating Element
Power Allows the specification of the amount of energy
that can be dissipated by the heating element
(watts). This parameter has no incidence on the
simulation and is there for information purposes.
The heating element is a resistance that can support very high
temperatures. A heating element can operate under a working
temperature varying between 275°C and 500°C. Its main parameter is
its power.
The resistance wire in a heating element is usually made of a nickel and
chrome alloy. This alloy is wrapped around a ceramic tube, forming
turns. The whole thing is covered with a ceramic enamel that keeps the
wire in place and protects it against oxidation and humidity.
In the heating element, the release of heat is done with the convection
principle. The fluid that is in contact with the heating element heats up
and creates convection currents that make the cold fluid circulate to the
heating element.
A.3.8 Single-Phase Motor

87
Power Allows the specification of the maximum
power of the motor (watts). This power is a
parameter that has no effect on the
simulation, it is for information only.
Rotation Speed Allows the specification of the maximum
rotation speed of the motor (t./min.). This
rotation speed is a parameter that has no
effect on the simulation, it is for
information only.
The single-phase motor transform electrical energy into mechanical
rotative energy. The main parameters of the motor are its power and
rotation speed. The single-phase motor can be connected between two
power lines of 120 or 240 Volts or, between a power line and a neutral.
The single-phase motor is made of a mobile part called the rotor and a
static part called a stator.
The stator has a main coil turned to form poles. The number of poles
gives the rotation speed of the motor and they always come in an even
number.
The rotor is composed of a cylinder made of sheet metal that has been
punctured at the ends to form notches destined to receive conductors.
The conductors of the rotor are made of bare copper bars that are fitted
in the notches.
When a voltage is applied on the stator’s coil, an alternate magnetic
flux is generated. The variation of this magnetic flux induces alternate
current in the conductors of the rotor. The presence of this induced
current in the magnetic field created by the stator’s turn, produces an
electro-magnetic force that makes the rotor turn.
In industrial applications, the power of motors is usually expressed in
horsepower (HP). Finding its equivalent in the International System is
done by the relation 1HP = 746 W. The single-phase motors are used in
applications that require little power, like machine tool and fans. In
those applications, the power generated by the motor varies from a
fraction of HP to a few HP.

88
A.3.9 Three-phase motor
The three-phase motor requires a tri-phase current. It is very sturdy and
reliable but its power output tends to be poor under small load.
A.3.10 Diode
+
-
+
-
direct
inverse
+
-
+
-
direct
inverse
The diode is an element that lets electrical current flow in one direction
only. In the « right » direction the diode offers little resistance to the
passage of current. This resistance provokes a light voltage drop at the
terminals of the diode, called threshold voltage. This voltage is of 0.2
Volts for diodes made of germanium, and of 0.6 volts for the ones made
of silicone. The passage of a current induces heat that can be damaging
if the cooling is not correct.

89
In the reverse direction, the diode blocks the passage of the current. If
the voltage at the terminals is too high, the diode will be destroyed.
A.3.11 LED (light emitting diode)
A LED (light emitting diode) allows the visual indication of the logical
status at one point of a circuit. The color of the component changes
depending on the logical status (0 or 1) of the input signal. In an
electrical circuit, the LED acts as a diode.
A.3.12 Resistor
Resistance Resistor level in ohms.
This parameter is not taken into
consideration during simulation.
A.3.13 Overload relay

90
Connection type Can be connected to single-phase, diphasic
and triphasic tensions. This parameter is
not taken into account during simulation.
The thermal relay of overload uses a heating resistance connected in
series to the engine supply. The quantity of heat produced increases
along with the current intensity. In the event of an overload, the heat
produced cuts the circuit. The threshold can be set to whatever value.
This kind of protection is very effective because when the threshold has
been reached the resistance temperature takes some time to cool down
preventing an immediate restart.
A.4 Contacts
The various types of contacts contained in the Electrical Control
workshop library have the following simulation parameters:
A.4.1 Contacts NO/NC
NO
NC
Contacts are used in association with coils in contact relays.

