Module C: Social contract, good local governance and public participation Introduction 1.1 Aim of module To increase understanding of the principles and practice of good local governance

Introduction

1.1 Aim of module

To increase understanding of the principles and practice of good local governance

Introduction (cont) Explore implications of decentralization for central-local relations Understand relationships between local government and other local actors Understand concept of governance + principles of good local governance Be aware of strategies and tools for strengthening citizen-local government relationship

Explore implications of decentralization for central-local relations

Understand relationships between local government and other local actors

Understand concept of governance + principles of good local governance

Be aware of strategies and tools for strengthening citizen-local government relationship

Introduction (cont) 1.2 Structure of the day 2. Formal representative politics: rhetoric, reality and potential Widening political engagement – participation and accountability Community development & local govt 5. Tools & sources of guidance

1.2 Structure of the day

2. Formal representative politics: rhetoric, reality and potential

Widening political engagement – participation and accountability

Community development & local govt

5. Tools & sources of guidance

2. Formal representative politics: rhetoric, reality and potential 2.1 Introduction Purpose: to examine whether local democracy results in more effective & responsive local government voice for citizens, especially the poor

2.1 Introduction

Purpose: to examine whether local democracy results in

more effective & responsive local government

voice for citizens, especially the poor

2.2 Central-local relations Degree of autonomy related to Constitution and legal basis for local government Political motives of center + role and organization of local politics Enhance local responsiveness + accountability Counterbalance central power More effective & efficient service delivery Resource base

Degree of autonomy related to

Constitution and legal basis for local government

Political motives of center + role and organization of local politics

Enhance local responsiveness + accountability

Counterbalance central power

More effective & efficient service delivery

Resource base

2.2 Central-local relations (cont) Degrees of autonomy High – capacity to initiate + freedom from oversight Medium – either capacity to initiate + oversight or little power to initiate but little oversight Low – no capacity to initiate, strong central control

Degrees of autonomy

High – capacity to initiate + freedom from oversight

Medium – either capacity to initiate + oversight or little power to initiate but little oversight

Low – no capacity to initiate, strong central control

2.2 Central-local relations (cont) Central government attitudes vary Arguments for retaining central control e.g. Universal provision + redistribution Universal standards or content Central backup/specialized services Professional staff Achieving sectoral goals Resources not evenly distributed

Central government attitudes vary

Arguments for retaining central control e.g.

Universal provision + redistribution

Universal standards or content

Central backup/specialized services

Professional staff

Achieving sectoral goals

Resources not evenly distributed

2.3 When is DD effective & responsive to the poor? Has recent DD been developmentally effective + responsive to the poor? In what circumstances? With what characteristics? Recent research comparing experience finds often not, but sometimes is – when and why?

Has recent DD been developmentally effective + responsive to the poor?

In what circumstances?

With what characteristics?

Recent research comparing experience finds often not, but sometimes is – when and why?

2.3 When is DD effective & responsive to the poor? (cont) Central government motivation Build alliances + local elites – some powers, so may be effective, but unlikely to be pro-poor Circumvent local elites to achieve poverty reduction – pro-poor if central backing Fear local challenges so resists DD – limited powers, benefits mostly captured by local elites

Central government motivation

Build alliances + local elites – some powers, so may be effective, but unlikely to be pro-poor

Circumvent local elites to achieve poverty reduction – pro-poor if central backing

Fear local challenges so resists DD – limited powers, benefits mostly captured by local elites

2.3 When is DD effective & responsive to the poor? (cont) Local socio-political structures Elite capture common? Increases voice of middle income But elite capture not inevitable Composition & interests of elite? e.g. compare Botswana and Cote d’Ivoire (Boxes 1 and 2)

Local socio-political structures

Elite capture common?

Increases voice of middle income

But

elite capture not inevitable

Composition & interests of elite?

e.g. compare Botswana and Cote d’Ivoire (Boxes 1 and 2)

2.3 When is DD effective & responsive to the poor? (cont) The design of political arrangements for decentralization influences Scope for political participation Nature of representation Likelihood of responsiveness Accountability Who holds power – individual, group, dispersed?

