CHENNAI

Chennai is on the south east coasts of india,in the north east of the tamil nadu on a flat coasta plane known as the eastern costal plains. Chennai formly known as Madras. The name chennai s derived from a growing village chinnu. The city renamed chennai in august 1996.

Chennai is on the south east coasts of india,in the north east of the tamil nadu on a flat coasta plane known as the eastern costal plains.

Chennai formly known as Madras.

The name chennai s derived from a growing village chinnu.

The city renamed chennai in august 1996.

Chennai is located on 13degree 04 minute latitude and 80 degree 17 min longitude. Chennai has got very less in variation seasons due to its placement near equater. Its average elevation is around 6.7m.

Chennai is located on 13degree 04 minute latitude and 80 degree 17 min longitude.

Chennai has got very less in variation seasons due to its placement near equater.

Its average elevation is around 6.7m.

Chennai has got longest coastal line in india. Most of the time climate is warm and humid The hottest part is in may and june having maximum temperture [38-42]

Chennai has got longest coastal line in india.

Most of the time climate is warm and humid

The hottest part is in may and june having maximum temperture [38-42]

Weather averages for Chennai, India Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 28 (83.12) 30 (85.82) 32 (89.42) 34 (92.48) 36 (97.52) 37 (97.88) 35 (94.46) 34 (93.02) 34 (92.3) 31 (88.52) 29 (84.56) 28 (82.58) 32 (90.14) Average low °C (°F) 21 (69.08) 21 (70.16) 23 (73.58) 26 (78.62) 28 (81.68) 27 (80.96) 26 (78.62) 25 (77.54) 25 (77.54) 24 (75.74) 23 (73.04) 22 (70.88) 24 (75.62) Precipitation mm (inches) 16.2 (0.64) 3.7 (0.15) 3.0 (0.12) 13.6 (0.54) 48.9 (1.93) 53.7 (2.11) 97.8 (3.85) 149.7 (5.89) 109.1 (4.3) 282.7 (11.13) 350.3 (13.79) 138.2 (5.44) 1,266.9 (49.88)

Average Rain fall in chennai is 1300mm. Best and coolest part of the year ia in winters [18-22] temperature with low humidity. The city gets most of the rain fall from northeast mansoon winds and southwest winds.

Average Rain fall in chennai is 1300mm.

Best and coolest part of the year ia in winters [18-22] temperature with low humidity.

The city gets most of the rain fall from northeast mansoon winds and southwest winds.

Chennai, originally known as Madras Patnam , was located in the province of Tondaimandalam , an area lying between Pennar river of Nellore and the Pennar river of Cuddalore . The capital of the province was Kancheepuram.

Chennai, originally known as Madras Patnam , was located in the province of Tondaimandalam , an area lying between Pennar river of Nellore and the Pennar river of Cuddalore . The capital of the province was Kancheepuram.

Portuguese arrived in 1522, they built a port and named it São Tomé, after the Christian apostle St. Thomas. The region then passed into the hands of the Dutch , who established themselves near Pulicat just north of the city in 1612.

Portuguese arrived in 1522, they built a port and named it São Tomé, after the Christian apostle St. Thomas.

The region then passed into the hands of the Dutch , who established themselves near Pulicat just north of the city in 1612.

The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, and economic centre since the 1st century.[11] It has been ruled by various South Indian dynasties, notably the Pallava , the C hola , the Pandya , and Vijaynagar .

The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, and economic centre since the 1st century.[11] It has been ruled by various South Indian dynasties, notably the Pallava , the C hola , the Pandya , and Vijaynagar .

After India became independent , the city became the administrative and legislative capital of Madras State which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968.

After India became independent , the city became the administrative and legislative capital of Madras State which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968.

Victoria public hall is a finest example of british arcitecture . Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I , when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMS Emden on September 22, 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean , causing disruption to shipping Madras was the only Indian city to

Victoria public hall is a finest example of british arcitecture .

Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I , when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMS Emden on September 22, 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean , causing disruption to shipping

Ripon Building, which houses the Chennai Corporation, was completed 1913. It is named after former viceroy Lord Ripon. The Corporation of Chennai and municipalities of the suburbs provide civic services. The Corporation of Chennai and municipalities of the suburbs provide civic services.

Ripon Building, which houses the Chennai Corporation, was completed 1913. It is named after former viceroy Lord Ripon.

The Corporation of Chennai and municipalities of the suburbs provide civic services.

elevated timber floors are good in summer but will increase winter heat loss slab on ground construction is used for winter heat storage provided windows catch the winter sun;wall should be made of light weight materials. Bulk insulaton in the roof should be used only if the roof is well ventilated. Design Aims In this humid climate you need to maximise cooling through ventilation and minimise building heat gain.

elevated timber floors are good in summer but will increase winter heat loss

slab on ground construction is used for winter heat storage provided windows catch the winter sun;wall should be made of light weight materials.

Bulk insulaton in the roof should be used only if the roof is well ventilated.