91
They can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). These two
types characterize the electrical behavior of contacts when they are not
activated, i.e. when the coil to which they are associated is not
activated. As soon as the coil has a current going through it, contacts to
which it is associated change their status. Normally open (NO) contacts
close, and normally closed (NC) contacts open.
These two contacts work as opposites. A normally open (NO) contact
blocks the passage of current in a circuit when not activated. Once
activated, the contacts allow the passage of electrical current. On the
other hand, a normally close (NC) contact allows the passage of
electrical current when not activated and blocks it when activated.
When the coil is under voltage, the contacts to which it is associated
change their status instantly. For this reason, they are sometimes called
instant contacts to differentiate them from delay contacts.
A contact has to have the same tagname than the coil to which it is
associated. Also see section A.3.1 Coil on page 81.
A.4.2 Rising/Falling Edge Contacts
Rising edge
Falling edge
Rising and
falling edge
Rising edge and falling edge contacts are associated with a coil.

92
A rising edge contact is a normally open contact that acts on the rising
edge of the intensity of the current that travels along the coil to which it
is associated. When the current starts traveling the coil, the rising edge
contact closes momentarily, for a time equivalent to 1 simulation cycle.
A falling edge contact is a normally open contact that acts on the falling
edge of the intensity of the current that travels along the coil to which it
is associated. When the current stops traveling the coil, the falling edge
contact closes momentarily, for a time equivalent to 1 simulation cycle.
A rising edge or falling edge contact has to have the same tagname than
the coil to which it is associated. Also see section A.3.1 Coil on page
81.

93
A.4.3 Delay Contacts
ON
delay
NO
ON
delay
NC
OFF
delay
NO
OFF
delay
NC
ON/OFF
delay
NO
ON/OFF
delay
NO
Preset Time required, in number of simulation
cycles, for the change of status of the
contact. The minimum value is 1 and the
maximum value is 9999.
A delay contact works in the same way as an instant contact with the
exception that its change of status is done after an adjustable preset
period of time. A delay contact is associated with a coil.

94
Delay contacts are divided in two groups, contacts with ON delays and
contacts with OFF delays. In each group, contacts can be normally open
(NO) or normally closed (NC).
The delay period of the NC contacts with ON delay and NO contacts
with OFF delay starts at the moment the coil is supplied with voltage.
Once the period of time has elapsed, the NC contacts with ON delay
closes and the NO contacts with OFF delay opens. At the moment the
coil is no longer supplied, the contacts take back their initial value.
0
1
Coil
NO contact with
OFF delay
NC contact with
ON delay
0
1
0
1
Delay
NC contacts with OFF delay and NO contacts with ON delay instantly
change status when the coil is supplied. However, when the coil is no
longer supplied, the contacts take back their initial value only after the
time delay has elapsed.
Coil
NO contact with
ON delay
NC contact with
OFF delay
1
0
1
0
1
0
Delay

95
A.5 Switches
The various types of switches contained in the Electrical Control
Some types of switches have to be used in conjunction with sensors
available in other workshops. For example, a pressure sensor from the
Pneumatic or Hydraulic workshop library has to be used with the
pressure switch contained in the Electrical Control workshop.
A.5.1 Push Buttons NO/NC
NO
NC
Push buttons do the same thing as switches activated by finger pressure.
They constitute the link between the user and the circuit. Push buttons
can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).
Usually, push buttons have a return spring i.e. a spring that brings back
the push button to its initial position as soon as the button is released.
That is why push buttons are said to be momentary contact switches.

96
Push buttons are made of a manual actuator and a contact. The type of
push button depends on the type of contact. Contacts can be normally
open (NO) or normally closed (NC). If the push button is normally open
(NO), activating the switch closes the contact. However, if the push
button is normally closed (NC), activating the switch opens the contact.
In simulation diagrams, push buttons can be associated with switches
that have the same tagname. This association can be done with same
type switches or opposite type switches.
A.5.2 Toggle Switches NO/NC
NO
NC
Toggle switches are components that authorize or prohibit the passage
of current in an electrical circuit.
They can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). The type of
toggle switch determines its behavior at rest status, i.e. when it is not
activated. A normally open (NO) toggle switch blocks the electrical
current whereas a normally closed (NC) toggle switch allows it.
Toggle switches can be associated with push buttons that have the same
tagname. This association is possible with same type push buttons or
opposite type push buttons.
Toggle switches change status each time the push buttons to which they
are associated are activated. The changing of status is characterized by
a behavior opposite the one in rest status. So, a normally closed toggle
switch opens when the push button to which it is associated is activated.
However, a normally open toggle switch closes when the push button to
which it is associated is activated.

