A pesticide is a substance that disrupts or kills organisms that we consider to be pests such as weeds, damaging insects, or microbes that cause disease.
Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or desiccant.
Pest- it is any animal, plant or microorganism that trouble, injuries or cause destruction of crop.
Methods of pest control-
They have two types- natural and artificial pest control.
Natural pest control- they are prepared in nature due to prey- predator relationships.
Beneficial insects are those insects which prey on harmful insects or their larvae.
Artificial pest control- these are man mede methods to control pest.
They have following types
In agricultural production the synthetic pesticides are used which has got sometimes carcinogenic, teratogenic and residual toxic effects.
The excessive use of it also causes serious health hazards to live stocks, human life, wild life, fishes, birds and animals.
mechanical- manual or mechanical method for collection or destruction of pest. Eg.handpicking, pruning, trapping, burning for destruction of eggs, larvae, pupae, insects
Agriculture control- these methods are used to destroy life cycle of pest
eg deep ploughing for eradication of weeds, alternate crop rotation, hybrid pest resistance crop species
Chemical control- these are chemicals used to kill pest
eg. insecticides, paraciticides
Biological control- Living organisms are used to control pest.
Eg microorganisms may be used to kill by causing fatal disease in insects
Classification of pesticides
Pesticides are classified according to the pest they control
Insecticides (Ants, moths, cockroaches)
Herbicides (Weeds)
Fungicides (Control fungal diseases)
Rodenticides (Rats)
3. A pesticide is a substance that disrupts or kills organisms that we consider to
be pests such as weeds, damaging insects, or microbes that cause disease.
Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or
desiccant.
Pest- it is any animal, plant or microorganism that trouble, injuries or cause
destruction of crop.
Methods of pest control-
They have two types- natural and artificial pest control.
Natural pest control- they are prepared in nature due to prey- predator
relationships.
Beneficial insects are those insects which prey on harmful insects or their larvae.
Artificial pest control- these are man mede methods to control pest.
They have following types
4. In agricultural production the synthetic pesticides are used which has got
sometimes carcinogenic, teratogenic and residual toxic effects.
The excessive use of it also causes serious health hazards to live stocks, human life,
wild life, fishes, birds and animals.
mechanical- manual or mechanical method for collection or destruction of pest.
Eg.handpicking, pruning, trapping, burning for destruction of eggs, larvae, pupae,
insects
Agriculture control- these methods are used to destroy life cycle of pest
eg deep ploughing for eradication of weeds, alternate crop rotation, hybrid pest
resistance crop species
Chemical control- these are chemicals used to kill pest
eg. insecticides, paraciticides
Biological control- Living organisms are used to control pest.
Eg microorganisms may be used to kill by causing fatal disease in insects
8. Fungicides- they are used to control fungal diseases of plants and food crops.
Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield,
quality, and profit
Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic. Contact fungicides are
not taken up into the plant tissue, and protect only the plant where the spray is
deposited; translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper,
sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface; systemic fungicides are taken
up and redistributed through the xylem vessels. Few fungicides move to all parts of a
plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upwardly
9. Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with
gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within. It
is used to control pests in buildings (structural fumigation), soil, grain, and
produce, and is also used during processing of goods to be imported or
exported to prevent transfer of exotic organisms.
10. Rodenticides, rat poison, are pest control chemicals intended to kill rodents.
Rodenticides are controversial, due to secondary poisoning and their risks to
children, pets and wildlife.
Single feed baits are chemicals sufficiently dangerous that the first dose is
sufficient to kill.
rodents will eat a small bit of something and wait, and if they do not get sick, they
continue. An effective rodenticides must be tasteless and odorless in lethal
concentrations, and have a delayed effect.
13. Mode of action. In both insects and mammals, nicotine is an extremely fast-
acting nerve toxin. It competes with acetylcholine, the major neurotransmitter, by
bonding to acetylcholine receptors at nerve synapses and causing uncontrolled
nerve firing. This disruption of normal nerve impulse activity results in rapid
failure of those body systems that depend on nervous input for proper functioning.
In insects, the action of nicotine is fairly selective, and only certain types of
insects are affected.
20. The NEEM tree (Azadirachta indica belonging to the family Meliaceae) is a
tropical evergreen tree native to India and is also found in other southeast countries.
In India, neem is known as “the village pharmacy” because of its healing versatility,
and it has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 4,000 years due to its
medicinal properties. In the first millennium BC the neem tree was called the "Sarva
Roga Nivarini" (one that could cure all ailments and ills).
Description : Leaves are imparipinnate, alternate, exstipulate, 3-6 cm long on long
slender petioles; leaflets 7-17; alternate or opposite, very shortly stalked, 1-1.5 cm
long. Apex: ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, bases are unequal, Smooth in touch and
dark green in color, odour is typical, and taste is bitter in nature. Fruits are Ovoid,
bluntly pointed, smooth drupe, appear in Green (Young and unripe); Yellow to
brown (Mature and ripe) in color. Shows Very scanty pulp and hard bony endocarp.