The design of political arrangements for decentralization influences

Scope for political participation

Nature of representation

Likelihood of responsiveness

Accountability

Who holds power – individual, group, dispersed?

2.3 When is DD effective & responsive to the poor? (cont) Admin & fiscal arrangements Resourcing critical – stable, predictable central-local transfers + local revenue generation Role of central government – control, supervision, staffing, technical support (balanced with autonomy) Hierarchy of levels + clear allocation roles to Ensure resources + expertise available to local level Sub-local units to increase responsiveness

Admin & fiscal arrangements

Resourcing critical – stable, predictable central-local transfers + local revenue generation

Role of central government – control, supervision, staffing, technical support (balanced with autonomy)

Hierarchy of levels + clear allocation roles to

Ensure resources + expertise available to local level

Sub-local units to increase responsiveness

2.3 When is DD effective & responsive to the poor? (cont) Institutionalization Stability over 10-15 years Successive elections Development of capacity

Institutionalization

Stability over 10-15 years

Successive elections

Development of capacity

2.4 The characteristics of local democratic politics Political structures & organization Electoral arrangements Location of executive control Accountability mechanisms Influence Scope for political participation Responsiveness + effectiveness Accountability

Political structures & organization

Electoral arrangements

Location of executive control

Accountability mechanisms

Influence

Scope for political participation

Responsiveness + effectiveness

Accountability

2.4 The characteristics of local democratic politics (cont) Design of local electoral system Election of representatives Ward-based vs party list (see Boxes 1 & 2) Can and do all residents vote? Who is less likely to vote and why? What is the basis for representation? Exercise 1 – what do you understand by ‘representation’?

Design of local electoral system

Election of representatives

Ward-based vs party list (see Boxes 1 & 2)

Can and do all residents vote? Who is less likely to vote and why?

What is the basis for representation?

Exercise 1 – what do you understand by ‘representation’?

2.4 The characteristics of local democratic politics (cont) a) Election of representatives (cont) Can all citizens stand for political office? Does the social composition of legislatures reflect city/district population? b) Rules on terms of office Single short term – encourages short termism Longer, multiple – encourage reform + longer term initiatives?

a) Election of representatives (cont)

Can all citizens stand for political office?

Does the social composition of legislatures reflect city/district population?

b) Rules on terms of office

Single short term – encourages short termism

Longer, multiple – encourage reform + longer term initiatives?

2.4 The characteristics of local democratic politics (cont) Institutionalization Are elections held regularly? Is there a peaceful alternation of power? Are local elections independent of national elections?

Institutionalization

Are elections held regularly?

Is there a peaceful alternation of power?

Are local elections independent of national elections?

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability Single or plural executive Plural – more councilors participate, may be indecisive Single (e.g. elected mayor) – clearer leadership, fewer checks & balances Elected or appointed Executive and/or managerial powers independent of legislature Appointing senior staff - confidence appointments?

Single or plural executive

Plural – more councilors participate, may be indecisive

Single (e.g. elected mayor) – clearer leadership, fewer checks & balances

Elected or appointed

Executive and/or managerial powers independent of legislature

Appointing senior staff - confidence appointments?

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability Accountability Requirements for transparency? Who should exercise scrutiny? Who should be held to account? By whom? Reasons for accountability failure? How can accountability be improved? Issues? Procedures + finance, or + gender equity, social justice, environmental impact?

Accountability

Requirements for transparency?

Who should exercise scrutiny?

Who should be held to account?

By whom?

Reasons for accountability failure?

How can accountability be improved?

Issues? Procedures + finance, or + gender equity, social justice, environmental impact?

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability (cont) Transparency Information available + timely + accurate Between admin, executive & legislature Between local govt & citizens Right to Information legislation?

Transparency

Information available + timely + accurate

Between admin, executive & legislature

Between local govt & citizens

Right to Information legislation?