97
Also see section A.5.1 Push Buttons NO/NC on page 95.
A.5.3 2 positions switch
1 2
1 2
The 2 position switches make it possible to connect the line 1 (initial
position) or the line 2. The change of state is triggered by a click on the
pushbutton. The arrow of the symbol indicates the conducting line.
A.5.4 3 positions switch
1 2 3
1 2 3
The 3 position switches make it possible to connect the line 1 or the line
2. Initially, the switch is in the neutral position 3. The change of state is
triggered by a click on the pushbutton. The arrow of the symbol
indicates the current conducting line or the neutral position.

98
A.5.5 Multiposition switch
Total positions Number of switch position, the value must
be between 3 and 20.
A Multiposition switch makes it possible to connect a line (connector
No 1) with an output line. The possible number of output line is
configured at insertion time. To change the switch position in
simulation, click on the desired output line.

99
A.5.6 Limit Switches NO/NC
NO
NC
Limit switches are associated with mechanical position sensors.
They can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). They are
made of two contacts, a mobile one and a fixed one. At rest status, the
NO limit switch is open and blocks the current. However, the NC limit
switch is closed allowing the passage of current.
Limit switches allow the detection of a position or the limitation of a
translation movement. For example, when a cylinder rod comes in
contact with the roller of the position sensor to which it is associated,
the mobile contact of the switch changes position, provoking the status
change for the limit switch. In fact, for a NO limit switch, the mobile
contact presses against the fixed contact and the switch closes. In the
case of a NC limit switch, the mobile contact moves away from the
fixed contact and the switch opens.
Once the position sensor is no longer activated, the mobile contact of
the limit switch takes back its initial position, under the action of a
return spring. The switch takes back its rest status.
Limit switches need to have the same tagname that the mechanical
position sensors to which they are associated. Mechanical position
sensors are components from other workshops.

100
A.5.7 Proximity Switches NO/NC
NO
NC
Proximity switches are associated with proximity sensors. They can be
normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).
Usually, proximity sensors can be of inductive or capacitive type.
In an inductive sensor, the rest status of the proximity switch is
maintained by the magnetic field created by a high frequency oscillator
located on the face of the sensor. When a metallic object penetrates this
field, the oscillations are reduced and the variation of current of the
oscillator provokes a status change of the switch.
In a capacitive sensor, highly sensitive electrode condensators are
located on the face of the sensor. The sensitivity of these electrodes
allows the proximity sensor of the capacitive sensor to detect non-
metallic objects. When an object passes in front of the sensor, it
changes the coupling capacities which provokes a status change of the
switch.
Proximity switches need to have the same tagname than proximity
sensors to which they are associated. Proximity sensors are components
from other workshops.

101
A.5.8 Pressure Switches NO/NC
NO
NC
Pressure switches are associated with pressure sensors. They can be
normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). They are use to detect a
set pressure threshold.
Pressure switches are made of a mobile contact that moves between two
pairs of terminals from fixed contacts. One pair represents terminals
from normally open contacts while the second pair represents terminals
from normally closed contacts. As long as the sensor is not activated,
the mobile contact stays pressed against the normally open contact
terminals for the NO switch and stays pressed against the normally
closed contact terminals for the NC switch.
When pressure becomes equal to or greater than the set pressure, the
sensor spool moves by compressing its spring. This movement presses
the contact against the normally closed contact terminals for a NO
switch or against the normally opened contact terminals for a NC
switch. Once pressure becomes lower than the set pressure, the mobile
contact goes back to its rest position.
Pressure switches need to have the same tagname than the pressure
sensors to which they are associated. Pressure sensors are components
from other workshops.

102
A.5.9 Thermal Switches NO/NC
NO
NC
Thermal switches are not functional, they serve as graphic symbols to
be incorporated in your diagrams.
Thermal switches can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).
Thermal switches are associated with thermal sensors. Their action
depends on the type of detection used by thermal sensors.
Two types of detection are usually used in thermal sensors. The first
type is by resistance variation and the second type is by thermocouple
detection.
A.5.10 Level Switches NO/NC
NO
NC
Level switches are not functional, they serve as graphic symbols to be
incorporated in your diagrams.
Level switches can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).

