1. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISMPRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISMPRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISMPRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISMPRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
FREDERICK ENGLESFREDERICK ENGLESFREDERICK ENGLESFREDERICK ENGLESFREDERICK ENGLES
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
FREDERICK ENGLES
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3. 1
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
Frederick Engels.
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4. 2
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5. 3
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6. 4
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PRINCIPLESOFCOMMUNISM
Frederick Engels.
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7. 5
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8. 6
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9. 7
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vdktyfaom tedrfhqHk; odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk;wefzdk;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomf
vkyfief;onf wcgw&Hqdk;0g;+yD; wcgw&Haumif;rGefonfhtwGuf puf±kH
ydkif&Siftaejzifh ‚.ukefpnfrsm;twGuf wcgw&Hydk&+yD; wcgw&Havsmh&
onfh enf;wl tvkyform;onf wcgw&Hydk&+yD; wcgw&H avsmh&ygonf?
odk@aomfpuf±kHydkif&Sifonfta&mif;t0,faumif;csdefESifhqdk;csdefysrf;r#twdkif;
‚.ukefpnfrsm;twGuf‚.xkwfvkyfr_ukefusp&dwfrsm;xuf ydkIaomf
vnf; aumif;/ avsmhIaomfvnf;aumif; &&Sdjcif;r&SdouJhodk@tvkyform;
onfvnf;ysrf;r#tm;jzifhTtenf;qHk;wefzdk;xufydkIaomfvnf;aumif;/
avsmhI aomfvnf;aumif; r&&Sdacs? vpm. Tabm*aA' w&m;onf
t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;u xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;cGJtm;vHk;udk ydkifqdkifvmr_
twdkif;twm us,fjyef@rsm;jym;vmavav ydkrdkwif;usyfpGm v_yf&Sm;
csKyfudkifav jzpfvmygonf?
aaaaar;cGef; 6? pufr_awmfvSefa&; ray:aygufrDu rnfonfhtvkyform;r;cGef; 6? pufr_awmfvSefa&; ray:aygufrDu rnfonfhtvkyform;r;cGef; 6? pufr_awmfvSefa&; ray:aygufrDu rnfonfhtvkyform;r;cGef; 6? pufr_awmfvSefa&; ray:aygufrDu rnfonfhtvkyform;r;cGef; 6? pufr_awmfvSefa&; ray:aygufrDu rnfonfhtvkyform;
vlwef;pm;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?vlwef;pm;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?vlwef;pm;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?vlwef;pm;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?vlwef;pm;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?
tajz? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. rwlnDonfh tqifhrsm;ESifhtnD tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;rsm;onf tpOft+rJ rwlnDonfh tajctae ta=umif;

10. 8
tcsufrsm;atmufwGif touf&SifaexdkifcJh=u&+yD; ydkifqdkifolESifh tkyfcsKyfol
vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh rwlnDonfh qufqHa&;rsm; &SdcJhygonf? a&S;oa&m
tcgu tvkyform;rsm;onf acwfaemufusaom wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk awmifydkif; t&yfa'orsm;rSmyif jzpf+rJjzpfaeao;
onfhtwdkiff; ydkifqdkifolrsm;. “aus;u|efrsm;”“aus;u|efrsm;”“aus;u|efrsm;”“aus;u|efrsm;”“aus;u|efrsm;” jzpfcJh=uygonf? tv,f
acwfwGif olwdk@onf [efa*&D/ ydkvefESifh ±k&Sm;wdk@wGif jzpf+rJjzpfaeao;
onfhtwdkif; ajrydkif&Sif rSL;rwfrsm;. “v,fu|efrsm;”“v,fu|efrsm;”“v,fu|efrsm;”“v,fu|efrsm;”“v,fu|efrsm;” jzpfcJh=uygonf?
tv,facwfESifh pufr_awmfvSefa&;a&mufvmonfhtxd+rdK@rsm;wGif"e&Sif
aygufptvkyf&Sifrsm;twGufvkyfudkifaeonfhe,fvSnfhtvkyform;rsm;
vnf; &SdcJhygonf? wjznf;jznf;ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vm
onfESifh twl xdktcsdefuyifpwif+yD; ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;.
tcpm; ukefxkwf tvkyform;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhygonf?
ar;cGef; 7? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aus;u|efrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ar;cGef; 7? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aus;u|efrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ar;cGef; 7? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aus;u|efrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ar;cGef; 7? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aus;u|efrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ar;cGef; 7? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aus;u|efrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;
ygoenf;´?ygoenf;´?ygoenf;´?ygoenf;´?ygoenf;´?
tajz? aus;u|efonfw}udrfwnf;ESifhwoufvHk;a&mif;pm;cHvdkuf&+yD;ypPnf;rJhrsm;
uawmh rdrdudk,frdrd ae@pOfESifhtr# em&Dwdkif; a&mif;csae&ygonf? u|efydkif
&Sif wOD;. udk,fydkifypPnf;jzpfonfh aus;u|efwOD;onf aexdkifr_b0
tb,fr#yif edrfhusapumrl u|efydkif&Sif. tusKd;pD;yGm;a=umifhrdk@ ‚.
touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifhonf tmrcHcsuf&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ypPnf;rJhwOD;tzdk@
awG@ae&onfh twdkif; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;wckvHk;. ydkifqdkifr_jzpf+yD; olwdk@u
‚. vkyftm;udk vkdtyfaomtcsdefrSom 0,f,l+yD; touf&Sif&yfwnf
cGifhrSm tmrcHcsufr&Sdyg? Ttouf&Sif &yfwnfcGifhrSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;
w&yfvHk;twGufomv#if tmrcHcsuf&Sdygonf? aus;u|efrSm +ydKifqdkifr_.
tjyifybufwGif&Sd+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;uawmh TtwGif;rSmyif&Sdum ‚.
tusKd;tjypftm;vHk;udkcHpm;&ygonf?aus;u|efudk,Ofaus;aomvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;0iftjzpf todtrSwfrjyKbJ t&m0wˆKwcktjzpf owfrSwfum
ypPnf;rJhudkawmh vlyk*~dKvfwa,muftjzpf ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
0iftjzpf todtrSwfðyonf? TuJhodk@jzifh aus;u|efonf ypPnf;rJh xuf
omvGefaom touf&SifcGifh/ &yfwnfcGifh &Sdaomfvnf; ypPnf;rJhonf
vlr_jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. ydkIjrifhaomtqifhrSm yg0if+yD; rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;

11. 9
aus;u|efxufjrifhwJh tqifhrS&yfwnfaeygonf? aus;u|efonf yk*~vdu
ydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&;tm;vHk;xJrS aus;u|efpepfqufqHa&;udkom zsuf
odrf;vdkufygu rdrdudk,frdrd vGwfajrmufap+yD; xdkrSwqifh ypPnf;rJhtjzpf
a&muf&Sd vmEdkifonf? ypPnf;rJhuawmh a,bk,syk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_udk
zsufodrf;jcif; jzifhomv#if rdrdudk,frdrd vGwfajrmufaponf?
ar;cGef;8?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfv,fu|efrsm;ESifhrnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ygoenf;´?ar;cGef;8?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfv,fu|efrsm;ESifhrnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ygoenf;´?ar;cGef;8?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfv,fu|efrsm;ESifhrnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ygoenf;´?ar;cGef;8?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfv,fu|efrsm;ESifhrnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ygoenf;´?ar;cGef;8?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfv,fu|efrsm;ESifhrnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ygoenf;´?
tajz? v,fu|efonf ‚.txGufypPnf; wpdwfwydkif; odk@r[kwf vkyftm;
vkyfaqmifr_twGuf — tvJtvS,ftjzpf xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,m
wckjzpfonfh ajrwuGufudk ydkifqdkifcGifh odk@r[kwf toHk;jyKcGifh &Sdygonf?
ypPnf;rJhonftxGufypPnf;wpdwfwydkif;&&eftwGuftvJtvS,ftjzpf
wyg;oltwGufwyg;ol.xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;ESifhtvkyfvkyf&onf?
v,fu|efu ay;qyf&+yD; ypPnf;rJhu vufcH&,lonf? v,fu|efu
touf&Sif &yfwnfcGifh tmrcHcsuf&Sd+yD; ypPnf;rJhu r&Sdacs? v,fu|efu
+ydKifqdkifr_.tjyifyrSjzpf+yD;ypPnf;rJhuawmhtwGif;rSjzpfygonf?v,fu|ef
onf +rdK@rsm;odk@xGufajy;+yD; vufr_ynmonf jzpfvmjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;
odk@r[kwf rdrd.ajr&Sifudk vkyftm;ESifh txGufypPnf;tpm; aiGay;jcif;jzifh
vGwfvyfaom v,fiSm;pm;ol jzpfvmjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; odk@r[kwf
ya'o &mZfajr&Sifudk armif;xkwf+yD; ‚udk,fwdkif ajrykdif&Sifjzpfvmjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif; twdkcsKyfajym&v#if ydkifqdkifr_vlwef;pm;twGif;okd@ESifh +ydKif
qdkifr_twGif; wenf;r[kwf wenf;0if a&mufvmjcif;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk rdrd
vGwfajrmufaponf? ypPnf;rJhuawmh +ydKifqdkifr_/ yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifh vl
wef;pm;jcm;em;r_ tm;vHk;udk zsufodrf;jcif;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkrdrd vGwf ajrmuf
aponf?
ar;cGef; 9? ypPnf;rJhonf vufr_ynmonfuav;ESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 9? ypPnf;rJhonf vufr_ynmonfuav;ESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 9? ypPnf;rJhonf vufr_ynmonfuav;ESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 9? ypPnf;rJhonf vufr_ynmonfuav;ESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 9? ypPnf;rJhonf vufr_ynmonfuav;ESifh rnfuJhodk@
uGJjym;jcm; em;ygoenf;uGJjym;jcm; em;ygoenf;uGJjym;jcm; em;ygoenf;uGJjym;jcm; em;ygoenf;uGJjym;jcm; em;ygoenf;3·3·3·3·3·
´?´?´?´?´?
(tdef*,fu Tae&mwGif pmrsufESm0ufcef@ uGufvyfxm;cJhonf? tajz
twGuf rSwfpkrsm; trSwf(3) rSm =unfhyg? aemufcH ta=umif;t&m t
wGuf rSwfpkrsm; trSwf(1) wGif =unfhyg? )
ar;cGef; 10? ypPnf;rJhonf ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfolESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 10? ypPnf;rJhonf ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfolESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 10? ypPnf;rJhonf ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfolESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 10? ypPnf;rJhonf ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfolESifh rnfuJhodk@ar;cGef; 10? ypPnf;rJhonf ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfolESifh rnfuJhodk@ uGJjym;uGJjym;uGJjym;uGJjym;uGJjym;
jcm;em;ygoenf;´?jcm;em;ygoenf;´?jcm;em;ygoenf;´?jcm;em;ygoenf;´?jcm;em;ygoenf;´?