Design Aims In this humid climate you need to maximise cooling through ventilation and minimise building heat gain.

local effects can mean that wind directions vary over short distances. Often a trade-off must be made between ventilation and minimal heat gain. For example, in Darwin the prevailing wind during the wet season is from the NW, so to maximise cross-ventilation, the house should be oriented with the long sides of the building running NW-SE. On the other hand, solar heat gain is minimised by orientating the house with the long axis running east-west. This minimises the size of the eastern and western walls, which are difficult to shade from the sun. Overhanging eaves easily shade north and south walls. On balance, it is best to orientate the house NW-SE, to maximise ventilation. However, if it is likely that other buildings will block the breezes, it would be best to choose the east-west orientation.

local effects can mean that wind directions vary over short distances. Often a trade-off must be made between ventilation and minimal heat gain. For example, in Darwin the prevailing wind during the wet season is from the NW, so to maximise cross-ventilation, the house should be oriented with the long sides of the building running NW-SE.

On the other hand, solar heat gain is minimised by orientating the house with the long axis running east-west. This minimises the size of the eastern and western walls, which are difficult to shade from the sun. Overhanging eaves easily shade north and south walls. On balance, it is best to orientate the house NW-SE, to maximise ventilation. However, if it is likely that other buildings will block the breezes, it would be best to choose the east-west orientation.

Louvres offer the maximum ventilation and modern versions have greatly improved weather resistance. Unlike all other window types, casement windows can be used to catch breezes blowing parallel to the window, so are a good choice when the summer wind direction is variable. Double-hung (sash) windows offer a choice between high and low-level ventilation. Awning (hopper) windows can be left open in wet weather but their ventilation potential is poor.

Louvres offer the maximum ventilation and modern versions have greatly improved weather resistance. Unlike all other window types, casement windows can be used to catch breezes blowing parallel to the window, so are a good choice when the summer wind direction is variable. Double-hung (sash) windows offer a choice between high and low-level ventilation. Awning (hopper) windows can be left open in wet weather but their ventilation potential is poor.

In this sticky climate where breezes are most important, vegetation does not have the overwhelming benefits for comfort that it has in a hot dry climate. While shade is still desirable, it is not quite so important in this climate‘s cloudy summer and the natural evaporative cooling effect of plants is limited by the damp atmosphere. The wind-sheltering effect of trees is definitely not a plus in this climate. On the other hand, unshaded paved areas absorb and store the sun‘s heat, making them undesirable next to your house. Most people will want vegetation around their house, - it looks good, the birds need it and it provides shade. The best compromise is to use small plants on side of the house from which the summer breezes approach, and to make sure that plants don‘t impede the flow of air through windows.

In this sticky climate where breezes are most important, vegetation does not have the overwhelming benefits for comfort that it has in a hot dry climate. While shade is still desirable, it is not quite so important in this climate‘s cloudy summer and the natural evaporative cooling effect of plants is limited by the damp atmosphere. The wind-sheltering effect of trees is definitely not a plus in this climate. On the other hand, unshaded paved areas absorb and store the sun‘s heat, making them undesirable next to your house. Most people will want vegetation around their house, - it looks good, the birds need it and it provides shade. The best compromise is to use small plants on

side of the house from which the summer breezes approach, and to make sure that plants don‘t impede the flow of air through windows.

A wide range of vegetation types grows in the humid tropical bioclimate (Plate 1), with numerous tree species of varying height, canopy structure, and biomass (Holdridge, 1967; Lanly, 1982; Whitmore, 1984; Brown et al., 1989; Grainger, 1991). The most predominant vegetation of the humid tropics consists of TRF in the lowlands, moist deciduous forest in regions with a pronounced dry season, and montane forest in the high lands (Holdridge, 1967). The TRF, the climax vegetation of the humid tropics. is diverse and complex (Wilson and Peters, 1988; Myers, 1989), and occupies about 10% of the worlds land area. Distribution of different types of vegetation within the humid tropics is described in the report by the Forest Resource Assessment Project (FAO, 1992). The TRF vegetation is characterized by: - high biodiversity comprising 40%, to 50% of Earth's five to ten million species;

A wide range of vegetation types grows in the humid tropical bioclimate (Plate 1), with numerous tree species of varying height, canopy structure, and biomass (Holdridge, 1967; Lanly, 1982; Whitmore, 1984; Brown et al., 1989; Grainger, 1991). The most predominant vegetation of the humid tropics consists of TRF in the lowlands, moist deciduous forest in regions with a pronounced dry season, and montane forest in the high lands (Holdridge, 1967). The TRF, the climax vegetation of the humid tropics. is diverse and complex (Wilson and Peters, 1988; Myers, 1989), and occupies about 10% of the worlds land area. Distribution of different types of vegetation within the humid tropics is described in the report by the Forest Resource Assessment Project (FAO, 1992). The TRF vegetation is characterized by:

- high biodiversity comprising 40%, to 50% of Earth's five to ten million species;

- high plant biomass ranging from 200 to 400 Mg/ha, with most of the biomass accumulating in the first 8 to 10 years; - concentration of a large proportion of the total nutrient capital within the plant biomass; - rapid rate of nutrient recycling; - multi-storey canopy of mature TRF containing numerous species occupying different strata; and - a virtually closed ecosystem for most nutrients and water within the mature or high TRF.

