Psychology: Counselling

1. BEHAVIORAL THERAPYBEHAVIORAL THERAPY
THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUETHERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE
Supriti RozarioSupriti Rozario

2. I. Applied BehavioralI. Applied Behavioral
AnalysisAnalysis:: Operant Conditioning TechniquesOperant Conditioning Techniques
• Key Principle:Key Principle:
1. Positive Reinforcement1. Positive Reinforcement
- we respond in- we respond in predictablepredictable ways because of theways because of the
gains we experiencegains we experience
- addition of something of value as consequence of- addition of something of value as consequence of
certain behaviorcertain behavior
Goal: decrease or eliminate undesirable behaviors toGoal: decrease or eliminate undesirable behaviors to
increase frequency of more desirable behaviorincrease frequency of more desirable behavior

3. 2. Negative Reinforcement:2. Negative Reinforcement:
-- escapeescape from orfrom or avoidanceavoidance of aversive orof aversive or
unpleasant stimuliunpleasant stimuli
3. Extinction:3. Extinction:
- the process of removing an unwanted response by- the process of removing an unwanted response by
failing to reinforce it.failing to reinforce it.
4. Punishment: Aversive control4. Punishment: Aversive control
- consequences of a certain behavior- consequences of a certain behavior result in theresult in the
decrease ofdecrease of that behavior.that behavior.
-- Goal: decrease target behaviorGoal: decrease target behavior

4. Positive Punishment –Positive Punishment – an aversive stimulus is added afteran aversive stimulus is added after
the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behaviorthe behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior
Negative Punishment –Negative Punishment – reinforcing stimulus is removedreinforcing stimulus is removed
following the behavior to decrease the frequency of afollowing the behavior to decrease the frequency of a
behavior.behavior.
* Use the least aversive means possible to change* Use the least aversive means possible to change
behaviorbehavior
Most powerful change agent isMost powerful change agent is Positive ReinforcementPositive Reinforcement

5. II. Relaxation Training and RelatedII. Relaxation Training and Related
Methods:Methods:
• Relaxation exercisesRelaxation exercises
• Aim: Achieve mental and muscularAim: Achieve mental and muscular
relaxationrelaxation
• Most commonly used: progressiveMost commonly used: progressive
relaxation or muscle relaxationrelaxation or muscle relaxation

6. III. SYSTEMATICIII. SYSTEMATIC
DESENSITIZATION:DESENSITIZATION:
• Developed by Joseph WolpeDeveloped by Joseph Wolpe
• ““exposure therapy”exposure therapy”
• Clients are required to expose themselvesClients are required to expose themselves
to anxiety arousing images to reduceto anxiety arousing images to reduce
anxiety gradually / systematically theyanxiety gradually / systematically they
become desensitized or less sensitive tobecome desensitized or less sensitive to
the anxiety arousing situation.the anxiety arousing situation.

7. • Exposure therapy – a form of behavioralExposure therapy – a form of behavioral
therapy in which the survivor confrontstherapy in which the survivor confronts
feelings or phobias or anxieties about afeelings or phobias or anxieties about a
traumatic event & relives it in the therapytraumatic event & relives it in the therapy
session.session.
• The steps involved:The steps involved:
– Relaxation trainingRelaxation training
– Development of an anxiety hierarchyDevelopment of an anxiety hierarchy
– Systematic desensitization properSystematic desensitization proper

8. IV. IN VIVO EXPOSURE andIV. IN VIVO EXPOSURE and
FLOODINGFLOODING ::
• In Vivo Exposure – actual exposure of theIn Vivo Exposure – actual exposure of the
client to the anxiety-evoking eventclient to the anxiety-evoking event
• Flooding – client is flooded withFlooding – client is flooded with
experiences of a particular kind untilexperiences of a particular kind until
becoming either averse to them orbecoming either averse to them or
numbed to them. (more on imaginarynumbed to them. (more on imaginary
exposure)exposure)

9. V.V. EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATIONEYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION
&& REPROCESSINGREPROCESSING (EMDR):(EMDR):
• Developed by: Francine Shapiro (2001)Developed by: Francine Shapiro (2001)
• A form of exposure therapy that involves:A form of exposure therapy that involves:
- imaginal flooding- imaginal flooding
- cognitive restructuring- cognitive restructuring
- the use of rapid rhythmic eye- the use of rapid rhythmic eye
movementsmovements
• For clients with traumatic stressFor clients with traumatic stress

10. Eight Phases of Treatment:Eight Phases of Treatment:
• First phaseFirst phase – history-taking session where– history-taking session where
therapists assesses client’s readiness for EMDRtherapists assesses client’s readiness for EMDR
& develops a treatment plan.& develops a treatment plan.
• Second PhaseSecond Phase – therapist ensures that the– therapist ensures that the
client has adequate methods of handlingclient has adequate methods of handling
emotional distress and coping skills.emotional distress and coping skills.
• Third to sixth phaseThird to sixth phase – a target is identified– a target is identified
and processed using EMDR.and processed using EMDR.

11. • Seventh Phase – closure. Client is askedSeventh Phase – closure. Client is asked
to keep a journal during the weekto keep a journal during the week
• Eighth Phase – re-evaluation of theEighth Phase – re-evaluation of the
previous work and of progress since theprevious work and of progress since the
previous sessionprevious session
EMDR treatment ensures processing of allEMDR treatment ensures processing of all
related historical events, current incidentsrelated historical events, current incidents
that elicit distress, and future scenariosthat elicit distress, and future scenarios
that will require different responses.that will require different responses.

12. VI. SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING:VI. SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING:
• For individuals with psychosocial problems.For individuals with psychosocial problems.
• Includes: modeling, psychoeducation,Includes: modeling, psychoeducation,
reinforcement, behavioral rehearsal, rolereinforcement, behavioral rehearsal, role
playing, feedbackplaying, feedback
• Anger management trainingAnger management training
• Assertion training-teaching people to beAssertion training-teaching people to be
assertive in a variety of social situationsassertive in a variety of social situations