12. 10
tajz? q,fhajcmuf&mpkrS q,fh&Spf&mpkxd ae&mwumvdkvdkrSm&Sdaom
ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfcif; vkyfom;onf ‚xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m/ ‚.
&ufuef;pif/ rdom;pkcsnfiifbD;ESifh rdrd. tm;vyfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif
xGef,uf pdkufysKd;aom ajruGufi,fav;wckudk ydkifqdkifcJh=uygonf?
ypPnf;rJhwGif Tvdk ypPnf;rsKd; bmwckrSr&Sday? ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfcif;
vkyfom;onft+rJrjywfeD;yg;aus;vufa'owGifaexdkif+yD;‚ESifhajr&Sif
odk@r[kwf tvkyf&Sifwdk@t=um;wGif tenf;ESifhtrsm; taz}uD;pdk;onfh
qufqHa&;rsKd;&Sdonf? ypPnf;rJhonf trsm;tm;jzifh òr@}uD;rsm;wGif
aexdkifum ‚ESifh tvkyf&Sif. qufqHa&;onf aiGa=u;qufqHa&;
oufoufomjzpfygonf?t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;uukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfol
vkyfom;. tz}uD;pdk;aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk qkwf+zJypfvdkuf+yD;
‚ydkifqdkifvsuf &Sdao;onfh ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udkvnf; qHk;±_H;apum Tenf;jzifh
‚udk,fwdkif ypPnf;rJhjzpfvmonf?
ar;cGef; 11? pufr_awmfvSefa&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; "e&SifESifhar;cGef; 11? pufr_awmfvSefa&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; "e&SifESifhar;cGef; 11? pufr_awmfvSefa&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; "e&SifESifhar;cGef; 11? pufr_awmfvSefa&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; "e&SifESifhar;cGef; 11? pufr_awmfvSefa&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; "e&SifESifh
ypPnf;rJhuGJjym;oGm;r_wdk@. vwfwavm tusKd;qufrsm;um;ypPnf;rJhuGJjym;oGm;r_wdk@. vwfwavm tusKd;qufrsm;um;ypPnf;rJhuGJjym;oGm;r_wdk@. vwfwavm tusKd;qufrsm;um;ypPnf;rJhuGJjym;oGm;r_wdk@. vwfwavm tusKd;qufrsm;um;ypPnf;rJhuGJjym;oGm;r_wdk@. vwfwavm tusKd;qufrsm;um;
tb,fenf;´?tb,fenf;´?tb,fenf;´?tb,fenf;´?tb,fenf;´?
tajz? yxr? puf,EW&m;vkyftm;u o,faqmifvmonfh pufr_ txGuf
ypPnf;rsm;.wefzdk; ydkIydkI usqif;vmr_rsm;u urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd wdkif;jynf
tm;vHk;rS ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfcif;rsm;ESifh vl.vkyftm;tay: tajccHaom
pufr_vkyfief; pepfa[mif;udk vHk;0zsufqD;ypfvdkufonf? Tenf;jzifh ,ck
tcsdeftxd ordkif;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh tenf;ESifhtrsm; wpdrf;jyifjyif
jzpfaeao;+yD; ‚wdk@. pufr_vkyfief;rsm;uvnf; ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfcif;
tay: tajccHxm;onfh t±dkif;tpdkif;wydkif; EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk;onf ‚wdk@
. txD;usefwaumifºuuf jzpfaer_rS twif;tusyfqGJxkwfjcif; cHvdkuf
&onf? ‚wdk@onf t*Fvdyfwdk@. aps;ydkaygaom ukefpnfrsm;udk 0,f,l
=u+yD; ‚wdk@. udk,fydkifypPnf; xkwfvkyfolvkyfom;rsm;udk b0ysufapcJh
onf? ESpfaxmif ESifhcsD+yD; bmr#rwdk;wufcJhaom EdkifiHrsm; Oyrm tdEdN,rSm
tukeftpif awmfvSefajymif;vJypfvdkuf+yD; w±kwfjynfonfyif ,cktcg
awmfvSefa&;vrf;udk av#mufvSrf;vm=u+yD jzpfonf? ,ae@ t*FvefrSm
puftopfwDxGifvdkufr_uwESpftwGif;w±kwftvkyform;oef;ESifhcsD+yD;

13. 11
b0ysufapEdkifonfhtcsdefodk@ u|Ekfyfwdk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhay+yD? Tenf;jzifh
t}uD;pm;pufr_vufr_vkyfief;u urBmajray:&Sd jynfoltm;vHk;udk wOD;ESifh
wOD; xdawG@qufpyfay;+yD; a'oaps; uGufi,f tm;vHk;udk urBmhaps;}uD;
wcktjzpfaygif;pyfpkay;umae&mwumrSmzGH@òz;wdk;wufonfh,Ofaus;r_
vrf;a=umif;udk cif;ay;vdkufonf? Tenf; jzifh ,Ofaus;aom EdkifiHrsm;u
rnfonfhtjzpftysufrqdk tjcm;EdkifiH tm;vHk;odk@ *,uf±dkufcwfr_ &SdcJh
onf? xdk@a=umifh t*Fvef odk@r[kwf jyifopf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;u ,ck
tcg rdrdudk,frdrd vGwfajrmufapvdkufygu Tonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;
tm;vHk;&Sd awmfvSefa&;rsm;udk aygufuGJapvdrfhrnf? ,if;awmfvSefa&;rsm;
u xdka'o&Sd tvkyform;rsm;udk taES;ESifhtjrefqdkovdk vGwf ajrmufap
ayvdrfhrnf?
'kwd,? ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfcif;udk t}uD;pm; pufr_vufr_u tpm;
xdk;cJhonfhae&mwdkif;wGifpufr_awmfvSefa&;onf"e&Sifrsm;‚.ºu,f0
csrf;omr_ESifh tm%mwdk@udk tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk@ jzpfay:wdk;wuf ap+yD;
‚wdk@udk wdkif;jynfwGif yxrwef;pm; vlwef;pm;tjzpfodk@ a&muf&Sd
oGm;apcJhygonf? tusKd; &&Sdcsufuawmh Tt&m jzpfysufcJhonfh ae&m
wdkif;wGif "e&Sifonf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk vuf0,f&,l+yD; xdktcsdefxd
tkyfpdk;onfh vlwef;pm;rsm;/ rif;pdk;&mZmrsm; *D;vfvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh TESpf
rsKd;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh oufOD;qHydkiftkyfcsKyfr_ukd z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonf? "e
&Sifrsm;onf ajr,mudk a&mif;cscGifh r&Sdonfh Oya'ESifh rSL;}uD;rwf&mrsm;.
tcGifhxl; tm;vHk;udk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif; jzifh rif;pdk;&mZmrsm;ESifh rSL;}uD;
rwf&mwdk@. tm%mrsm;udk acsr_ef;ypfvdkuf ygonf? *D;vfvkyfief;rsm;ESifh
vufr_ynmqdkif&mtcGifhxl;rsm;udkzsufodrf;vdkufjcif;jzifhTonfu*D;vf
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;.tm%mudkzsufqD;vdkufonf?‚wdk@.ae&mwGifvGwf
vyfwJh+ydKifqdkifr_ odk@r[kwf rnfonfh pufr_vufr_ vkyfief;cGJrsm;wGifrqdk
vlwdkif;yg0ifEdkifonfhtcGifhta&;&Sd+yD;wckwnf;aomtwm;tqD;uawmh
vdktyfonfh t&if;tESD; csKd@wJhjcif;qdkaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tajctaewck
u tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? Tenf;jzifh vGwfvyfwJ@ +ydKifqdkifr_udk azmfaqmif
vdkufjcif;u ,cktcsdefrSpI vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;onf ‚wdk@. t&if;
tESD; rwlnDr_twdkif;twm t&omv#if rwlnDr_&Sd=u+yD; t&if;tESD;

14. 12
omv#if tqHk;tjzwf tm%mjzpfa=umif;ESifh xdk@a=umifh t&if;&Sifrsm;ESSifh
"e&Sifrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif yxrwef;pm;rsm; jzpfa=umif;udk
vlod&Sif=um;a=unmvdkufjcif;jzpfayonf?t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;onf
vGwfvyfpGm +ydKifqdkifr_qdkaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tajc tae wckwGifom
zGH@òz;wdk;wufEdkifonfhtwGuf Tvkyfief; zGJ@pnf;xajrmuf a&; twGuf
vGwfvyfaom òyifqdkifr_udk vdktyfonf? "e&Sifonf rSL;}uD; rwf&mrsm;ESifh
*D;vfvkyfief;&Sifrsm;. vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tm%mudk acsr_ef;+yD;aemuf
‚wdk@. EdkifiHa&;tm%mudkvnf; acsr_ef;vdkufonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
twGif; yxrwef;pm;ae&modk@ jrifhwufvm+yD;aemuf "e&Sifonf EdkifiHa&;
wGifvnf; yxrwef;pm;jzpfa=umif; rdrdudk,frdrd a=unmvdkufygonf?
Tonf "e&Sifwdk@. w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#jcif;ESifh
vGwfvyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_t& w&m;0if todtrSwf jyKjcif; wdk@tay:
rSDcdkonfh udk,fpm;vS,fpepf azmfaqmifjcif;jzifh jyKvkyfcJhonf? Oa&my
EdkifiHrsm;wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya't& bk&ifpepfo¿mefudk cH,l
vdkufjcif;jzifh vkyfaqmifvdkufonf?
TzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt& bk&ifpepfrsm;wGif t&if;tESD; wpHk
w&m &Sdolrsm; wenf;tm;jzifh "e&Sifomv#if rJay;Edkifolrsm;jzpfum T
"e&Sif rJqEN&Sifrsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,f+yD; T"e&Sif
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u tcGeftaumufrsm;udk rJay;&ef jiif;qdkEdkifaom
‚wdk@. tcGifhta&;udk toHk;jyK+yD; "e&Siftpdk;&udk a&G;cs,f=uonf?
wwd,?pufr_vufr_awmfvSefa&;onfae&mwdkif;wGifypPnf;rJh
rsm;udk "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; wnfaqmufay;onfh twdkif;twmtwdkif;
wnfaqmufay;onf? "e&Sifrsm; ydkIydkIcsrf;omvmonfESifhtr#
wlnDwJh tcsKd;tpm;twdkif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;uvnf; ta&twGuf wdk;rsm;
vmonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm; t&if;tESD;uom tvkyfay;Edkif+yD; t&if;tESD;
onfvnf; vkyftm;udk iSm;&rf;jcif;jzifhomv#if wdk;yGm;EdkifonfhtwGuf
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. }uD;xGm;r_onf t&if;tESD;}uD;xGm;r_ESifhtnD wom;wnf;
vSrf;wufaeayonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif TjzpfpOfu pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
tvGef tusKd;tjrwf&Sdatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh +rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif "e&SifESifh
ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk twlpk±kH; ay; vdkufonf? Tenf;jzifh wae&mwae&mwae&mwae&mwae&mwnf;rSm