- high plant biomass ranging from 200 to 400 Mg/ha, with most of the biomass accumulating in the first 8 to 10 years;

- concentration of a large proportion of the total nutrient capital within the plant biomass;

- rapid rate of nutrient recycling;

- multi-storey canopy of mature TRF containing numerous species occupying different strata; and

- a virtually closed ecosystem for most nutrients and water within the mature or high TRF.

A fundamental classification of biomes is into: Terrestrial (land) biomes Freshwater biomes Marine biomes Biomes are often given local names. For example, a Temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as steppe in central Asia , prairie in North America , and pampas in South America . Tropical grasslands are known as savanna in Australia as well as Southern Africa where in Afrikaans it is known as veldt . Sometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's Biodiversity Action Plan . Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors are: latitude : Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical. humidity : humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid.

A fundamental classification of biomes is into:

Terrestrial (land) biomes

Freshwater biomes

Marine biomes

Biomes are often given local names. For example, a Temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as steppe in central Asia , prairie in North America , and pampas in South America . Tropical grasslands are known as savanna in Australia as well as Southern Africa where in Afrikaans it is known as veldt .

Sometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's Biodiversity Action Plan .

Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors are:

latitude : Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical.

humidity : humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid.

Terrestrial (land) biomes Freshwater biomes Marine biomes

Terrestrial (land) biomes

Freshwater biomes

Marine biomes

Biomes are often given local names. For example, a Temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as steppe in central Asia, prairie in North America, and pampas in South America. Tropical grasslands are known as savanna in Australia as well as Southern Africa where in Afrikaans it is known as veldt .

Biomes are often given local names. For example, a Temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as steppe in central Asia, prairie in North America, and pampas in South America. Tropical grasslands are known as savanna in Australia as well as Southern Africa where in Afrikaans it is known as veldt .

Sometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's Biodiversity Action Plan. Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors are: latitude: Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical. humidity: humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid.

Sometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's Biodiversity Action Plan.

Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors are:

latitude: Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical.

humidity: humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid.

The most widely used systems of classifying biomes correspond to latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity. Biodiversity generally increases away from the poles towards the equator and increases with humidity

The most widely used systems of classifying biomes correspond to latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity. Biodiversity generally increases away from the poles towards the equator and increases with humidity

Rainfall may be distributed evenly throughout the year or be marked by seasonal variations. dry summer, wet winter: Most regions of the earth receive most of their rainfall during the summer months; Mediterranean climate regions receive their rainfall during the winter months. elevation: Increasing elevation causes a distribution of habitat types similar to that of increasing latitude. The most widely used systems of classifying biomes correspond to latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity. Biodiversity generally increases away from the poles towards the equator and increases with humidity.

Rainfall may be distributed evenly throughout the year or be marked by seasonal variations.

dry summer, wet winter: Most regions of the earth receive most of their rainfall during the summer months; Mediterranean climate regions receive their rainfall during the winter months.

elevation: Increasing elevation causes a distribution of habitat types similar to that of increasing latitude.

The most widely used systems of classifying biomes correspond to latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity. Biodiversity generally increases away from the poles towards the equator and increases with humidity.

semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid. seasonal variation: Rainfall may be distributed evenly throughout the year or be marked by seasonal variations. dry summer, wet winter: Most regions of the earth receive most of their rainfall during the summer months; Mediterranean climate regions receive their rainfall during the winter months. Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors are: latitude : Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical. humidity : humid,

semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid.

seasonal variation: Rainfall may be distributed evenly throughout the year or be marked by seasonal variations.

dry summer, wet winter: Most regions of the earth receive most of their rainfall during the summer months; Mediterranean climate regions receive their rainfall during the winter months.

Residents of Chennai are called Chennaiites or Madrasis ; the latter often being used to refer to South Indians in general. As of 2000 , Chennai city had a population of 4.2 million, while the total metropolitan population was 6.7 million. The estimated metropolitan population in 2005 is 7.45 million

Residents of Chennai are called Chennaiites or Madrasis ; the latter often being used to refer to South Indians in general. As of 2000 , Chennai city had a population of 4.2 million, while the total metropolitan population was 6.7 million. The estimated metropolitan population in 2005 is 7.45 million

The population density in the city is 24,418 per km² while the overall population density is 6,351 per km². The sex ratio is 948 females for every 1000 males, slightly higher than the national average of 934.The average literacy rate is 80.14%, much higher than the national average of 59.5%. Twenty-five percent of the city's population is classified as living in slum

The population density in the city is 24,418 per km² while the overall population density is 6,351 per km². The sex ratio is 948 females for every 1000 males, slightly higher than the national average of 934.The average literacy rate is 80.14%, much higher than the national average of 59.5%. Twenty-five percent of the city's population is classified as living in slum

TAHA H.PADRAWALA