103
Level switches are associated with level sensors. They allow the
detection of the level reached by a fluid in a tank. Their action depends
on the type of detection used by level sensors.
The sensor detection is a mechanical, resistance modification or
capacity modification type.
A.6 Counters
The various types of counters contained in the Electrical Control
Maximum Value Allows the specification of a maximum
value that a counter up will reach or the
initial counting value for a counter down.
The value must be a positive integer
between 1 and 9999.
This category has two types of components that can be used in control
circuits. The counter up counts starting at 1 to the maximum value in
increasing order. The counter down counts starting at the maximum
value to 1 in decreasing order.
Counter up CTU
100
0
CTU
100
0
Counter down CTD
100
100
CTD
100
100
The counter up has an input signal (upper left line on the symbol), a
reset signal (lower left line on the symbol) and an output. Each input
impulse increments the counter of one unit starting from the initial null
value. The main parameter of a counter up is its maximum counting
value. Once this value is obtained, the output of the counter is instantly
under voltage. The output can be canceled with the reset signal.

104
The counter down has an input signal, a reset to the maximum value
signal and an output. The main parameter of a counter down is its
maximum value. This value is the starting or initial value of the
countdown. Each input impulse at the input of the counter down makes
the value go down one unit. When this value reaches zero, the output of
the counter down is under voltage. This output can be canceled by
activating the reset signal.
A.6.1 Thumbwheel
1
2
3
4
5
The thumbwheel needs to be supplied in current at port 1. It
converts the decimal value it contains in a binary value of 4 bits. The
least significant bit is at port 2.
The thumbwheel assigns the converted four bits to the Input component
of the Ladder diagram workshop connected to it.
During simulation, click on the top arrow to increase the thumbwheel's
value and click on the bottom arrow to decrease it.
Initial value Starting value during simulation.

105
A.6.2 LED display
1
2
3
4
5
The LED display converts a binary value received by ports 2 to 5 ( 2
being the least significant bit) in a decimal value. Port 1 must be
connected to the ground.

107
B. Glossary
Active Workshop
Installed workshop whose components are displayed in the Diagram
Editor library.
Component
One of the three basic elements used for creating diagrams. Each
component represents a behavior or a function that is animated during
simulation. Components are part of the Library and are provided by the
workshops.
Connection
A connection binds to components and/or links together. There are two
types of connections: connectors and mechanical contacts.
A connection from one technology can not be connected to a
connection from another technology. I.e. a pneumatic line cannot be
connected to a hydraulic component and vice-versa. For a hydraulic line
to activate a pneumatic valve it must get its source from a hydraulic
line. The contrary is also true.
Connection Number
A number designated for each point where components are connected.
Connector
A connector connects two components, two links or one component and
one link, to allow the flow of fluids (pressurized air or oil) or electrical
current. Symbolized by a circle when on a component, it is a point
where links or components are connected together. The connectors are
displayed in the same color as the components if they are connected,

108
and in a different color if they are not connected. When a connector is
inserted on a link, it is represented in the form of a black dot. It can be
inserted on a link in order to identify specific connection points or
multiple connections.
Core System
Set of common functions in Automation Studio including all the edit
commands and simulation commands of the application.
Diagram
A document which graphically represents a circuit or a model by means
of elements and components drawn from the Automation Studio
workshop libraries.
Display Tools
Designates the design accessories in the Diagram Editor: grid, rulers,
connections, and connection numbers. You can specify their display
from the View menu.
Diagram List
The contents of a Project Manager window for a given project. The
Diagram List displays all the diagrams in the project.
Edit Mode
A mode of operation in Automation Studio during which project
diagrams can be created and modified. There is another mode of
operation, the Simulation mode.
GRAFCET/SFC
GRAphe Fonctionnel de Commande Étape Transition. Also called
Sequential Function Chart (SFC). Graphic control language based on
the concepts of steps and transitions. A sequence of commands is

Glossary
109
divided into a series of steps, each containing one or more command
actions. A transition separates two steps and contains the logic
conditions authorizing the execution of the immediately preceding step
and the activation of the immediately following step.
Graphic Object
An element of the Library which cannot be simulated. Graphic objects
are inserted into diagrams strictly as non-functional elements. They
come in four types: rectangle, ellipse, line and text.
Grid
A network of horizontal and vertical dotted lines which cover the
workspace in the Diagram Editor and on which the elements of a
diagram are aligned.
Library
One of the tools provided by the Diagram Editor. It is a window
containing the basic elements used for designing circuits or simulation
models. There are three types of elements: components, links and
graphic objects. They are provided by the workshops, which are
plugged into the Core System.
Link
An element of the Library used to connect the components of a
diagram. During simulation a link will transmit signals from one
component to another.
Map Locator
Solid horizontal and vertical lines displayed in the workspace which
show the physical breaks in the pages of a diagram.