15. 13
tvGef}uD;rm;onfh vlpkvla0;}uD;rsm; jzpfay: jcif;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm;
‚wdk@. pGrf;&nf tiftm;udk od&Sdem;vnfapvdkufygonf? 'ghtjyif T
jzpfpOfydkrdkjzpfay:wdk;wufvm+yD;vl@vkyftm;udkz,f&Sm;onfhpuf,EW&m;
rsm;udkydkIwDxGifvmv#ifu|efawmfwdk@axmufjycJhonfhtwdkif;t}uD;pm;
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;u vkyfcrsm;udk tedrfhqHk;odk@ ydkrdkESdrfhcsvdkuf+yD; Tenf;jzifh
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tajctaeonf omIomI onf;rcHEdkifzG,f&m jzpfvm
ayonf?Tenf;jzifhypPnf;rJhrsm;onf wzufwGif rauseyfr_rsm; }uD;xGm;
vmum wzufwGifvnf; tiftm;awmifhwif; }uD;rm;vm+yD; pufr_ awmf
vSefa&;u ypPnf;rJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; awmfvSefa&;vrf;udk jyifqifay;
vdkufonf?
ar;cGef; 12? pufr_awmfvSefa&;. a&S@tusKd;qufrsm;um; tb,far;cGef; 12? pufr_awmfvSefa&;. a&S@tusKd;qufrsm;um; tb,far;cGef; 12? pufr_awmfvSefa&;. a&S@tusKd;qufrsm;um; tb,far;cGef; 12? pufr_awmfvSefa&;. a&S@tusKd;qufrsm;um; tb,far;cGef; 12? pufr_awmfvSefa&;. a&S@tusKd;qufrsm;um; tb,f
enf;´?enf;´?enf;´?enf;´?enf;´?
tajz? a&aEG;aiG@tif*sifESifh tjcm;puf,E W&m;rsm;ESifh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;u
tawmrowf us,fjyef@aeaom xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emrsm;udk tcsdefwdk
twGif;ESifhtukeftusenf;pGmzefwD;vdkufonf?Tenf;jzifhxkwfvkyfa&;
ajyjypfacsmarm jrefqefvmr_ESifhtwl t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;ESifh rv$J
raoG yl;wGJaeonfh vGwfvyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_uvnf; r=umrDtwGif;rSmyif
tvGeftu|HqHk;o¿mefodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf?t&if;&Siftajrmuftjrm;
pufr_vkyfief;avmuodk@ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvm+yD; tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyif
oHk;Edkifonfxufydk+yD; xkwfvkyfvmawmhonf? tusKd;uawmh xkwfvkyf
vdkufaom ypPnf;rsm;rSm a&mif;rxGufawmhbJ ukefoG,fa&;uyfqdkwm
ay:xGufvmawmhonf? puf±kHrsm;ydwfvdkuf&+yD; ydkif&Sifrsm;a'0gvDcHum
tvkyform;rsm; pm;p&mr&Sd jzpfoGm;&onf? ae&mwumrSm qif;&J'kuQ
wGif;teufqHk; usoGm;onf? c%=umawmh ydkv#Haeaom ypPnf;rsm;
a&mif;xkwfvdkuf&+yD; puf±kHrsm;jyefvnf vnfywfum vkyfcrsm;jrifhwuf
vm+yD; wjznf;jznf;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm ,cifuxuf ydkI aumif;vmygonf?
odk@aomf odyfr=umvdkufbJ ukefypPnf;trsm;tjym; jyefvnfxkwfvkyfvm
jyef+yD; uyfab;topf xyfjzpfvmum ,cifvrf;a=umif;twdkif;om jyef
ay:vmcJhonf? T (q,fhudk;) &mpk tpydkif;rSp+yD; pufr_vkyfief; tajc
taeonf }uD;yGm;aomumvESifh uyfqdkufaomumvtwGif; t+rJ

16. 14
twuftus jzpfae+yD; uyfqdkufjcif;topfrSm ig;ESpfodk@r[kwf ckESpfESpf
eD;yg;w}udrf rSefrSefeD;yg; usa&mufaeonf? Todk@jzifh tvkyform;rsm;
twGuf t}uD;rm;qHk;aom tcuftcJtusyftwnf;rsm; taxGaxG
awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh wnf&SdqJtajctaersm;twGuf tvGef
tu|HtEW&m,frsm; pwmawG woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:vmygonf?
ar;cGef; 13? Tumvtvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfay:vmaom ukefoG,fa&; uyfab;ar;cGef; 13? Tumvtvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfay:vmaom ukefoG,fa&; uyfab;ar;cGef; 13? Tumvtvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfay:vmaom ukefoG,fa&; uyfab;ar;cGef; 13? Tumvtvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfay:vmaom ukefoG,fa&; uyfab;ar;cGef; 13? Tumvtvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfay:vmaom ukefoG,fa&; uyfab;
rsm; aemufrSm bmawGvdkufvmygoenf;´?rsm; aemufrSm bmawGvdkufvmygoenf;´?rsm; aemufrSm bmawGvdkufvmygoenf;´?rsm; aemufrSm bmawGvdkufvmygoenf;´?rsm; aemufrSm bmawGvdkufvmygoenf;´?
tajz? yxr? t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;onf ‚.tapmqHk;tqifhwGif vGwf
vyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_udk zefwD;cJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGif ‚onf
vGwfvyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_udk ausmfvGefoGm;ay+yD? t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyfief;tzdk@ +ydKifqdkifr_ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh yk*~vduydkif pufr_xkwfvkyfa&;
tpnf;t±kH;rsm;rSm twm; tqD;tcsKyftaESmifrsm; jzpfvm+yD; ‚wdk@udk
zsufqD;ypf&awmhrnf? zsufvnf; zsufqD;ypfvdrfhrnf? t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyfief;onf ,ckvuf&Sd ‚. tajccHay:rSm qufvufvnfywf vkyf
aqmifaeor# umvywfvHk; ckESpfESpf w}udrf taxGaxGtHkºur_qdkaom
t&if;tESD;ay;rSomv#if xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifrSmjzpf+yD; xdktHkºur_rsm;u
t}udrfwdkif;rSm vl@,Ofaus;r_ wck vHk;udk +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk
qif;&JwGif;usa&mufap±kHru "e&Sif tpdwftydkif; trsm;tjym;udkvnf;
zsufqD;ypfayonf? Todk@qdkv#if t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;udk,fwdkifu
t±_H;ay;vdkufrnfvm;? 'guawmh vHk;0rjzpfEdkifay? odk@r[kwf ‚taeESifh
pufr_xkwfvkyfa&;udk tjyef tvSef+ydKifqdkifaewJh yk*~vdupuf±kHydkif&Sifrsm;&J@
!¸ef=um;r_ qufrcHawmhbJ tm;vHk;&J@vdktyfr_udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onfh
wdusonfhpDrHudef;ESifhtnDtzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;uv_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifaom
vHk;0opfvGifaom tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk rv$Jra&Smif vdktyfvmap
rnfvm;?
'kwd,? t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;ESifh ‚ujzpfapcJhonfh twm;
tqD;r&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;csJ@xGifjcif;onf jzpfEdkifonfh t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;
b0.vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk xkwfvkyfay;+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0ifwdkif;
jzpfay:wdk;wufEdkifumjynfh0aomvGwfvyfjcif;ESifh‚wdk@.tiftm;rsm;/
pGrf;&nfrsm;tm;vHk;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm; wck

17. 15
udko,faqmifvmonf?xdk@a=umifh,ae@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Yqif;&J
'kuQtm;vHk;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;uyfqdkufr_ tm;vHk;wdk@udk jzpfay:aponfh
t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;. t&nftcsif;rsm;uyifv#if rwlnDonfh vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; atmufrSm T'kuQrsm;ESifh qdk;0g;vSaom uyfab;twuf tus
rsm;udk acsr_ef; Edkifaom t&mrsm;jzpf[ef &Sdayonf? xdk@a=umifh -
1? Traumif;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk ,cktcsdefrSp+yD; wnf&SdqJ
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh qufvufudkufnDjcif; r&Sdawmhonfh vl@tzGJ@t
pnf; pepfay:odk@om yHkcs&efjzpfonf? aemuf+yD;
2? Traumif;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk vHk;0z,f&Sm;+yD; vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; pepfopfw&yf azmfxkwfa&;enf;emrsm;onfvnf;
tqifoifh&Sdae+yD jzpf a=umif; t&Sif;vif;qHk; jyovdkufay+yD?
ar;cGef; 14? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm;opfw&yfrSmar;cGef; 14? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm;opfw&yfrSmar;cGef; 14? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm;opfw&yfrSmar;cGef; 14? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm;opfw&yfrSmar;cGef; 14? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm;opfw&yfrSm
b,fvdktrsKd;tpm; rsKd; jzpfrnfenf;´?b,fvdktrsKd;tpm; rsKd; jzpfrnfenf;´?b,fvdktrsKd;tpm; rsKd; jzpfrnfenf;´?b,fvdktrsKd;tpm; rsKd; jzpfrnfenf;´?b,fvdktrsKd;tpm; rsKd; jzpfrnfenf;´?
tajz? t"durSm ‚onfa,bk,stm;jzifh tjyeftvSef+ydKifqdkifaeonfh yk*~vd
ursm;vufxJrS pufr_vkyfief;vnfywfa&;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;cGJ
tm; vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkuf+yD; ‚.ae&mwGif xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;cGJ
tm;vHk;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;u tkyfcsKyf vkyfaqmifcef@cGJonfh pepfjzifh
tpm;xdk; onf? 'guawmh wlnDaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;twGuf
bHkpDrHudef;ESifh tnD vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if tm;vHk;u yg0ifaqmif&Guf&rnfh
pepfyifjzpfonf? wenf;ajymv#if ‚onf +ydKifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;+yD;
'gudkaygif;pyfwGJzufjcif; jzifh tpm;xdk;onf? xdk@jyif pufr_vkyfief;tay:
yk*~vdupDrHtkyfcsKyfr_u ‚. rv$Jra&Smifomaom tusKd;quftjzpf
yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk &&Sd aponf? aemuf+yD; +ydKifqdkifr_onf
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkif olrsm; tkyfcsKyfvkyfaqmifonfh
enf;pepfESifho¿mefr#omjzpfonfhtwGufa=umifhyk*~vduydkifqdkifr_onf
pufr_vkyfief;tay: yk*~vdupDrH tkyfcsKyfr_eJ@ +ydKifqdkifr_wdk@ESifh
uif;uGmIr&[k jzpfvmonf? xdk@a=umifh yk*~vd uydkifqdkifr_udkvnf;
zsufodrf;&rSmjzpf+yD; ‚.ae&mwGif xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d ,mtm;vHk;udk
bHkoHk;pGJr_ESifh bHkoabmwlnDr_t& txGufypPnf;tm;vHk;udk jzef@a0r_u
tpm;xdk; vma&muf&rnf? pum;wcGef;wnf;ESifhqdkv#if ypPnf; rsm;udk

18. 16
trsm;ydkifqdkifr_ qdkwmyJ jzpfonf? wu,fawmh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_
zsufodrf;a&;onf pufr_ vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_u vdktyfapaom
xdkta=umif;a=umifhyif uGefjrLepfrsm;u ‚wdk@t"du awmif;qdkcsuf
tjyif rSefuefpGmwifjyonfh vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf; taetxm;wckvHk; ajymif;
vJa&;udk yHkazmf&ef twdkqHk;ESifh txif&Sm; qHk;aom vrf;jzpfonf?
ar;cGef; 15? xdk@a=umifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk tcsdefapmpGm zsufodrf;&ef r jzpfEdkifbl;ar;cGef; 15? xdk@a=umifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk tcsdefapmpGm zsufodrf;&ef r jzpfEdkifbl;ar;cGef; 15? xdk@a=umifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk tcsdefapmpGm zsufodrf;&ef r jzpfEdkifbl;ar;cGef; 15? xdk@a=umifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk tcsdefapmpGm zsufodrf;&ef r jzpfEdkifbl;ar;cGef; 15? xdk@a=umifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk tcsdefapmpGm zsufodrf;&ef r jzpfEdkifbl;
r[kwfvm;´?r[kwfvm;´?r[kwfvm;´?r[kwfvm;´?r[kwfvm;´?
tajz? rSefonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m taetxm; tajymif;tvJwdkif; ydkifqdkifr_
qufqHa&;rsm;twGif;u awmfvSefa&;wdkif;onf ydkifqdkifr_qufqHa&;rsm;
ESifh qufvuftH0ifcGifusjcif; r&Sdawmhonfh xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkopf
rsm;zefwD;wDxGifvmjcif;.vdktyfaomtusKd;qufjzpfonf?yk*~vduydkif
qdkifr_udk,fwdkif Tenf;jzifh pwifay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? tb,f
a=umifhqdkaomf yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_onf tpOft+rJwnf&SdcJhonf r[kwf
aoma=umifh jzpfonf? tv,facwf ukefqHk;cgeD;tcsdefu xkwfvkyfa&;
enf;emopf wckonf xdktcsdefuwnf&Sdaeonfh ya'o&mZfESifh *D;vf
ydkifqdkifr_. vufatmufcHtjzpf rxm;&SdEdkifonfh pufr_vufr_vkyfcif;
o¿meftjzpf xGufvm+yD; ydkifqdkifr_qufqHa&;a[mif;xufausmfvGef
}uD;xGm;vmonfhTukefxkwfvkyfr_vkyfcif;onfyk*~vduydkifqdkifr_qdkaom
ydkifqdkifr_opfudk zefwD;vdkufonf? ukefxkwfvkyfr_vkyfcif;ESifh t}uD;pm;
pufr_vkyfief;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_yxrtqifhtwGuf yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_onf
wckwnf;aom jzpfvmEdkifonfh ydkifqdkifr_o¿mef jzpfonf? ‚tay:
tajccHonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfonfvnf; wckwnf;aom jzpfvmEdkif
onfhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfyifjzpfonf?tm;vHk;twGufvdktyfoavmuf
rxkwfvkyfEdkifbJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; t&if;tESD; wdk;jrifha&;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;
tiftm;pk qufvufwdk;wufa&;twGuf txGufypPnf;tydktv#Hrsm;
usef&Sdaeor# umvywfvHk; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; xkwfvkyf
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk ydkifqdkif jc,fvS,f csKyfudkifEdkifonfh v$rf;rdk;}uD;pdk;aom
vlwef;pm;ESifh qif;&Jonfh tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;[lI t+rJ&Sdaeygvdrfhrnf?
Tvlwef;pm;rsm;rnfodk@zGJwnfyg0ifonfqdkjcif;rSmxkwfvkyfa&;jzpfay:
wdk;wufr_tqifhtay:rSDwnfygvdrfhrnf?v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ay:rSDcdkonfh