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability (cont) Accountability mechanisms Internal (horizontal accountability) Rules and regulations Internal reviews & audits Central govt supervision Merit-based recruitment & reward

Accountability mechanisms

Internal (horizontal accountability)

Rules and regulations

Internal reviews & audits

Central govt supervision

Merit-based recruitment & reward

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability (cont) External (vertical) Executive-based controls (admin to political executive) Does the executive represent the interests of citizens or limited/personal interests? Legislature-based controls (admin + exec to elected council/assembly) Has it legal powers + political authority?

External (vertical)

Executive-based controls (admin to political executive)

Does the executive represent the interests of citizens or limited/personal interests?

Legislature-based controls (admin + exec to elected council/assembly)

Has it legal powers + political authority?

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability (cont) External accountability (cont) Central govt regulation Is there an indep audit office? Does central govt encourage good performance, collude with bad practice, or constrain local govt? Electoral system Is there wide & regular participation?

External accountability (cont)

Central govt regulation

Is there an indep audit office?

Does central govt encourage good performance, collude with bad practice, or constrain local govt?

Electoral system

Is there wide & regular participation?

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability (cont) External mechanisms (cont) Is there ‘neighborhood level govt + resources (see the kebeles of Addis Ababa – Box 3) Ventilation of grievances (e.g. regular public hearings, ombudsman, complaints system, media publicity) Are there complaints systems & are they effective? Can all get redress for grievances?

External mechanisms (cont)

Is there ‘neighborhood level govt + resources (see the kebeles of Addis Ababa – Box 3)

Ventilation of grievances (e.g. regular public hearings, ombudsman, complaints system, media publicity)

Are there complaints systems & are they effective?

Can all get redress for grievances?

2.5 Issues of executive control and accountability (cont) External mechanisms (cont) Campaigning by civil society orgs Do GROs have wide membership? Can/do NGOs speak on behalf of the poor? Judiciary-based controls Does court system have capacity? Can all citizens access the court system?

External mechanisms (cont)

Campaigning by civil society orgs

Do GROs have wide membership?

Can/do NGOs speak on behalf of the poor?

Judiciary-based controls

Does court system have capacity?

Can all citizens access the court system?

Exercise 2: the strengths and weaknesses of local government What are the strengths of the local government system in which you work? What are its weaknesses? NB give most consideration to political aspects Relationships with central govt Local electoral system Composition & functioning of legislature Location & exercise of executive power Arrangements for ensuring accountability

What are the strengths of the local government system in which you work?

What are its weaknesses?

NB give most consideration to political aspects

Relationships with central govt

Local electoral system

Composition & functioning of legislature

Location & exercise of executive power

Arrangements for ensuring accountability

2.6 The vicious and virtuous circles of ineffective/effective local govt Vicious circle of ineffective undemocratic local govt Little autonomy Unresponsive and lacking capacity Few benefits so limited political participation Local politics left to the elite Lost legitimacy, increased disillusionment

Vicious circle of ineffective undemocratic local govt

Little autonomy

Unresponsive and lacking capacity

Few benefits so limited political participation

Local politics left to the elite

Lost legitimacy, increased disillusionment

The virtuous circle of effective & democratic local govt Local political processes + wide political participation Opportunities for direct democracy Accountability mechanisms Capacity + autonomy Significant tasks + sufficient resources Central govt backing, good central-local relations

Local political processes + wide political participation

Opportunities for direct democracy

Accountability mechanisms

Capacity + autonomy

Significant tasks + sufficient resources

Central govt backing, good central-local relations

2.7 Principles of local governance Government = political & admin apparatus of the state, which guides, controls, regulates, decides Governance = governing through relationships between state/civil society, rulers/ruled Interdependence, interaction + joint action Shared values and purpose which cannot be achieved by govt (or civil society, citizens) alone

Government = political & admin apparatus of the state, which guides, controls, regulates, decides

Governance = governing through relationships between state/civil society, rulers/ruled

Interdependence, interaction + joint action

Shared values and purpose which cannot be achieved by govt (or civil society, citizens) alone

2.7 Principles of local governance (cont) Democratization Re-allocation roles & responsibilities Resistance from some, but Recognition of advantages: if they pass on appropriate tasks, and concentrate on getting right the things that only public sector organizations can do, then if improved service delivery results, increased legitimacy and support

Democratization

Re-allocation roles & responsibilities

Resistance from some, but

Recognition of advantages: if they

pass on appropriate tasks, and

concentrate on getting right the things that only public sector organizations can do, then

if improved service delivery results, increased legitimacy and support

2.8 Actors in the local political system Who are the key political actors? Politicians + political parties Public sector agencies Traditional authority structures NGOs – variety of possible aims Trade unions CSOs Citizens

Who are the key political actors?