110
Mechanical contacts
The mechanical contacts are connections that connect a sensor and a
receiver making it possible for a component to modify the behavior of
another component. They are represented by a rhombus that appears at
the point of contact. Contrary to the connectors, the color of the
rhombuses is not influenced by the state of connection.
Menu Bar
A horizontal bar located above the application title bar. The menu bar
displays the various menus and commands which are available for the
active window.
Project
A group of diagrams forming a cohesive whole. A Project is managed
by the Project Manager.
Project Label
A brief description of a project, displayed in the project summary.
Project Manager
An utility which you use to create, edit and manage project files in
Automation Studio. The Project Manager workspace for a given project
contains the Diagram List, which shows all the diagrams contained in
that project.
Properties
Characteristics or parameters of a component. You can change or view
the properties by opening the component Properties dialog box.
Rulers
Rulers are displayed at the edges of the window and indicate the unit of
measurement being used for the diagram. They serve as references for

Glossary
111
diagram size and the relative position of elements.
Shape of the Link
Path followed by a link between two connection points.
Simulation Cycle
One step in the calculation which determines the status of each
component.
Simulation Mode
Mode of operation in Automation Studio during which a project or a
diagram is simulated. Unlike the Edit mode, the Simulation mode, when
it is active, does not allow any change to the project.
Sort Key
The criteria used to classify items of the List in alphanumeric order.
The sort keys are specified in the Sort box of the Tools menu in the
Project Manager. The alphanumeric order is the following:
0,1,2...9,A,B,C....Y,Z.
Status Bar
A horizontal bar located at the bottom of all the utility windows in
Automation Studio. It displays information such as comments, zoom
factor, pointer coordinates, etc.
Title Bar
Horizontal bar located at the top of a window and displaying the title of
this window.
Toolbar
A bar located under the menu bar, which contains icons for the most

112
frequently used commands.
User Interface
An environment made up of windows, dialog boxes, menus, commands,
mouse, buttons, etc., which allow the user to interact with the computer.
Utility
A general designation for the different types of windows in Automation
Studio. The Core System contains two utilities: the Project Manager
and the Diagram Editor.
Worksheet
The entire surface available in Automation Studio for generating
diagrams.
Workshop
A module which plugs into the Automation Studio Core System. Each
workshop contains elements, diagrams and functions relating to its own
technological specialty and to the type of diagrams it can generate.
Workspace
The portion of the window which displays your work.

113
C. Index
Coil with OFF delay, 82
Coil with ON delay, 83
Coils, 81
Common (0 volt), 74
Connection block, 70
Connections
Verify Connections, 12
Contact NO/NC, 90
Contacts
Delay Contacts, 93
Counter Down/Counter Up, 103
Counters, 103
DC Power Supply, 75
Delay Contacts, 93
Dialog Box
Standard, 20
Dialog Box
Lines, 24
Diode, 88
Electric Wire, 67
Falling Edge Contact, 91
Flashing coil, 84
Fuse, 70
Ground, 73
Heating Element, 86
Indicator Light, 85
Jump-to Label (input), 69
Jump-to Label (output), 69
LED, 89
Neutral, 72
Overload relay, 89
Plug male, 68
Power Supply, 71
Power supply 24V, 74
Properties
Definition, 20
Push Button NO/NC, 95
Resistor, 89
Rising Edge Contact, 91
Rotate 90° Counterclockwise, 11
Simulation
Start Project, 14
Step by Step, 14
Single-Phase Motor, 87
Socket, 68
Solenoid, 84
Switch
2 positions switch, 97
3 positions switch, 98
Multiposition switch, 98

114
Switches
Level Switches NO/NC, 102
Limit Switch NO/NC, 99
Pressure Switch NO/NC, 101
Proximity Switch NO/NC, 100
Thermal Switches NO/NC, 102
Three-phase motor, 88
Toggle Switch NO/NC, 96
Transformer, 75
Multi I/O transformer, 76
Vertical and horizontal jump, 68

105996292 electrical-control-automation-studio

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