19. 17
tv,facwfwGif bJa&mefrSL;rwfrsm;ESifh ajru|efrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf?
tv,facwf aemufydkif; +rdK@rsm;u *D;vfvkyfief;ydkif&SifESifh e,fvSnfhtvkyf
orm;ESifh ae@pm; tvkyform;rsm;udk azmfjy+yD;? 17 &mpkwGif ukefxkefvkyfr_
vkyfcif;ydkif&Sif rsm;ESifh ,if;vkyfcif;tvkyform;rsm;&Sdum 19 &mpkrSmawmh
tvkyf±kH ydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm; &Sdvmygonf? xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;
pkrsm;onf ,cktcsdefxd tm;vHk;twGuf vHkavmufatmif xkwfvkyfEdkif
onfhtqifhxd jzpfay: wdk;wufjcif;r&SdbJ xdkxkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk
rsm;twGuf yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_onf tcsKyftaESmiftwm;tqD; jzpfae
a=umif; &Sif;vmonf? odk@aomf ,cktcgwGif t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; jzpf
ay: wdk;wufr_onf yxr - t&if;tESD;udk zefwD;+yD; xkwfvkyfa&;tif
tm;pkrsm;rSm ,cifu r&Sdbl;onfhtqifhxd us,fjyef@wdk;yGm;vmum
enf;emrsm;uvnf; tcsdefwdktwGif; tuef@towfr&Sd trsm;tjym;
wdk;rsm;vm&eftvG,fwulwnf&Sdvmonfhtcg?'kwd,-Txkwfvkyfa&;
tiftm;pkrsm; "e&Siftenf;i,f. vufxJwGifom pk+yKHa&muf&Sdae+yD;
vltajrmuftjrm;uawmh ypPnf;rJhtqifhodk@ ydkIydkI av#mhusvm+yD;
‚wdk@. tajctaersm;onf "e&Sifrsm;. ºu,f0csrf;omr_ wdk;rsm;vm
onfh tcsKd;tpm;ESifh nDr#pGm ydkIqif;&J'kuQa&mufvmum rcHr&yfEdkif
jzpfvmonfhtcg/ wwd,- Twefcdk; owWd}uD;rm;+yD; tvG,fwul us,f
jyef@wdk;yGm;Edkifonfhxkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf,cktcsdefxdyk*~vdu
ydkifqdkifr_ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;xuf ausmfvGef}uD;xGm;vmum ‚wdk@u
tcsdefra&G; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm;tm; t=urf;wrf; qHk;aom
qlylaESmifh,Sufr_rsm; jzpfay:apvmaomtcg - ,cktcsdefrSmom T
tcsuftvufrsm;atmufwGif yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;onf
jzpfvmEdkifacs &Sdvm±kHru vHk;0vdktyfr_vnf; jzpfvmayonf?
ar;cGef; 16? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;rsm;ar;cGef; 16? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;rsm;ar;cGef; 16? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;rsm;ar;cGef; 16? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;rsm;ar;cGef; 16? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;rsm;
jzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifovm;´?jzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifovm;´?jzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifovm;´?jzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifovm;´?jzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifovm;´?
tajz? TuJhodk@ jzpfvmEdkifygu tvGefvdkvm;p&mjzpf+yD; Ttcsufudk qef@usifol
rsm;teufuGefjrLepfrsm;onfrkcsyifaemufqHk;rSjzpfygvdrfhrnf?v#Kd@0Suf}uH
pnfr_rsm;rSefor#rSmtoHk;rus±kHrutEW&m,fyif&Sdao;a=umif;uGefjrLepf
rsm;uodonf? olwdk@u awmfvSefa&;rsm;rSm qEN&Sdwdkif;xvkyfwmrsKd;

20. 18
t&rf;uma&mvkyfwmrsKd; r[kwfbJ ygwDtoD;oD;ESifh vlwef;pm;rsm;
tm;vHk;. pdwfqENESifh !¸ef=um;csufrsm;ESifh vHk;0rywfoufaom tajc
tae. vdktyfonfh tusKd;quftjzpfom ae&mwumESifh tcsdefwdkif;rSm
jzpfay:vmEdkifa=umif;udkaumif;aumif;}uD; od=uygonf? odk@aomf olwdk@u
,Ofaus;wdk; wuf+yD; EdkifiHtm;vHk;eD;yg;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;. jzpfay: wdk;wufr_
onf t=urf; zufzdESdyfjcif;cH&+yD; Tenf;jzifhuGefjrLepfrsm;.twdkuftcH
rsm;onf‚wdk@tpGrf;&Sdor#jzifhawmfvSefa&;qDodk@ydk@aqmifaea=umif; udk
vnf; awG@jrif=uygonf? odk@jzifh tzdESdyfcHypPnf;rJhrsm;rSm tqHk;wae@wGif
awmf vSefa&;qDodk@ wGef;ydk@jcif;cH&onfhtcsdef u|efawmfwdk@ uGefjrLepfrsm;
onfypPnf;rJhrsm;.ta&;awmfyHkudk,cktcgrSmu|efawmfwdk@pum;vHk;rsm;
ESifh umuG,faeouJhodk@ xdktcsdefwGif tvkyfjzifh umuG,foGm;=urnf?
ar;cGef; 17? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;&mrSm wcsufwnf;ESifh jzpfEdkifar;cGef; 17? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;&mrSm wcsufwnf;ESifh jzpfEdkifar;cGef; 17? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;&mrSm wcsufwnf;ESifh jzpfEdkifar;cGef; 17? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;&mrSm wcsufwnf;ESifh jzpfEdkifar;cGef; 17? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;&mrSm wcsufwnf;ESifh jzpfEdkif
ygovm;´?ygovm;´?ygovm;´?ygovm;´?ygovm;´?
tajz? rjzpfEdkifay? wnf&SdqJ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; trsm;ydkifvl@ tzGJ@
tpnf; zefwD;wnfaxmif&eftwGuf vdktyfaomtqifhodk@ wcsufwnf;
ESifh rwdk;csJ@EdkifouJhodk@yif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jzpfEdkifacsta=umif;
tm;vHk;ESifh csOf;uyfeD;pyfvmonfh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;onf vdktyfonfh
xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udkvHkavmufaomta&twGufxdzefwD;+yD;rS om
v#if wnf&SdqJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ajymif;vJapEdkif+yD; yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk
tqifh&Sd&Sd zsufodrf; Edkifygvdrfhrnf?
aaaaar;cGef; 18? TawmfvSefa&;. a&S@vrf;a=umif; rnfodk@&Sdygoenf;´?r;cGef; 18? TawmfvSefa&;. a&S@vrf;a=umif; rnfodk@&Sdygoenf;´?r;cGef; 18? TawmfvSefa&;. a&S@vrf;a=umif; rnfodk@&Sdygoenf;´?r;cGef; 18? TawmfvSefa&;. a&S@vrf;a=umif; rnfodk@&Sdygoenf;´?r;cGef; 18? TawmfvSefa&;. a&S@vrf;a=umif; rnfodk@&Sdygoenf;´?
tajz? t"dutm;jzifh TawmfvSefa&;u 'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;yHk'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;yHk'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;yHk'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;yHk'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;yHkw&yfffffudk wnf axmif
rSm jzpf+yD; Tenf;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tkyfcsKyfr_udk wdkuf±kduf aomf
vnf;aumif;/ oG,f0dkufIaomfvnf;aumif; xlaxmifygvdrfhrnf? wdkuf
±kduftaejzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;u vlxkxJrSm trsm;pkjzpfaeonfh t*FvefwGif
jzpfonf? oG,f0dkufIqdk&v#if trsm;pkvlxk}uD;xJrSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;omru
,cktcg ypPnf;rJhrsm;tjzpf usqif;vm+yD; ‚wdk@.EdkifiHa&; tusKd;pD;yGm;
tm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;tay:ydkIydkIrSDcdkvm&+yD;xdk@a=umifhypPnf;rJhrsm;.awmif;
qdkcsufrsm;ESifhrdrdwdk@udk,frdrdwdk@qDav#mfoifhawmfvmEdkifonfhv,form;
av;rsm;ESifh "e&Sifaygufprsm;yg yg0ifaom jyifopfESifh *smreDwdk@wGif

21. 19
jzpfonf? TtwGuf 'kwd,wdkufyGJ vdktyfaumif;vdktyfEdkifaomfvnf;
tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_uawmh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. atmifyGJomv#if jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
ypPnf;rJhrsm;tzdk@ 'Drdkua&pDqdkonftm; yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk
wdkufzsufonfhae&mrSmESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. aexdkifr_b0udk tmrcHonfh
ae&mrsm;rSm toHk;ðyaomenf;emrsm;tjzpf wdkuf±kduftoHk;rðyEdkifv#if
rnfonfhwefzdk;r# r&Sdacs? wnf&SdqJqufqHa&;rsm;. vdktyfaom tusKd;
qufrsm;tjzpfay:xGufvmaomt"duajcvSrf;rsm;rSmatmufygtwdkif;
jzpfonf?
1? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk taumuftcGefrsm; wdk;wufaumuf
,ljcif;/ tarGcHtcGef}uD;av;pGm aumufcHjcif;/ nDtudkarmifESrrsm;rS
wqifhqif;oufaom (nD/ wl pojzifh) tarGcHpm;cGifh y,fzsufjcif;/ zdtm;
ay;acs;,ljcif; pojzifhwdk@jzifh uef@owfjcif;?
2? ajrydkif&Sifrsm;/ puf±kHydkif&Sifrsm;/ oabmFESifh rD;&xm; vkyfief;
&Sif}uD;rsm;xHrS ‚wdk@ydkif ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfpufr_ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
+ydKifqdkifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm;o¿mefjzifh avsmfa=u;
rsm; ay;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ wjznf;jznf; odrf;,ljcif;?
3? jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;udk qef@usifonfh jynfajy;rsm;ESifh
olykefrsm;. ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;?
4? trsm;ydkifajrrsm;/ tvkyf±kHESifh puf±kHrsm;wGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk
tvkyfcef@tyfjcif;ESifh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;jzifh
vkyfom;rsm;t=um; +ydKifqdkifr_udk tqHk;owfapjcif;/ tvkyf±kHydkif&Sifrsm;
udk ‚tcsdeftxd qufvuf&Sdaeao;ygu EdkifiHawmfu axmufyHhxm;
onfh vpmE_ef;jrifhtwdkif; ay;aqmifap&rnf?
5? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ vHk;0zsufodrf;+yD;onfhtcsdeftxd vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;0if tm;vHk;tm; tvkyfvkyf&ef wlnDaom wm0ef0wW&m;&Sdjcif;/
pufr_wyfzGJ@rsm; txl;ojzifh v,f,mtwGuf zGJ@pnf;jcif;?
6? EdkifiHawmft&if;tESD;jzifh EdkifiHawmfb%frsm;rSwqifh twdk;
E_ef;ESifh aiGa=u;xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;r_pepfudk EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif pkpnf;
jcif;ESifh yk*~vdub%frsm;ESifh b%folaÏ;tm;vHk;udk zdESdyfjcif;?
7? EdkifiHawmfydkif puf±kHrsm;/ tvkyf±kHrsm;/ rD&xm;ESifh oabFm