Politicians + political parties

Public sector agencies

Traditional authority structures

NGOs – variety of possible aims

Trade unions

CSOs

Citizens

2.8 Actors in the local political system (cont) What are their political practices? Voting Debate, agenda setting Decision making Lobbying, demand-making Negotiation, bargaining Forming alliances, cooperation Resistance, protest, non-compliance

What are their political practices?

Voting

Debate, agenda setting

Decision making

Lobbying, demand-making

Negotiation, bargaining

Forming alliances, cooperation

Resistance, protest, non-compliance

2.8 Actors in the local political system (cont) What explains these political practices? Values Understanding of political rights and system Interests (personal and collective) Opportunities + constraints provided by political system

What explains these political practices?

Values

Understanding of political rights and system

Interests (personal and collective)

Opportunities + constraints provided by political system

Exercise C.3: Stakeholder analysis of the local political system In a local political system with which group members are familiar Identify the main political actors (powerful + marginalized) Identify political interests of each actor What influence do they have and why? Which actors have most/least influence?

In a local political system with which group members are familiar

Identify the main political actors (powerful + marginalized)

Identify political interests of each actor

What influence do they have and why?

Which actors have most/least influence?

3. Widening political engagement – participation & accountability 3.1 Introduction: participation Voting = passive citizenship Participation = active citizenship power sharing end or means initiated from above or below

3.1 Introduction: participation

Voting = passive citizenship

Participation =

active citizenship

power sharing

end or means

initiated from above or below

3.1 The ladder of participation Type of participation Persuasion Mobilization Consultation Participation Collaboration Collective action/self management Action by government On residents for govt purposes For/with citizens For/with citizens With citizens Neglect or support

Type of participation

Persuasion

Mobilization

Consultation

Participation

Collaboration

Collective action/self management

Action by government

On residents

for govt purposes

For/with citizens

For/with citizens

With citizens

Neglect or support

3.2 Strengthening local democracy Local government – autonomy + elections Role for central government Policy frameworks Minimum standards for basic services Ensuring equity Exercising scrutiny to encourage good performance Providing selected services

Local government – autonomy + elections

Role for central government

Policy frameworks

Minimum standards for basic services

Ensuring equity

Exercising scrutiny to encourage good performance

Providing selected services

3.2 Strengthening local democracy (cont) Role for central govt (cont) Legislation Reformed electoral rules, including elected executive Reserved seats (quotas) for under-represented groups (e.g. Uganda) Non-govt reps in policy + oversight Requiring consultation + participation

Role for central govt (cont)

Legislation

Reformed electoral rules, including elected executive

Reserved seats (quotas) for under-represented groups (e.g. Uganda)

Non-govt reps in policy + oversight

Requiring consultation + participation

3.2 Strengthening local democracy (cont) Effective representation Civic education ) see Box Political capacity building ) 7 To Encourage voting, especially by poor, women Encourage citizens to stand for election Build capacity to use office once elected

Effective representation

Civic education ) see Box

Political capacity building ) 7

To

Encourage voting, especially by poor, women

Encourage citizens to stand for election

Build capacity to use office once elected

3.2 Strengthening local democracy (cont) Budget analysis Budgeting by local govt often unrelated to policy aims, poorly presented and secretive Result – little useful role for legislature, no role for citizens (e.g. Uganda Box 8) Actions Improved budgetary practice (Module F) Budget analysis by NGOs, citizens leading to pressure for gender awareness, equity, responsiveness to needs of poor

Budget analysis

Budgeting by local govt often unrelated to policy aims, poorly presented and secretive

Result – little useful role for legislature, no role for citizens (e.g. Uganda Box 8)

Actions

Improved budgetary practice (Module F)

Budget analysis by NGOs, citizens leading to pressure for gender awareness, equity, responsiveness to needs of poor

Exercise C.4: Ways of strengthening local democracy – local needs & feasibility Approaches Local govt legislation Civic education & capacity building Budget analysis Are any of these approaches needed in your local situation? Would that/those approaches be feasible?

