The Civil War: Northern vs. Southern Advantages
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The document provides an overview of the key advantages, leaders, battles, and turning points of the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It summarizes the military and population advantages of the North versus the defensive and terrain advantages of the South. Key figures on both sides are profiled such as Lincoln, Davis, Lee, Grant, Jackson, and McClellan. Major battles like Fort Sumter, Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Appomattox are summarized. The outcome of the 1864 election and Lee's surrender to Grant in 1865 ended the war.
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The Civil War: Northern vs. Southern Advantages
- 1. THE BLUE AND THE GRAY The U.S. Civil War 1861-1865
- 3. NORTHERN ADVANTAGES • Population – 22 Million vs. 9 Million (3.5 slave) • 75 % Nation’s Wealth • 75% Nation’s Railroads • Control of the Seas • Superior Weaponry • Ideal of “Union Forever”
- 4. SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES • Defensive Warfare - Only Needed a Stalemate • Superior Generals • Strong Cavalry/Infantry • Strong Sense of Cause • More Knowledgeable of the Terrain
- 5. Confederate States of America • Constitution like US – Fatal Flaw for Country of Secession • Deo Vindice “God Our Vindicator” • Weak Central Government • European Support, But No Real Help
- 6. THE LEADERS “Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.” -Abraham Lincoln
- 7. Abraham Lincoln • 16th US President • Willing to Subvert Civil Liberties and Constitution • Fought for Union, Not Against Slavery • Savvy Political Leader
- 8. Abraham Lincoln “I hold that in contemplation of universal law, and of the Constitution, the Union of these states is perpetual.”
- 9. Jefferson Davis • Only CSA President • Secretary of War under Pierce • U.S. Senator from Mississippi • Faced Impeachment • Weak Political Leader
- 10. Jefferson Davis “The time for compromise has now passed and the South is determined to… make all who oppose her smell Southern powder and feel Southern Steel.”
- 11. George McClellan • Built Army of Potomac • Unwilling to Use It • Egomaniacal • Peninsula Campaign Failure • Opposed Lincoln in 1864 Election
- 12. George McClellan “By some strange power of magic I seem to have become the power of the land.”
- 13. Robert E. Lee • Not a Single Demerit at West Point • Excellent U.S. Officer • Opposed Slavery and Secession • Offered Command of Both Armies • Loyal to Virginia
- 14. Robert E. Lee “ Still a Union that can only be maintained by swords and bayonets, and in which strife and civil war are to take the place of brotherly love and kindness, has no charm for me.”
- 15. U. S. Grant • Average student at West Point • Failed at Farming and Business • Slowly Built His Reputation Out West • “Unconditional Surrender” Grant
- 16. Ulysses S. Grant “In every battle there comes a time when both sides consider themselves beaten, then he who continues to attack wins.”
- 17. Stonewall Jackson • Teacher at VMI • Practically Unknown at the Start of War • Got his Nickname at 1st Manassas • Lee’s Right Hand • His Death at Chancellorsville was Severe Blow to South
- 18. Stonewall Jackson “The patriot volunteer fighting for his country and his rights, makes the most reliable soldier on earth.”
- 19. KEY BATTLES “War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.” - General William T. Sherman
- 20. Fort Sumter
- 21. Battle of Fort Sumter • Charleston Harbor • April 12, 1861 • CSA – Beauregard • USA - Anderson • After 34-hour bombardment Union surrendered - Beauregard • No casualties
- 22. 1st Bull Run (Manassas)
- 23. 1st Bull Run (Manassas) • Virginia – 7/21/61 • CSA Beauregard • USA McDowell • Birth of “Stone Wall” Legend • Southern Rout • CSA 1,982 (387 dead) • USA 2,896 (1,124 dead) - Stonewall Jackson Statue
- 24. Shiloh
- 25. Shiloh • Tenn – 4/6-7/62 • CSA Johnston • USA Grant • Southern Surprise Repulsed by North • Lead to Union victories in the West • CSA 10,694 (1,723 dead) - Generals of the Battle as covered in Harper’s • USA 13,047 (1,754 dead) Weekly
- 28. Antietam (Sharpsburg) • Maryland – 9/17/62 • CSA Lee • USA McClellan • “Bloodiest Day” • Led to Emancipation Proclamation • CSA 10,315 (1,546 dead) • USA 12,401 (2,108 dead)