22. 20
ta&twGufudk wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ xGef,ufpdkufysKd;&ef v,fajropfrsm;
azmfjcif;ESifh xGef,ufpdkufysKd;+yD; v,fajrrsm;udk wdk;wufaumif;rGefapjcif;-
tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHawmf. pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufu vkyftm;pGrf;tm;pkESifh
t&if;tESD; }uD;xGm;r_ESifh nDr#onfh tcsKd;tpm;twdkif; jzpf&rnf?
8? EdkifiHawmf. ukefusp&dwfjzifh EdkifiHawmf. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
wGif uav;oli,ftm;vHk; rdcif&ifcGifrS xGufcGmEdkifonfh tcsdefrSp+yD; ynm
oif=um;cGifh/ ynmoif=um;jcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&; twlwuG vkyf
aqmifjcif;?
9? EdkifiHawmfydkifajrrsm;ESifh eef;awmf}uD;rsm;udk pufr_vkyfief;ESifh
v,f,mvkyfief;wdk@rSm yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeonfh EdkifiHawmfom; toif;
tpk rsm;twGuf trsm;ydkifaetdrfrsm;tjzpf wnfaqmufay;+yD; ‚wdk@.
aexdkifr_b0twGif; +rdK@ESifhaus;vuftajctae ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk
aygif;pyfay;jcif;/ wzufwGifvnf; wOD;OD;. wzufowfusr_ESifh tm;enf;
csufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ay;&rnf?
10?+rdK@ae&yfuGufrsm;&Sdusef;rma&;ESifhrudkufnDaomjzpfuwwf
qef;caemfceJ@wnfaqmufxm;onfhtaqmuftODrsm;udk +zdKzsufypfjcif;?
11? tdrfaxmifb0rsm;rS arG;zGm;vmonfh uav;rsm;tm;
wlnDonfh tarGqufcHEdkifcGifh &Sdapjcif;?
12? o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmf. vufxJwGif
pkpnf;xm;&Sdjcif;?
trSefyif TtpDtpOfrsm;tm;vHk;udk wcsDwnf; taumift
xnf azmfvkyfaqmif&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? odk@aomfvnf; wck.aemufwGif
aemufwck t+rJygvmayvdrfhrnf? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tay: yxrqHk;aom
tjywftowf wdkufyGJpwifqifE$JvdkufonfESifh w+ydKifeuf ypPnf;rJhrsm;tzdk@
a&S@odk@wdk;&ef t&if;tESD;tm;vHk;/ pdkufysKd;a&;tm;vHk;/ pufr_vkyfief;tm;vHk;/
o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;tm;vHk;/ukefoG,fa&;tm;wdk@udk EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif
ydk+yD;pkpnf;,l&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&a=umif; udk,fhudk,fudk awG@vm& ay
vdrfhrnf? txufrSm azmfjycJhaom ajcvSrf;rsm; tm;vHk;onf T&nfrSef;
csufodk@ !¸efjy aeonf? aemuf+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vkyftm;jzifh wdkif;jynf.
xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay: wdk;yGm;vmonfh tcsKd;tpm;ESifh tnD

23. 21
tr# ‚wdk@onf taumiftxnfazmfvmum ‚wdk@. pkpnf;onfh
tusKd;tmedoifrsm;vnf; wdk;wufjzpfay:vmygvdrfhrnf? tqHk;wae@
t&if;tESD;tm;vHk;/ xkwfvkyfa&; tm;vHk;/ zvS,fr_tm;vHk; EdkifiHawmf.
vufwGif; pk+yHKa&muf&Sd oGm;onfhtcg yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_onf tvdkt
avsmuf aysmufuG,foGm;um tojymqdk onfrSmvnf; ydkv#Hae/ xkwf
vkyf a&;rsm;vnf; tvGefwdk;wufvm+yD; vlrsm;vnf; tvGefajymif;vJ
ukefrnf? odk@jzifh qufqHa&;a[mif;. aemufqHk; o¿mefrsm;vnf; cGm
ypfvkdufovkd uGmxGufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf?
ar;cGef; 19? TawmfvSefa&;onf wdkif;jynfwjynfxJwGif jzpfEdkifacs&Sd ygovm;´?ar;cGef; 19? TawmfvSefa&;onf wdkif;jynfwjynfxJwGif jzpfEdkifacs&Sd ygovm;´?ar;cGef; 19? TawmfvSefa&;onf wdkif;jynfwjynfxJwGif jzpfEdkifacs&Sd ygovm;´?ar;cGef; 19? TawmfvSefa&;onf wdkif;jynfwjynfxJwGif jzpfEdkifacs&Sd ygovm;´?ar;cGef; 19? TawmfvSefa&;onf wdkif;jynfwjynfxJwGif jzpfEdkifacs&Sd ygovm;´?
tajz? rjzpfEdkifay? urBmhaps;uGufudk zefwD;jcif;jzifh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;u
urBm ay:&Sd jynfolvlxkrsm; txl;ojzifh ,Ofaus;wdk;wuf+yD;olrsm;udk
tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufpyfay;cJhonf? eD;uyfvdkufor#rSm wOD;tjzpf
tysufu aemufwOD;tay: *,ufr±kdufbJ raeavmufatmifyif
jzpfonf? ‚tjyif/ ‚u ,Ofaus;wdk;wuf+yD; EdkifiHtm;vHk;wGif "e&SifESifh
ypPnf;rJhwdk@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tqHk;tjzwf vlwef;pm;ESpf&yftjzpf
a&muf&Sdvm+yD; ‚wdk@t=um; wdkufyGJonf ,ae@t"duwdkufyGJtqifhodk@
a&muf&Sdap&ef vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk;wuf jzpfay:r_udk wGJzuf!‡dE_dif;ay;
vdkufygonf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;onf EdkifiH wckwnf;.
jyemr[kwfawmhacs? ,Ofaus;wdk;wuf+yD; wdkif;jynfrsm; tm;vHk;wGif
tenf;qHk;ajym&v#if t*Fvef/ tar&duef/ jyifopfESifh *smr%/Dwdk@wGif
w+ydKifwnf; jzpfay:ayvdrfhrnf? wdkif;jynfwjynf odk@r[kwf tjcm; wjynf
wGif&Sdonfh ydkIjzpf ay:wdk;wufaeonfh pufr_vkyfief; ydkrdkrsm;jym;onfh
"eOpPmrsm; ydkrdkxl;jcm;onfh xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pk tpkta0;
rsm;ESifhtnD Twdkif;jynf wjynfcsif;onf ydkrdkvsifjrefpGmaomf
vnf;aumif;/ ydkIaES;pGmaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:wdk;wufvdrfhrnf?
xdk@a=umifh *smr%DwGif taES;qHk;jzpf+yD;/ tcuftcJ trsm;qHk; &ifqdkif
&rnfjzpf+yD; t*FvefwGif tjrefqHk;ESifh tvG,fqHk;jzpfvdrfhrnf? ‚onf
urBmhtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udk tiftm;}uD;rm;aom =oZm*,ufrsm;±dkufap+yD;
,ae@txd ‚wdk@.jzpf ay:wdk;yGm;r_ vrf;a=umif;tm; tajccHrSpI jyKjyif
ajymif;vJ+yD; t&Sdefwdk;jr‡ifhay;vdrfhrnf? ,if;onf wurBmvHk;qdkif&m

24. 22
awmfvSefa&;jzpf+yD; xdk@a=umifhyif urBmhtwdkif;twmaqmifayvdrfhrnf?
ar;cGef; 20? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ aemufqHk;zsufodrf;jcif;. tusKd;qufar;cGef; 20? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ aemufqHk;zsufodrf;jcif;. tusKd;qufar;cGef; 20? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ aemufqHk;zsufodrf;jcif;. tusKd;qufar;cGef; 20? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ aemufqHk;zsufodrf;jcif;. tusKd;qufar;cGef; 20? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ aemufqHk;zsufodrf;jcif;. tusKd;quf
rsm;um; tb,fenf;´?rsm;um; tb,fenf;´?rsm;um; tb,fenf;´?rsm;um; tb,fenf;´?rsm;um; tb,fenf;´?
tajz? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf yk*~vdu t&if;&Sifrsm;vufxJrS xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;
pk rsm;tm;vHk;ESifh ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;tm;vHk; xdk@tjyif aiGa=u;vJvS,fr_ESifh
ukefypPnf;jzef@a0r_rsm;udkodrf;,lvdkuf+yD;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;.vkdtyfcsuf
rsm;ESifh &Edkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: tajccHaom pDrHudef;ESifhtnD
pDrHcef@cGJ vdrfhrnf? Tenf;jzifh ta&;t}uD;qHk;uawmh t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyfief;. vkyf&yfa=umifh ,cktcg yl;wGJygvmonfh raumif;aom tusKd;
qufrsm; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&ayvdrfhrnf? pD;yGm;a&;uyfrsm;vnf; &Sdawmhrnf
r[kwfacs? vuf&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; xkwfvkyfa&;ydkv#Hr_jzpfum
xdk@a=umifh 'kuQrsm; . t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfaeaom us,fjyef@wdk;yGm;
vmonfh xkwfvkyfa&;rSm xdktcsdefwGif rvHkravmufjzpfum ydkrdkwdk;csJ@&ef
ydkrdkvdktyfvmvdrfhrnf? xkwfvkyfa&;ydkv#Hr_onf 'kuQqif;&Jrsm;udk jzpf
ay:aprnfhtpm; tm;vHk;. vdktyfr_udk auseyfEdkifap&eftwGuf vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;. tjccHvdktyfcsufrsm;xuf ausmfvGefoGm;ayrnf? vdktyfcsuf
topfrsm;ESifh wcsdefwnf; ,if;wdk@udk jynfh0jznfhqnf;Edkifrnfh enf;em
rsm;udk zefwD;vdrfhrnf? ‚onf wdk;wufr_ topf. ta=umif;tcsufESifh
v_H@aqmf csufjzpfvmrSmjzpf+yD; Twdk;wufr_udk a&S;,cifuvdk vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; taetxm;tm; ±_yfaxG;r_jzpfapjcif;rsKd; r&SdbJESifh &&Sdvdrfhrnf?
yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zdtm;atmufrS vGwfajrmufvmonfh t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyfief;onf ukefxkwfvkyfcif;tqifhESifh vuf&Sdtqifhwdk@. uGm;jcm;r_rsKd;
uGm;jcm;aom vuf&Sdtqifhxuf us,fjyef@onxuff us,fjyef@ wdk;yGm;r_
jzpfvmvdrfhrnf? Tpufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
twGuf tm;vHk;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk auseyfapEdkifonfh txGufypPnf;
tajrmuftjrm;tvHktavmuf &&SdapEdkifygvdrfhrnf? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifh
ajr,mtm; tuGufvdkufpdwfydkif;xm;r_. '%fudkcHpm;&onfh pdkufysKd;a&;
wGifvnf; tvm;wljzpfvmygvdrfhrnf? Tae&mwGif wnf&Sdaeonfh
wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ody`Henf;us tpDtpOfrsm;udk vufawG@taumif
txnfazmf+yD;vHk;0opfvGifonfh'Da&jrifhw&yfjzpfay:apumvHkavmufaom