Approaches

Local govt legislation

Civic education & capacity building

Budget analysis

Are any of these approaches needed in your local situation?

Would that/those approaches be feasible?

3.3 Strengthening accountability Possibilities Government initiatives to improve internal and external accountability Civil society initiatives Joint initiatives

Possibilities

Government initiatives to improve internal and external accountability

Civil society initiatives

Joint initiatives

3.3 Strengthening accountability (cont) Claiming rights, addressing corruption Educating the poor in their rights to basic services/regulations (Boxes 8 FOWODE and 9 Operation Firimbi, Kenya) Supporting poor people when they approach or make claims from the bureaucracy (Box 9 Parivartan, Delhi) Participatory corruption appraisal + action plan

Claiming rights, addressing corruption

Educating the poor in their rights to basic services/regulations (Boxes 8 FOWODE and 9 Operation Firimbi, Kenya)

Supporting poor people when they approach or make claims from the bureaucracy (Box 9 Parivartan, Delhi)

Participatory corruption appraisal + action plan

3.3 Strengthening accountability (cont) Assessing user satisfaction Quantitative opinion surveys (Box 11 Report cards) Qualitative user surveys ‘ naming and shaming’ Pressure through publicity, lobbying, dialogue Response?

Assessing user satisfaction

Quantitative opinion surveys (Box 11 Report cards)

Qualitative user surveys

‘ naming and shaming’

Pressure through publicity, lobbying, dialogue

Response?

3.3 Strengthening accountability (cont) Monitoring and auditing local government performance Monitoring govt expenditure – role for NGOs, external scrutiny body + citizen reps Monitoring delivery – role for users, residents’ groups (e.g. Uganda – Box 8) Auditing quality – role for residents, technically qualified volunteers Response?

Monitoring and auditing local government performance

Monitoring govt expenditure – role for NGOs, external scrutiny body + citizen reps

Monitoring delivery – role for users, residents’ groups (e.g. Uganda – Box 8)

Auditing quality – role for residents, technically qualified volunteers

Response?

Exercise C.5: Applicability of approaches to strengthening accountability to the local situation Approaches to Reducing effects of corruption on the poor Assessing user satisfaction to improve service delivery Monitoring local govt performance In your local situation, which of these would be Applicable Feasible Identify 1-2 alternative approaches

Approaches to

Reducing effects of corruption on the poor

Assessing user satisfaction to improve service delivery

Monitoring local govt performance

In your local situation, which of these would be

Applicable

Feasible

Identify 1-2 alternative approaches

3.4 Participatory decision making See examples from St Louis, Senegal & Nakuru, Kenya in Boxes 13 & 14 Is the city/district strategic development planning process effective? Plan to which all public agencies committed? Known to other development actors? Being implemented by dev’t control + allocation funds?

See examples from St Louis, Senegal & Nakuru, Kenya in Boxes 13 & 14

Is the city/district strategic development planning process effective?

Plan to which all public agencies committed?

Known to other development actors?

Being implemented by dev’t control + allocation funds?

3.4 Participatory decision making (cont) Under regular review for updating? Prepared & reviewed through consultative or participatory processes? Participatory budgeting in Brazil (see also Box 8 on Uganda) Kenya’s new Local Authority Transfer Fund (Box 15)

Under regular review for updating?

Prepared & reviewed through consultative or participatory processes?

Participatory budgeting in Brazil (see also Box 8 on Uganda)

Kenya’s new Local Authority Transfer Fund (Box 15)

Exercise C.6 Analyzing a case study of participatory decision making Participatory budgeting in Brazil 1. Who participates? 2. In what are they able to participate? 3. How do citizens participate? 4. Could participatory budgeting on the Brazilian model by used locally? If not, why not? 5. What alternative method of increasing participation in budgeting might be feasible?

