By Antoni Soy, University of Barcelona, presented at the 16th TCI Global Conference, Kolding 2013.

1. Industries and Clusters in the European Regions
Antoni Soy
Breakout Session: Clusters and smart specialisation strategies:
analytical tools
5 September 2013

2. Industries and Clusters
in the European Regions
Antoni Soy
University of Barcelona, Catalonia

3. 3
• 1.- Which European Regions
(NUTS 2) are Industrial?
– Manufacturing
– Advanced Producer Services
– New Industry or Servo-Industry

4. 4
• Methodology:
• 1.- 78 regions: all the regions NUTS 2 0f EU 27
with a GDP at current prices PPS above 50.000
milions Euros in 2010.
• 2.- The regions with=
– a ratio Employed in the sector per 1.000 inhabitants in
the region above the EU-27 average
– AND a ratio Employed in the sector related to the
Total Employed in the region -productive
specialisation- above the EU-27 average.

5. 5
• Specialisation in Manufacturing
• 15 very specialized:
– 8 from Germany (Sttutgart, Tubingen, Freiburg and Karlsruhe –
Baden-Wuttenberg-, Schwaben and Mittelfranken –Bayern-,
Arnsberg and Detmold –North Rhine-Westphalia-);
– 4 from North of Italy (Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia,
Piemonte);
– and 1 from Poland (Wielkopolskie-Poznan), Portugal (Norte-
Porto) and the Basque Country in Spain.

6. 6
• Specialisation in Manufacturing
• 12 with a moderate specialisation:
– 5 from Germany (Oberbayern/Bayern-Munich, Rheinhessen-
Pfalz – in Rhineland-Palatinate-, Weser-Ems and Hannover –in
Lower Saxony-, Dusseldorf –in North Rhine-Westphalia-);
– 2 from France (Île de France and Rhône-Alpes);
– and 1 from Italy (Toscana), Sweden (Vätsverige -
Göteborg), Belgium (Antwerpen), Poland (Slaskie -Katowice)
and Catalonia in Spain.

7. 7
• Specialisation in Advanced Producer
Services
• 20 very specialized:
– 5 regions from Germany (Darmstadt in Hessen, Köln and
Dusseldorf in North Rhine-Westphalia, Oberbayern in Bayern
and Hamburg);
– 3 from Holland (Noord-Holland, Zuid-Holland and Noord-
Brabant);
– 2 from United Kingdom (Inner London and Berkshire,
Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire);
– And 1 from France (Île de France), Belgium (Brussels), Portugal
(Lisboa), Txèquia (Praha), Sweden (Stockolm), Spain
(Comunitat de Madrid), Romania (Bucaresti-Ilfov), Denmark
(Hovedstaten), Hungary (Közep-Magyarorszäg) and Austria
(Wien).

8. 8
• Specialisation in Advanced Producer
Services
• 25 with a moderate specialisation:
– 9 regions from United Kingdom (Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and
Bristol/Bath area, Surrey East and West Sussex, Hampshire &
Isle of Wight, Greater Manchester, Outer London, East Anglia,
West Yorkshire, South Western Scotland, West Midlands);
– 5 from Germany (Mittelfranken, Berlín, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe,
Hannover);
– 2 from Italy (Lazio and Lombardia) and Spain (Catalonia and
Basque Country);
– And 1 from France (Rhône-Alpes), Belgium (Antwerpen),
Holland (Gelderland), Finland (Etelä-Suomi), Greece (Attiki),
Ireland (Southern and Eastern), and Poland (Mazowiecke).

9. 9
• Specialisation in New Industry
• 23 very specialised:
– 11 from Germany (Sttutgart, Tubingen and Karlsruhe –Baden-
Wuttenberg-, Oberbayern, Schwaben and Mittelfranken –
Bayern-, Detmold, Köln and Dusseldorf in North Rhine-
Westphalia, Darmstadt in Hessen, and Hamburg);
– 3 from Italy (Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Lombardia);
– 2 from the United Kingdom (Inner London, Berkshire,
Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire);
– And 1 from France/Île de France, Txèquia/Praha,
Portugal/Lisboa, Sweden/Stockolm, Romania/Bucaresti-Ilfov,
Hungary/ Közep-Magyarország, Spain/Basque Country.

10. 10
• Specialisation in New Industry
• 25 with a moderate specialisation:
– 5 from Germany (Freiburg, Arnsberg, Rheinhessen-Pfalz, Weser-Ems i
Hannover);
– 4 from the United Kingdom (Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath
area, Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, West Midlands);
– 3 from Holland (Noord-Holland, Zuid-Holland, Noord-Brabant);
– 2 from Belgium (Brussels, Antwerpen), Italy (Piemonte, Toscana) and
Spain (Comunitat Madrid i Catalunya);
– and1 from Sweden/Vätsverige, Denmark/Hovedstaden, Finland/Etela-
Suomi, Austria/Wien, Portugal/Norte, France/Rhône-Alpes and
Greece/Attiki.

11. 11
• 2.- Is there a correlation among
regional industrial
specialisation and type of
clusters?

12. 12
• Benchmarking Case Studies:
• Basque Country, Emilia-
Romagna, Veneto,
• Lombardia, Catalonia, Rhône-Alpes,
• Baden Württemberg.

13. 13
• Hypothesis clearly confirmed:
• In the framework of a general trend of growth of
clusters specialized in the advanced producer
services and in the new industry, and with
different speeds,
• continues to be a clear correlation between
the productive specialization of the region
and the main type of existing clusters in each
region: manufacturing, producer services,
mixed.

14. 14
• Basque Country, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto:
strong specialisation in manufacturing clusters and
lower in advanced producer services and mixed
clusters.
• Lombardia, Catalonia, Rhône-Alpes: important
specialisation in manufacturing clusters and
increasing development in advanced producer
services and mixed clusters.
• Baden Württemberg: strong specialisation in
both manufacturing clusters and advanced producer
services and mixed clusters.

15. 15
• 3.- Is there a trend of increasing
Emerging Industries and of
their clusters in European
Regions?

16. 16
• Emerging industries set up an entirely
new value chain, or make a radical
reconfiguration of an existing value chain
from an idea (or a convergence of ideas)
of a disruptive nature, resulting in creating
new products and services with high
added value (Heffernan, P., Phaal, R.,
2009).

17. 17
Emerging Industries
and Clusters
Changes in
Market Demand
New Skills
& Competences
New Business
Models
New
Technologies
Innovation
New Framework Conditions
•Entrepreneurial Culture
•Territorial Culture
•Social Capital
•Physic Capital
•Economy: macro and micro
•Policy
Competitiveness
Productivity
Life Quality

18. 18
• Hypothesis clearly confirmed:
• There is a general increase of clusters
in Emerging Industries in all type of
productive specialisation regions –
manufacturing, producer services, mixed-.

19. 19
• Hypothesis clearly confirmed:
• The increase is bigger in the regions
were the advanced producer services
are more developed: more in Baden-
Württemberg than in Lombardia, Catalonia
and Rhône-Alpes and quite more than in
Veneto, Emilia-Romagna and Basque
Country.

20. 20
• The more important Emerging Industries
Clusters in these regions are:
– Biotech and Medical Engineering,
– Health Industries,
– Aereoespacial,
– Knowledge Economy and Producer Services,
– Mechatronics,
– Nanotechnology,
– Creative and Cultural Industries,
– Sports industries
– Optics and Photonics
– Renewable Energies
– Etc.

21. 21
• Research in progress
• Next steps:
–Maps
–Time data series
–Correlations and causal relations among
variables

22. 22
• Thank you very much
• asoy@ub.edu