25. 23
txGufypPnf;tajrmuftjrm;udkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;uoHk;pGJ&efay;tyfvdrfhrnf?
Tenf;jzifh ukefypPnf; tajrmuftrsm; xkwfvkyfum vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
taeESifh tzGJ@tpnf;0if tm;vHk;. vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk &&Sdauseyf
apEdkifygvdrfhrnf? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;twGif; tjyeftvSef&efapmifaeaom
vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf uGJjym;aer_onfvnf; Tenf;jzifh rvdktyfbJ
jzpfvmvdrfhrnf?trSefyifTonfrvdktyf±kHr#ruvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m
taetxm;topfESifhvnf; roifhav#mf rqDav#mfawmhacs? vkyftm;
cGJa0r_u vlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfwnf vmr_udk ay:aygufapcJh+yD; ,cktcsdefxd
odem;vnfvmcJh=uonfh vkyftm;cGJa0r_rSm vHk;0aysmufuG,f oGm;ay
vdrfhrnf?pufr_vkyfief;ESifhv,f,mvkyfief;xkwfvkyfa&;wdk@udku|efawmfwdk@
azmfjycJhwJh tqifhxd a&muf&Sdap&eftwGuf puf,EW&m;ESifh "mwkypPnf;
ud&d,mrsm;ESifhom vHk avmufEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ Tud&d,mrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;ae
aponfh vlrsm;. pGrf;&nfonfvnf; tvm;wlpGm jzpfay:wdk;wuf
vmayrnf? aemufqHk; &mpkESpf (q,fh&Spf&mpk) . v,form;rsm;ESifh
ukefxkwfvkyfr_ vkyfcif;vkyfom;rsm;rSm t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;twGif;
twif;wGef;ydk@jcif; cH&onfhtcg ‚wdk@. aexdkifr_b0wckvHk; ajymif;oGm;
+yD; uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh vlrsm; jzpfoGm;ouJhodk@ xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ
xkwfvkyfa&;udkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;utrsm;ydkifcsKyfudkifaqmif&Gufr_jzifh
jzpfay:vmonfh xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ topfonf vHk;0uGJjym;
jcm;em;onfh vlom;trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk vdkvnf;vdktyf jzpfvnf;jzpfxGef;
vmapvdrfhrnf?,cktcsdefumvrSmvdkvlwOD;wa,muf[mxkwfvkyfa&;
XmecGJwck vufatmufcHjzpfae&jcif;/ ‚&J@tcsKyftaESmifcH/ aoG;pkyfcH
ae&+yD;jcif;/ rdrdpGrf; &nfrsm;xJrS tjcm;t&mrsm;pGef@v$wfum wckwckwckwckwckudkom
jzpfay: wdk;wuf apEdkifjcif;/ vkyfief;cGJwckwckwckwckwckodk@r[kwfxkwfvkyfa&;wckvHk;.
vkyfief;cGJwck. tcGJwckudkom od&Sdem;vnfjcif; jzpfaev#if xkwfvkyf
a&;udk trsm;ydkifcsKyf udkifaqmif&GufEdkifr_ rjyKEdkifay? vuf&Sdpufr_
vkyfief;rSmyifv#if TuJhodk@aom vlrsKd;rsm;onf ydkIydkI toHk;rwnfh
jzpfvma=umif; awG@vmae&onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;taejzifh
csKyfudkifaqmif&Gufaom pDrHudef;&Sdonfh trsm;ydkifpufr_vkyfief;onf
vlom;rsm;udkbufrsm;pGmYt&nftcsif;&Sd+yD;xkwfvkyfa&;pepfwckvHk;udk

26. 24
=unfh=uyfEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf&Sdolrsm;tjzpf awmif;qdkayonf?v,form;u
wa,muf/ zdeyfcsKyform;u aemufwa,muf/ puf±kHvkyfom;u
wwd,wa,muf/ pawmhaps;upm;olu pwkwˆwa,muf pojzifh
cGJypfvdkufonfh vkyftm;cGJa0r_onf puf,E W&m;. +zdKzsufjcif;cHvdkuf
&+yD;jzpfum vHk;0aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf? vli,frsm;udk ynma&;u
xkwf vkyfa&;pepfwckvHk;ESifh u|rf;usifr_tvsiftjref &SdapEdkifrnfjzpf+yD;
vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;. vdktyfr_udk wkH@jyefaomtm;jzifhvnf; aumif;/ rdrdqEN
t&vnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyfa&;XmecGJwckrS wckodk@qufwdkuf ul;ajymif;
oGm;Edkifvdrfhrnf?xdk@a=umifh‚onf,ae@vkyftm;cGJa0r_uvlwdkif;tay:
wHqdyf±kdufESdyfxm;onfhwzufoufvuQ%mrSolwdk@tm;vGwfajrmufap
ayvdrfhrnf? uGefjrLepftajccHay:Y zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf
Tenf;jzifh‚.tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk‚wdk@.bufpHkawmfaomt&nftaoG;
rsm;udk bufpHktoHk;csEdkif&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ay;tyfvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf
Todk@jzpfay:vmyguvlwef;pm;rsm;rv$J{uefaysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf?
uGefjrLepftajccHay: zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf wzufwGif
vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&Sdaer_ESifh o[Zmw rjzpfEdkifbJ/ wzufwGifvnf;
‚vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wnfaqmufjcif;uyifv#if vlwef;pm; uGJjym;r_ukd
zsufodrf;onfhenf;emrsm; ay;tyfayvdrfhrnf?
‚rS&&Sdonfh tcsufwcsufuawmh +rdK@ESifhawmt=um; uGJjym;
r_onfvnf; tvm;wl aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf qdkjcif;yif jzpfonf?
pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;vnfywfa&;udk rwlnDwJh vlwef;pm;ESpf&yfu
vkyfonfhtpm; vlwpkwnf;uom vkyfaqmifr_onf ±kyf0wˆKta=umif;
oufoufjzpfygu uGefjrLepftzGJ@tpnf;twGuf vdktyfaom ta=umif;
tcsufw&yfjzpfonf? +rdK@}uD;rsm;u pufr_vlOD;a& jynfhusyfxlxyf
vmjcif;ESifhtwl v,fajrrsm;rS pdkufysKd;onfhvlOD;a& jyef@usJaer_onf
v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief; ESpfckpvHk;. rzGH@+zdK;aomtqifhESifh
vdkufavsmnDaxGaom ta=umif;tcsufw&yfjzpf+yD; a&S@jzpfay:wdk;wufr_
tm;vHk;twGuf twm;tqD; w&yfjzpfa=umif; jrifomod&Sd+yD;jzpfonf?
xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pDrHudef;uspkaygif; tpGrf;ukef
toHk;+yKa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0iftm;vHk;. taxGaxG

27. 25
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/ xkwfvkyfa&;u tm;vHk;.vdktyfr_udk jynfh0 auseyf
apEdkifonfh tqifhtxd us,fjyef@wdk;yGm;vmr_/ vlwOD;wa,muf. vdk
tyfr_udk tepfemtqHk;±_H;cHrSom tjcm;olwOD;. vdktyfr_udk jynfhpHkap
Edkifonfh tajctaetqHk;owfoGm;r_/ vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. yËdyuQ
rsm; vHk;0ausjyKef;oGm;r_/ vuf&Sdvkyftm;cGJa0r_udk y,fzsufjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ pufr_vkyfief; ynma&;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
wvSnfhpD ajymif;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wurBmvHk;u xkwfvkyfonfh aysmf
&Gifr_ tzHkzHkudk wurBmvHk;cGJa0cHpm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ +rdK@ESifhawmudk
yl;aygif; ay;vdkufjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if tm;vHk;wdk@&J@
pGrf;&nfowWdrsm;udk tjynfht0jzpfay: wdk;wufr_- Tt&mrsm;onf
yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;jcif;jzifh &&Sdvmonfh t"du tusKd;quf
rsm; jzpfayonf?
ar;cGef; 21? uGefjrLepfpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tdrfaxmifpktay: rnfuJh odk@aomr;cGef; 21? uGefjrLepfpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tdrfaxmifpktay: rnfuJh odk@aomr;cGef; 21? uGefjrLepfpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tdrfaxmifpktay: rnfuJh odk@aomr;cGef; 21? uGefjrLepfpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tdrfaxmifpktay: rnfuJh odk@aomr;cGef; 21? uGefjrLepfpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tdrfaxmifpktay: rnfuJh odk@aom
=oZm*,uf ±dkufcwfEdkifoenf;´?=oZm*,uf ±dkufcwfEdkifoenf;´?=oZm*,uf ±dkufcwfEdkifoenf;´?=oZm*,uf ±dkufcwfEdkifoenf;´?=oZm*,uf ±dkufcwfEdkifoenf;´?
tajz? ‚u a,musfm;ESifh rdef;rqufqHa&;udpPtm; oufqdkifolESpfOD;ESifhom
oufqdkifonfh udk,fa&;udkwm jyemoufoufr#om jzpfap+yD; T
txJwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u =um;0ifjcif; rjzpfap&ay? ‚u yk*~vdu
ydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypf+yD;/ uav;rsm;udk trsm;ydkiftajccHay:wGif
ynmay;xm; onfh twGuf Tvkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;jzpfum
Tenf;jzifh ,ae@txd wnf&Sdaeonfh xdrf;jrm;jcif;. tajccHESpfck-
yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_rS tusKd;tjzpf ay:vmonfh ZeD;u cifyGef;tay:rSDcdk&r_ESifh
uav;rsm;u rdbtay: rSDcdk&r_udk z,f&Sm;ypfayvdrfhrnf? TonfrSm
udk,fusifhw&m;pum; tifrwef ajymcsifonfh evAdef;wHk;rsm; atmf[pf
avh&Sdonfh uGefjrLepfrsm;. “trsKd;orD;rs;udk bHkydkifqdkifr_” qdkaom
±_wfcsoHudk ay;vdkufwJh tajzw&yf yifjzpfonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
bHkydkifqdkifr_rSm "e&SiftzGJ@tpnf;ESifhom vHk;0oufqdkifonfh tajctae
w&yfjzpf+yD; Ttcsufudk ,ae@jynfhwefqm vkyfief;wGif tjynfht0
awG@&SdEdkifygonf?odk@aomfjynfhwefqm vkyfief;onfyk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tay:
tajccH+yD; ‚ESifhtwl usqHk;&onf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;onftrsKd;orD;bHkydkifqdkifr_udk rðyvkyfonfhtjyif wu,frSm ‚udk