Participatory budgeting in Brazil

1. Who participates?

2. In what are they able to participate?

3. How do citizens participate?

4. Could participatory budgeting on the Brazilian model by used locally? If not, why not?

5. What alternative method of increasing participation in budgeting might be feasible?

Exercise C.6 Analyzing a case study of participatory decision making PB in Brazil – contextual factors explaining success Political history Workers’ Party + pro-poor political ideology Participatory culture Growing confidence of the poor + women Decentralization + improved financing of local govt

PB in Brazil – contextual factors explaining success

Political history

Workers’ Party + pro-poor political ideology

Participatory culture

Growing confidence of the poor + women

Decentralization + improved financing of local govt

3.4 Participatory decision making (cont) Factors explaining successful participation Initiative from politicians or citizens Attitude of local govt – citizens not beneficiaries Commitment of local govt + institutionalized into procedures Multi-party political system (but not polarized) Enabling environment: DD + tradition of self-help Presence of a change agent Clear benefits for all participants Capacity building for all actors

Factors explaining successful participation

Initiative from politicians or citizens

Attitude of local govt – citizens not beneficiaries

Commitment of local govt + institutionalized into procedures

Multi-party political system (but not polarized)

Enabling environment: DD + tradition of self-help

Presence of a change agent

Clear benefits for all participants

Capacity building for all actors

4. Community development and local government Exercise C.7 What does ‘community’ mean?

Exercise C.7 What does ‘community’ mean?

4.1 Introduction: the concept of ‘community’ Issues to be considered in local government -community cooperation for development Does administrative subdivision or informal settlement have homogeneous population with common interests? Does area have a CBO (or more than one)? Is there a need for new organizations? Who are the community leaders & are they representative and accountable?

Issues to be considered in local government -community cooperation for development

Does administrative subdivision or informal settlement have homogeneous population with common interests?

Does area have a CBO (or more than one)?

Is there a need for new organizations?

Who are the community leaders & are they representative and accountable?

4.1 Introduction: the concept of ‘community’ (cont) Forms of community participation Better educated residents ‘represent’ area Resident local govt officials ‘represent’ area Consultation – do all have a voice? Area reps sit on board, committee – are they influential? Community (or its leaders) asked to develop project jointly with external agency Residents take initiative, seek external support

Forms of community participation

Better educated residents ‘represent’ area

Resident local govt officials ‘represent’ area

Consultation – do all have a voice?

Area reps sit on board, committee – are they influential?

Community (or its leaders) asked to develop project jointly with external agency

Residents take initiative, seek external support

Exercise C.8: Resolving conflict Task of local councilor: to resolve conflict between formal shopkeepers and informal street vendors

Task of local councilor: to resolve conflict between formal shopkeepers and informal street vendors

Exercise C.8: Resolving conflict – questions for discussion What were the views of the formal shopkeepers & why were they in conflict with the vendors? What were the views of the vendors? What solutions were you able to come up with? What were the difficulties you experienced in finding a win-win solution?

What were the views of the formal shopkeepers & why were they in conflict with the vendors?

What were the views of the vendors?

What solutions were you able to come up with?

What were the difficulties you experienced in finding a win-win solution?

4.2 Community participation in decision making & service delivery – romantic or realistic? Factors resulting in success Strong + committed leadership for the initiative Tradition of participation Developed with not for groups Larger proportion of population participating Long time frame Sustainability considered from beginning Minimizing time involvement of poor + providing incentives

Factors resulting in success

Strong + committed leadership for the initiative

Tradition of participation

Developed with not for groups

Larger proportion of population participating

Long time frame

Sustainability considered from beginning

Minimizing time involvement of poor + providing incentives

4.2 Community participation in decision making & service delivery – romantic or realistic? (cont) Motives for participation Forced to participate ) outcome unlikely Paid to participate ) to be successful Incited to participate ) (by reward or sanctions) Participate voluntarily ) outcome likely to Initiate participation ) be successful

Motives for participation

Forced to participate ) outcome unlikely

Paid to participate ) to be successful

Incited to participate )

(by reward or sanctions)