- 29. Antietam (Sharpsburg) - Lincoln visits battlefield after the battle
- 31. Chancellorsville
- 32. Chancellorsville • Virginia – 5/1/63 • CSA Lee / Jackson • USA Hooker • Lee’s Masterpiece (Defeats Larger Army) • Jackson Accidentally Killed by Own Troops • CSA 13,156 (1,683 dead) • USA 16,839 (1,574 dead)
- 33. Gettysburg
- 34. Gettysburg • Penn – 7/1/63 – 7/3/63 • CSA Lee • USA Meade • Lee on Offensive After Chancellorsville Win • Turning Point of the War • Bloodiest Battle • CSA 28,063 (4,708 dead) - General George • USA 23,049 (3,155 dead) Meade
- 35. Gettysburg – Day 1 • Southern Troops Arrive and Drive Union back • Because Jeb Stuart and Cavalry Are Away, Lee Has No Idea of What He’s Up Against • North is Able to Secure Superior Positions Along Cemetery Hill
- 36. Gettysburg – Day 2 • Lee Attacks • Union is Able to Hold Line at Little Round Top • Professor Joshua Chamberlain May Have Saved the Union - Joshua Chamberlain
- 37. Gettysburg – Day 3 • Last Ditch Southern Efforts • Pickett’s Charge is Repulsed Ending Any Chance of Southern Victory • Last Major Battle Fought in the North - George Pickett
- 38. Pickett’s Charge “For every Southern boy fourteen years old, not once but whenever he wants, there is the instance when it’s still not yet two o’clock on that July afternoon in 1863…” - William Faulkner Intruder in the Dust
- 39. Turning Points 1863 • Vicksburg campaign lasted for seven months – last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River (Fell Day After Gettysburg) 1864 • Burning of Atlanta • Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
- 40. Election of 1864 • Union Party - Lincoln with Andrew Johnson • Johnson – small slaveowner from Tennessee, loyal War Democrat • Slogan “Don’t swap horses in the middle of the river.” • Democratic Party nominates George McClellan
- 41. Election of 1864 • Copperheads “peace at any price” • Lincoln defeats McClellan 212 to 21 • Second Inaugural address – “With malice toward none, with charity for all.”
- 42. Turning Points 1865 • Siege of Petersburg • After 9 month siege, fell in April of 1865 • Siege of Richmond • Early 1865, Confederates tried to negotiate peace between “two countries” • Unconditional Surrender Grant
- 43. April 9,1865 • Appomattox Court House • Terms of surrender generous • Grant “The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again.”
- 44. 10 ORDINARY PEOPLE “Was it God’s command we heard, or His forgiveness we must forever implore?” - Joshua Chamberlain
- 45. Joshua Chamberlain • Professor from Bowdoin College • No Military Training • Hero of Gettysburg • Selected to Receive Southern Surrender • Last soldier to die from wounds received during the war - 1914
- 46. Nathan Bedford Forrest • No Military Training • Born Poor and Became Rich • Enlisted as Private and Rose to General • South’s Best Cavalry Officer
- 47. Clara Barton • Nurse known as “Angel of the Battlefield” • Led Donation Drives for Medical Supplies • Founded the American Red Cross
- 48. Richard Kirkland • Southern Soldier Who Risked Life to tend to Union Wounded at Fredericksbug • Cheered by Both Sides • “Angel of Marye’s Heights”
- 49. Matthew Brady • Pioneer Photographer • Studios in New York and Washington • Risked Life to Photograph War
- 50. Mary Boykin Chestnut • South Carolina Politician’s Wife • Famed for Keeping Detailed Diary • A Diary of Dixie published after her death in 1905
- 51. Walt Whitman • Poet • Went to Battlefield to look for Brother • Volunteered as a Union Nurse • Wrote “O Captain My Captain” about Lincoln’s Death
- 52. Mark Twain • Journalist and River Boat Pilot • Helped Form A Southern Militia Only to Desert • His Voice Helped Define Post War America
- 53. Harriet Tubman • Underground Railroad Conductor • Served as a Union Spy During the War • 1st American Woman to Plan a Military Operation – a raid that freed 750 Slaves
- 54. John Wilkes Booth • Popular Shakespearean Actor • Probable Southern Spy • Plotted Assassination of Lincoln, Johnson and Secretary of State Seward
- 56. Lincoln Assassination • April 14, 1865 • Ford’s Theater in Washington • Killed During Biggest Laugh in “Our American Cousin” • Good Friday – Led to Comparisons with Christ • “Sic Semper Tyranns” means “Thus Always to Tyrants”
- 57. O Captain My Captain Exult O shores, and ring, O bells! But I with mournful dread Walk the deck my Captain lies Fallen cold and dead