28. 26
zsufodrf;ypfygonf?
ar;cGef; 22? uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u wnf&SdqJtrsKd;om;rsm;ty:ar;cGef; 22? uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u wnf&SdqJtrsKd;om;rsm;ty:ar;cGef; 22? uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u wnf&SdqJtrsKd;om;rsm;ty:ar;cGef; 22? uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u wnf&SdqJtrsKd;om;rsm;ty:ar;cGef; 22? uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u wnf&SdqJtrsKd;om;rsm;ty:
rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ygoenf;´?
tajz? rajymif;vJyg4
?
ar;cGef; 23? wnf&SdqJ bmoma&;rsm;tay: rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ar;cGef; 23? wnf&SdqJ bmoma&;rsm;tay: rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ar;cGef; 23? wnf&SdqJ bmoma&;rsm;tay: rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ar;cGef; 23? wnf&SdqJ bmoma&;rsm;tay: rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;ar;cGef; 23? wnf&SdqJ bmoma&;rsm;tay: rnfuJhodk@ oabmxm;
oenf;´?oenf;´?oenf;´?oenf;´?oenf;´?
tajz? rajymif;vJyg5
?
ar;cGef; 24? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;oenf;?´ar;cGef; 24? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;oenf;?´ar;cGef; 24? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;oenf;?´ar;cGef; 24? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;oenf;?´ar;cGef; 24? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh rnfodk@uGJjym;oenf;?´
tajz? qdk&S,fvpfqdkolrsm;wGif oHk;rsKd;oHk;pm;&Sdonf?
yxr trsKd;tpm;uawmh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;/ urBmhukef
oG,fr_·
u zsufqD;jcif;cH&+yD;jzpfum ,cktxdvnf; ae@pOfESifhtr#
zsufqD;jcif;cHae&onfh ya'o&mZfESifh tz}uD;pdk;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@.
aemufvdkufrsm; yg0ifonf? TtrsKd;tpm;u wnf&SdqJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.
raumif;r_rsm;udk=unfh+yD; ya'o&mZfESifh tz}uD;pdk;onfhtzGJ@tpnf;rSm
Tvdkraumif;r_rsKd;r&SdonfhtwGuf‚wkd@ukdjyefvnfwnfaxmif&rnf[k
okH;oyfonf? w&m;aomenf;jzifh jzpfap/ rw&m;aomenf;jzifh jzpfap/
‚wkd@. tqkdjyKcsuftm;vkH;onf Tae&mtqkH;okd@ n¸efjyaeygonf?
‚wkd@. ygwDtusKd;twGuftm;oGefcGefpdkufvkyf[ef&Sdr_ESifhypPnf;rJhrsm;.
qif;&J'kuQrsm;tay: rdausmif;rsuf&nfus&r_rsm; tm;vHk;twGuf T
azmufjyefonazmufjyefonazmufjyefonazmufjyefonazmufjyefonfh qdk&S,fvpftrsKd;tpm;udk b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf uGefjrLepf
rsm;u atmufyg ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh wufºupGm qef@usifayvdrfhrnf?
1? ‚onf vHk;0rjzpfEdkifonfh udpPwcktwGuf óu;yrf;jcif;?
2? ‚onf rif;pdk;&mZmrsm;/ *D;vfvkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ ukefxkwf
vkyfr_ vkyfcif;&Sifrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. ta¹ct&Htoif;tyif;rsm;jzpfonfh
oufOD; qHydkif odk@r[kwf ya'o&mZfbk&ifrsm;/ t&m&Sdrif;rsm;/ ppfom;
rsm;ESifh bkef;}uD;rsm;&J@ tkyfcsKyfr_udk xlaxmif&ef&nfrSef;onf? ,if;vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;wGif ,ae@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. raumif;qdk;0g;rsm; r&Sdwm aocsm
aomfvnf; tzd ESdyfcH tvkyform;rsm;tm; uGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;rSwqifh
vGwfajrmufa&; tvm;tvmudkyif urf;vSrf;jcif;rjyKbJ raumif;r_
trsm;tjym;udkom tenf;qHk; o,faqmifvmrnf jzpfonf?

29. 27
3?ypPnf;rJhrsm;uawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/uGefjrLepfrsm;jzpfvm
onftcgwGif Tazmufjyefaom qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk
qef@usifonfh "e&Sifrsm;ESifh ±kwfw&ufcsufcsif; yl;aygif;vdkuf=u+yD; ‚wdk@
. wu,fhta&miftaoG;udk azmfjyvdkuf=uawmhonf?
'kwd,trsKd;tpm;uawmh ,ae@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. aemufvdkuf
rsm;jzpf=u+yD;? Tvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u rv$Jra&Smifom ay:xGef;vmaponfh
raumif;r_rsm;a=umifh ‚wdk@. tem*wfudk a=umuf&GH@=uolrsm; jzpf
onf? xdk@a=umifh ‚wdk@ jzpfapcsifonfrSm wnf&SdqJvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk
‚wdk@. arG;&mygraumif;r_rsm; z,f&Sm;+yD; xdef;odrf;xm;a&;jzpfonf?
T&nfrSef;csuftwGuf wcsKd@u vlr_0efxrf;enf;em oufoufrsm;ukd
wifjy+yD; wcsKd@uawmh [dwf}uD;[ef}uD;ESifh jyefvnfðyjyifa&; pDrHudef;rsm;
wifvmonf? ‚wdk@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&efqdkaom
[efaqmifr_atmufwGif wu,fawmh wnf&SdqJvl@tzGJ@tpnf; tae
txm;. tajccHudk xdef;odrf;&ef xdk@a=umifh ‚.b0udk xdef;odrf;
xm;&ef &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf? T"e&Sifqdk&S,fvp"e&Sifqdk&S,fvp"e&Sifqdk&S,fvp"e&Sifqdk&S,fvp"e&Sifqdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf uGefjrLepf
rsm;. &efolrsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;+yD; uGefjrLepfrsm;u wGef;vSef
+zdKcs&if &nfrSef;xm;onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk umuG,faeonfhtwGuf
‚wdk@udk uGefjrLepfwdk@u rav#mhwrf; rqkwfwrf; wdkufcdkuf&ygrnf?
aemufqHk;? wwd,trsKd;tpm;wGif 'Drdku&ufwpf qdk&S,fvpf
rsm; yg0if+yD; ‚wdk@onf ar;cGef;rl&if;usrf;wGif (Tae&mY uGufvyf
usefaeygonf? txufuar;cGef; 18 twGuftajz ESm (16) =unfhyg?
æt,f'Dwm)wGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;uGefjrLepfrsm;wifjyaomenf;em
rsm;xJrStcsKd@udk vdkvm;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; uGefjrLepfpepfodk@ ul;
ajymif;r_ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf r[kwfbJ ‚wdk@taeESifh ,ae@ vl@tzGJ@t
pnf;&J@ 'kuQESifh raumif;r_rsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef vHkavmufonfh enf;emrsm;
tjzpf ,Hk=unfaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? T'Drdku&u'Drdku&u'Drdku&u'Drdku&u'Drdku&ufffffwwwwwpfpfpfpfpf qdk&S,qdk&S,qdk&S,qdk&S,qdk&S,fffff
vpfrsmvpfrsmvpfrsmvpfrsmvpfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ta=umif;
tcsufrsm;udk aoaocsmcsm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; rod&Sdao;onfh ypPnf;rJh
rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/"e&Sifaygufpudk,fpm;vS,frsm;aomfvnf;aumif;
jzpf=uonf?

30. 28
"e&Sifaygufpvlwef;pm;onf 'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJrwdkifrDESifh ‚
atmifyGJu jzpfay:vmaponfh qdk&S,fvpfvkyfief; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
rwdkifrD ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;wlnDr_ trsm;tjym;&Sdonf? v_yf&Sm;r_
umvrsm;twGif;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf T'Drdku&ufwpf qdk&S,fvpf
rsm;ESifh em;vnfr_&atmif,lum Tqdk&S,fvpfrsm;taejzifh tkyfpdk;ol
"e&Sifrsm;tm; tvkyftau|;jyK+yD; uGefjrLepfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;rðyv#if
avmavmq,f tcsdefwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh‚wdk@ESifh wlnDonfhrlrsm;udk
wwfEdkifor# vdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnf? TuJhodk@ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufr_onf ‚wdk@ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;tay: raqG;aEG;[k
rqdkvdka=umif; xif&Sm;onf?
ar;cGef; 25?ar;cGef; 25?ar;cGef; 25?ar;cGef; 25?ar;cGef; 25? uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh u|efawmwkdacwf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh u|efawmwkdacwf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh u|efawmwkdacwf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh u|efawmwkdacwf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh u|efawmwkdacwf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
rnfuJhodk@aom qufqHa&;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@aom qufqHa&;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@aom qufqHa&;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@aom qufqHa&;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?rnfuJhodk@aom qufqHa&;rsm; &Sdygoenf;´?
tajz? TqufqHa&;onf EdkifiHcsif;rwlonfhtavsmuf uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf?
"e&Sifrsm; tkyfcsKyfaeonfh t*Fvef/ jyifopfESifh bJvf*sD,Hwdk@wGif ,ckavm
avmq,ftcsdefY uGefjrLepfrsm;tzdk@ 'Drdkua&pDygwD trsKd;rsKd;wdk@ESifh wlnD
onfh tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; &SdqJjzpfonf? ,cktcg ‚wdk@ckcHumuG,faeaom
qdk&S,fvpfenf;emrsm;taejzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh
ydkrdkeD;uyfqufpyfvmavavqdkvdkonfrSm‚wdk@taejzifhypPnf;rJhrsm;.
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk ydkI&Sif;vif;wduspGm udk,fpm;ðy+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;tay: ydkI
rSDcdkvmavav TtusKd;pD;yGm;rSm ydkI}uD;rm;vmavav jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh t*FvefrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;
yg0ifaomcsm;wpf6
rsm;onf'Drdku&ufwpf"e&Sifaygufpodk@r[kwf&uf'D
u,fqdkolrsm;xuf uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh tqHk;tpr&Sd ydkrkdeD;pyfonf?
'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk wnfaxmifxm;onfh tar&tar&tar&tar&tar&dddddueueueueuefffff
EdkifiHwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;taejzifh TzGJ@pnf;yHk Oya'udk "e&Sifrsm;tm;
wdkufcdkufa&;twGuf vSnfhajymif;rnfhygwDESifh tusKd;wlaygif;&rnfjzpfum
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tusKd;twGuf toHk;ðyayvdrfhrnf? TonfrSm trsKd;om;
ajr,mjyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESifh jzpfonf?
qGpfZmvefrS &uf'Du,frsm;onf tvGef±_yfaxG;onfh ygwD
w&yf jzpfaomfvnf; ‚wdk@rSm ,cktcsdefxd uGefjrLepfrsm;u yl;aygif;

31. 29
Edkifonfh wOD;wnf;aomolrsm; jzpfae+yD; T&uf'Du,frsm;xJwGif
Akd;òr@om;rsm; (Vaudois)(1070 ckESpfrsm;u jyifopfjynfawmifydkif;wGif
wnfaxmif+yD;? 1500 ckESpfrsm;wGif jyefvnfðyjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;
yg0ifvmonfh c&pf,mef*dk%f;?)ESifh *sDeDAmòr@om;rsm; (Genivese)
(qGpfZvefjynf *sDeDAmòr@wGif aexdkif=uolrsm;? bmomjyefol) onf
twdk;wufqHk; a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk;olrsm; jzpfonf?
aemufqHk;taejzifh *smr%DwGifrl "e&SifESifh oufOD;qHydkif bk&if
pepfwdk@ tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJrSm t&Sdefaumif;qJjzpfonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;
tzdk@ ‚wdk@ESifh "e&Sifrsm;t=um; tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJudk "e&Sifrsm;
tm%mr&rD rqifE$JEdkifonfhtwGuf "e&Sifrsm;udk jrefjrefòzcsEdkif&ef
jrefEdkifor#jrefpGm tm%m&atmif ulnDjcif;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;tzdk@
tusKd;&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usif+yD;
"e&Sifvpfb&,fygwDrsm;udk axmufcH&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; "e&Sifrsm;.
vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;r_rsm;udk owd&Sd&rnfjzpfum "e&SifatmifyGJu
ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf o,f,lvmrnfqdkaom qGJaqmifjzm;a,mif;csuf
uwdrsm;udk em;a,mifroGm;&efjzpfonf? "e&SifatmifyGJrS uGefjrLepfrsm;
&&SdEdkifonfh wckwnf;aom tusKd;aus;Zl;rSm -
(1) uGefjrLepfrsm;. rlrsm;udkumuG,f/ aqG;aEG;!‡dE_dif;/ 0g'jzef@
csdEdkif+yD; Tenf;jzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk uspfuspfvpfvpf odyfodyf onf;
onf; wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifaom pnf;±kH;r_&Sdonfh vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf pkpnf;
ay; Edkifaom tajctaersm;udkwGef;aqmfay;rnfhtcGifhta&;trsKd;rsKd;rsm;?
(2) oufOD;qHydkif tpdk;&rsm; usqHk;oGm;onfhae@rSp+yD; "e&SifESifh
ypPnf;rJhrsm;. wdkufyGJpwifonfh rv$J{uefjzpf&yfwdk@ jzpfonf? xdkae@rSpI
uGefjrLepfygwD. ay:vpDonf ,ck"e&Sifrsm; tm%m&aeonfh EdkifiHrsm;&Sd
‚wdk@ygwD. ay:vpDESifh twlwlyif jzpfygvdrfhrnf? ?
1847 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGifa&;om;onf?
*smrefbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkcsuf
oD;jcm;pmapmiftjzpf 1914 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0onf?