Participate voluntarily ) outcome likely to

Initiate participation ) be successful

4.2 Community participation in decision making & service delivery – romantic or realistic? (cont) Obstacles to participation (+ solutions) Within an agency Centralization - decentralize Attitudes: recipients not citizens, resist power sharing, use technical language, don’t value people’s knowledge – develop new attitudes Internal systems which don’t reward it – reward working with communities Frequent transfer of staff – recognize time needed to build relationships with communities

Obstacles to participation (+ solutions)

Within an agency

Centralization - decentralize

Attitudes: recipients not citizens, resist power sharing, use technical language, don’t value people’s knowledge – develop new attitudes

Internal systems which don’t reward it – reward working with communities

Frequent transfer of staff – recognize time needed to build relationships with communities

4.2 Community participation in decision making & service delivery – romantic or realistic? (cont) Obstacles within a ‘community’ Lack of organization – local govt or NGO community workers facilitate organization Leaders lack skills – capacity building Factionalism – processes to build consensus (where impossible working + groups that don’t threaten powerful interests/leaders e.g. women) Powerful secure benefits – make info available to all residents

Obstacles within a ‘community’

Lack of organization – local govt or NGO community workers facilitate organization

Leaders lack skills – capacity building

Factionalism – processes to build consensus (where impossible working + groups that don’t threaten powerful interests/leaders e.g. women)

Powerful secure benefits – make info available to all residents

4.2 Community participation in decision making & service delivery – romantic or realistic? (cont) Obstacles within society CBOs seen as a political threat – negotiate with political actors Legal hindrances – ensure all residents can participate Centralization – decentralize, so scope for local decision making External funders hinder – change practices & requirements

Obstacles within society

CBOs seen as a political threat – negotiate with political actors

Legal hindrances – ensure all residents can participate

Centralization – decentralize, so scope for local decision making

External funders hinder – change practices & requirements

4.2 Community participation in decision making & service delivery – romantic or realistic? (cont) Some examples C.14 Participatory ward development planning in S Africa C.15 Local management of PHC in Senegal C.16/17 Communities & municipalities working together in Dar es Salaam, Dondo (Mozambique) & Burkina Faso C.18 Community participation in watsan delivery in Luanda

Some examples

C.14 Participatory ward development planning in S Africa

C.15 Local management of PHC in Senegal

C.16/17 Communities & municipalities working together in Dar es Salaam, Dondo (Mozambique) & Burkina Faso

C.18 Community participation in watsan delivery in Luanda

4.2 Community participation in decision making & service delivery – romantic or realistic? (cont) Elements of good practice Motivation + attitudes – respect on the part of local govt and communities for skills, views & knowledge of the other Willingness to listen Recognition of social diversity + inclusion women, disadvantaged groups, minorities Free flows of information

Elements of good practice

Motivation + attitudes –

respect on the part of local govt and communities for skills, views & knowledge of the other

Willingness to listen

Recognition of social diversity + inclusion women, disadvantaged groups, minorities

Free flows of information

4.3 Supporting community participation and development Support to communities Access to financial resources e.g. local development funds Capacity building Support to local authorities Capacity building Autonomy, range of functions, adequate resources

Support to communities

Access to financial resources e.g. local development funds

Capacity building

Support to local authorities

Capacity building

Autonomy, range of functions, adequate resources

Exercise C.9: Approaches to participation in community decision making & service delivery Approaches Participatory community planning Participatory service delivery Support to communities Which approaches are relevant to your local situation? Which approaches are feasible? Rank them from most to least useful

Approaches

Participatory community planning

Participatory service delivery

Support to communities

Which approaches are relevant to your local situation?

Which approaches are feasible?

Rank them from most to least useful

5. Conclusion Readings Tools for participation + sources of guidance Summary of the day – revisit objectives Examination of relations citizens-local govt Obstacles to democratic local govt Principles + requirements for good local governance New ways of working together – strengthening democracy, accountability and participation

Readings

Tools for participation + sources of guidance

Summary of the day – revisit objectives

Examination of relations citizens-local govt

Obstacles to democratic local govt

Principles + requirements for good local governance

New ways of working together – strengthening democracy, accountability and participation