32. 30
rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;
1? 1847 ckESpfwGif tdef*,fu uGefjrLepfvd*ftzGJ@twGuf vrf;pOfrl=urf;
2 &yfudk tar;tajzo¿mefESifh a&;cJhonf? wckudk ZGefvrSma&;+yD; aemufwckudk
atmufwdkbmvrSma&;onf? uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm;uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm;uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm;uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm;uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm; qdkonfh 'kwd,pmwrf;udk
1914 ckESpfrSm yxrqHk;t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhygonf? tapmydkif;a&;onfh ,Hk
=unfcsufESifh ywfoufonfh uGefjrLepfrs;. 0efcHcsufrl=urf;uGefjrLepfrs;. 0efcHcsufrl=urf;uGefjrLepfrs;. 0efcHcsufrl=urf;uGefjrLepfrs;. 0efcHcsufrl=urf;uGefjrLepfrs;. 0efcHcsufrl=urf; pmwrf;udkawmh 1968
ckESpfusrS awG@&Sd&ygonf? ‚udk 1969 ckESpf [rfbm*frSm yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf yHkESdyf
xkwfa0+yD; uGefjrLepfvd*ftzGJ@. yxruGef*&ufESifh ywfoufonfh pmwrf;av;
apmifESifhtwl “uGefjrLepfvd*f tzGJ@wnfaxmifonfh pmwrf;rsm;” qdkaom pmtkyf
i,frSm xnfhoGif;xm;onf?
uGefjrLepfvd*ftzGJ@wnfaxmifonfh uGef*&ufjzpfaom w&m;r#wr_vd*f
tzGJ@. 1847 ZGefv uGef*&ufrSm “,Hk=unfcsufESifh ywfoufonfh 0efcHcsuf”
rl=urf;udk a&;qJGxkwfa0+yD; tzGJ@.tpkrsm; aqG;aEG;&efwifoGif;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhygonf?
,ckrS ay:xGuf vmonfh pmwrf;onf Trl=urf;jzpf&ef tawmfaocsmygonf?
pmwrf; ESpfckudk E_dif;,SOf=unfhjcif;jzifh “““““uGefjrLepf0guGefjrLepf0guGefjrLepf0guGefjrLepf0guGefjrLepf0g'''''.rlrsm;”.rlrsm;”.rlrsm;”.rlrsm;”.rlrsm;” onf tapmydkif;
a&;onfh pmwrf;udk jykjyif˜jyifqifxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf? “uGefjrLepf0g'.rlrsm;”“uGefjrLepf0g'.rlrsm;”“uGefjrLepf0g'.rlrsm;”“uGefjrLepf0g'.rlrsm;”“uGefjrLepf0g'.rlrsm;”
wGif tdef*,fu ar;cGef;oHk;ckudk rajzbJxm;cJh+yD; ESpfae&mrSmawmh “rajymif;vJyg”
qdkonfhrSwfcsuf xnfhxm;um oltapmydkif;u a&;xm;aom pmwrf;xJu
tajzrsm;udk &nf!¸ef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
uGefjrLepfvd*ftzGJ@/ yJ&pft0ef;t0dkif;&Sd acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@. !¸ef=um;
csuft& tdef*,fu vkyfief;pOfrl=urf; topfwcka&;qGJcJhonf? 1847 atmuf
wdkbm 22 &uf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tdef*,fu “tppftrSefqdk&S,fvpf” rdk
ppf[ufpf(Moses Hess) a&;qGJonfh vkyfief;pOfrl=urf;udk jyif;xefpGma0zefcJhonf?
xdk@aemuf ,if;rl=urf;udk aumfrwDu y,fcsvdkuf+yD; !¸ef=um;csufudk qHk;jzwf
vdkufjcif; jzpfonf?“uGefjrLepf0g'.rlrsm;”udky%mrrl=urf;tjzpfqufvufoabm
xm;vsuftdef*,furmhufpfqDa&;wJh1847ck/ Ekd0ifbm23-24ae@pGJygpmwGiftar;
tajz yHkpHa[mif;}uD;udk jzKwfcsvdkuf+yD; a=unmpmwrf;yHkpHESifh vkyfief;pOfw&yf a&;
qGJoifha=umif; ol@tjrifudk a&;om;xm;onf? uGefjrLepf vd*ftzGJ@. 'kwd,t}udrf
uGef*&uf(1847Edk0ifbm29-'DZifbm8)wGifrmhufpfESifhtdef*,fwdk@onfuGefjrLepf
0g'.tajccHody`Henf;usrlrsm;udkumuG,f+yD;uGefjrLepfygwD. a=unmpmwrf;yHkpHESifh

33. 31
vkyfief;pOfa&;qGJ&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? a=unmpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mrSm
rmhufpf0g'udk wnf axmifolrsm;onf “uGefjrLepf0g'.rlrsm;” wGif zGifhqdkxm;onfh
w&m;rsm;udk toHk;ðycJh=uonf?
2? aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif a&;om;onfh ‚wdk@. usrf;rsm;wGif
rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fonf “vkyftm;a&mif;csr_” “vkyftm;wefzdk;” ESifh vkyftm;tc
(rmhufpf yxrqHk;oHk;cJhonf?) qdkonfh ae&mrsm;wGif ydkrdkwdusonfh t,ltqrsm;
jzpfonfh “vkyftm;pGrf;tm; a&mif;csr_” “vkyftm;pGrf;tm; wefzdk;” ESifh “vkyftm;
pGrf;tm;tc” qdkonfwdk@udk tpm;xdk;cJhonf?
3? “,Hk=unfcsufESifh ywfoufonfh uGefjrLepfrsm;. 0efcHcsuf” rl=urf;
wGif Tar;cGef; (eHywf 12) twGuf tajzrSm “vufr_ynmonfuav; qdkolrsm;
onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh rwluGJjym;pGm vGefcJhwJh&mpkESpf (q,fh&Spf&mpk) u ae&mwum
eD;yg;rSm &SdcJh+yD; ,cktcsdefwGifvnf; [dkem;onfem;rSm awG@jrif&qJjzpfaeovdk
tvGefqHk; ,m,Domv#if,m,Domv#if,m,Domv#if,m,Domv#if,m,Domv#if ypPnf;rJh jzpfygonf? ol. &nfrSef;csufrSm rdrdudk,fwdkif
t&if;tESD;&vm+yD; TonfESifhwjcm;tvkyform;rsm;udkaoG;pkyf&efjzpfonf?*D;vf
vkyfief;rsm;wnf&SdaepOfodk@r[kwf*D;vfvkyfief;wdk@.csKyfxdef;r_rSvGwfajrmufr_onf
twwfynm vkyfief;rsm; twGif;odk@ tvkyf±HkyHkpH enf;emrsm;udk o,faqmif
rvmrDESifh jyif;xefonfh +ydKifqdkifr_ ra&mufvmrD umvrsm;wGif olonf T&nfrSef;
csufudk r=umc% &&SdEdkifygonf? odk@aomf tvkyf±kHpepfu twwfynmvkyfief;
twGif; 0ifvm+yD; +ydKifqdkifr_tjynfht0 ay:xGef;vmonfESifh w+ydKifeuf TtjrifrSm
arS;rSdefaysmufuG,foGm;+yD;vufr_twwfynmonfuav;rsm;onfydkIydkIypPnf;rJh
jzpfvm=uonf? xdk@a=umifh vufr_twwfynmonfuav;rsm;onf "e&Sif
odk@r[kwf a,bk,stm;jzifh tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;wGif; a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;
jzifhvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf +ydKifqdkifr_a=umifh ypPnf;rJhjzpfoGm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/
(Ttjzpfu ydkrsm;ygonf?) rdrdwdk@udk,f rdrdwdk@ vGwfajrmufapygonf? Tae&mwGif
olonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_ (qdkvdkonfrSm) tenf;ESifhtrsm; tod&Sdonfh
uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifvmjcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@udk,frdrdwdk@ vGwfajrmuf apEdkifyg
vdrfhrnf?
4?tdef*,f.rSwfcsuf“rajymif;vJyg”onfZGefv rl=urf;trSwf21rSTar;cGef;udk
ajzqdkonfhtajzudk &nf!¸efa=umif; &Sif;ae+yD; ‚wGif atmufygtwdkif;

34. 32
azmfjyxm;onf?
“vlrsKd;toD;oD;wdk@onf bHkrl0g'rsm;ESifhtnD ‚wdk@ tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;wGJ
zufvm=u+yD; xkdyl;aygif;r_rsm;a=umifh wOD;ESifhwOD; rv$J ra&Smifom yl;aygif;a&maESm
oGm;um rdrdwdk@udk,frdrdwdk@ zsufodrf;rnfjzpfonf? e,fajr trsKd;rsKd;ESifh vlwef;pm;
uGmjcm;csufrsm;rSm ‚wdk@. tajccHjzpfaom yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;vdkufonfh
tcgwGif aysmufuG,foGm;apouJhodk@ aysmufuG,foGm; vdrfhrnf?
5? xdk@twl Tonfvnf; ZGefvr_=urf; ar;cGef; 22 rStajzudk &nf!¸ef;
onf? ‚wGif “,cktcsdeftxd bmoma&;tm;vHk;onf vlwOD;wa,muf odk@r
[kwfvlwpk.ordkif;a&;&mjzpfay:wdk;wufr_.tqifhrsm;azmfjycsufjzpfonf?odk@aomf
uGefjrLepf0g'qdkonfrSm wnf&SdqJ bmoma&;tm;vHk;udk tydkjzpfap+yD;/ ‚wdk@udk
aysmuf uG,foGm;aponfhordkif;a&;&mjzpfay:wdk;wufr_tqifhw&yfjzpfonf?
6? csm;wpfrsm;rSm 1830 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1850 ckESpf tv,f
t=um; jzpfay:cJhaom +Adwdo#tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifcJhol
rsm;jzpfonf? ‚wdk@. aºu;a=umfoHrSm jynfol@csmwmudk vdkufem&efjzpf+yD; vlwdkif;
rJqENay;cGifhESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk; rJay;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHonfh
ta=umif;tcsufwpHkvHk;awmif;qdk=uonf?vDeifucsm;wpfv_yf&Sm;r_udk“urBmay:
rSm yxrqHk; us,fjyef@wJh vlxkvuQ%m trSefaqmifwJh EdkifiHa&;t& pnf;vHk;wJh
ypPnf;rJh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_” [k zGifhqdkcJhygonf? (usrf;aygif;csKyf t*Fvdyfbmom/
twGJ 29/ ESm 309) +Adwdo# pufr_vkyfief;eJ@ ukefoG,fa&;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ tiftm;
awmifh wif;vmr_ESifh +Adwdo#"e&Sifrsm;u ‚wdk@. txl;tjrwftpGef;rsm;xJrSaeI
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;txufv$m(“vkyfom;rif;pdk;&mZmrsm;”)rsm;udkvmbfxdk;
r_wdk@a=umifh csmwmv_yf&Sm;r_ usqif;oGm;&onf? Ttcsuf ESpf&yfpvHk;u txuf
rSm azmfjyxm;cJhonfhtwdkif; Ttv$mtwGif;Y tacsmiform; wdrf;!Gwfr_rsm;udk
ydkrdktiftm; awmifhwif;vmap+yD; txl;ojzifh or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u csm;wpf
v_yf&Sm;r_udkaxmufcH&efjiif;y,fvdkufjcif;jzifhydkqdk;oGm;&ygonf? ?
w±kwfjynf/ yDuif;EkdifiHjcm;bmom yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;Xmeu
1977 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom t*Fvdyfbmomrltm; jyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf?
1991 ck/ =o*kwfv 15 &uf?