Solitary with a thick testa and embryo with foliaceous cotyledons in the axis of
scanty endocarp.
24. Uses
Neem oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree and has insecticidal and
medicinal properties due to which it has been used in pest control in cultivation.
Neem seed cake (residue of neem seeds after oil extraction) when used for soil
amendment or added to soil, not only enriches the soil with organic matter but also
lowers nitrogen losses by inhibiting nitrification.
It also works as a nematicide.
Neem leaves are used as green leaf manure and also in preparation of litter compost.
Neem leaves are also used in storage of grains.
Twigs of neem when tender is used as green manure after decomposing and widely
incorporated in rice cultivation fields.
Neem (leaf and seed) extracts have been found to have insecticidal properties.
has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-nematicidalproperties and positive effect in
combating several diseases
25. DERRIS
Biological source: It consists of dried root and rhizomes of Derris elliptica and Derris
malaccensis belonging into the family Leguminosae
Tubli is a rambling climber, with branches covered with brown hairs. Leaves are
pinnate and 30 to 50 centimeters long. Leaflets are usually oblong, 9 to 13, when
matured smooth above, and subglaucous and silky beneath, 10 to 15 centimeters
long, and about half as broad. Racemes are lax, 15 to 30 centimeters in length,
with reddish flowers in stalked clusters. Pods are 5 to 8 centimeters long and
contain 1 to 3 seeds, flat and reniform, olive, brown or black.
Synonym: Tubli
26. Mode of action
Mode of action of rotenone is a respiratory enzyme inhibitor, acting between NAD+
(a coenzyme involved in oxidation and reduction in metabolic pathways) and
coenzyme Q (a respiratory enzyme responsible for carrying electrons in some electron
transport chains), resulting in failure of the respiratory functions.
Acute toxicity: Local effects on the body include conjunctivitis, dermatitis, sore
throat, and congestion. Ingestion produces effects ranging from mild irritation to
vomiting. Inhalation of high doses can cause increased respiration followed by
depression and convulsions. The compound can cause a mild rash in humans and is a
strong eye irritant to rabbits .
Chronic toxicity: Growth retardation and vomiting resulted from chronic exposures
of rats and dogs. The compound is nontoxic to bees. However, it is toxic to bees when
used in combination with pyrethrum.
28. SABADILLA synonym: stickweed
Biological source: It consists of dried ripe seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale
belonging to the family Liliaceae, it is a perennial plant growing up to 1 metre tall
from an underground bulb.
The plant is used locally as an insecticide.
Brushy or grassy slopes, usually in pine or oak forest, mostly in rather dry and
exposed places, sometimes on moist or wet slopes, chiefly at elevations of 500 -
2,000 metresThe seeds are 4 - 6 mm. long, wrinkled, black or dark brown outside,
whitish within, hard, inodorous, and have an exceedingly acrid, burning taste. They
contain veratrin and other alkaloids, and are poisonous.
They formerly constituted an official drug of the British Pharmacopoeia.The seeds
have emetic-cathartic properties, operating sometimes with great violence, and
overdoses produce death. They were formerly used to some extent to expel
tapeworms
30. The seeds are black, shining, flat, shrivelled and winged, odourless, with a bitter,
acrid, persistent and disagreeable taste, the pale grey, amorphous powder being
errhine and violently sternutatory.
Chemical Constituents---Sabadilla contains several alkaloids, the most important
being Cevadine, yielding cevine on hydrolysis; Veratrine, obtained from the syrupy
liquor from which the cevadine has crystallized; and Cevadilline or Sabadillie,
obtained after the extraction of the veratrine with ether.
Two other alkaloids have been isolated: Sabadine, which is less sternutatory than
veratrine, and Sabadinine, which is not sternutatory. Sabadilla yields about 0.3 per
cent of veratrine. The seeds also contain veratric acid, cevadic acid, fat and resin.
Uses:
It is an insecticide used to kill house flies and bugs in the form of spray or dust.
31.
32.
33. • Uses:
• Spinal cord stimulant.
• In cases of neurasthenia (excessive fatigue of neurotic origin).
• As a circulatory stimulant.
• Nerve and sex tonic.
• Bitter Stomachic (strengthening of stomach and promoting its action).
34. RYANIA
Biological source: It consists of dried root and stems of Ryania speciosa belonging
to the family Flacourtiaceae.
Ryania is a botanical insecticide made from the ground stems of Ryania speciosa, a
native plant of tropical America. The principal alkaloid in this stem extract is
ryanodine, which makes up approximately 0.2% of the product. Ryania is highly
toxic to the fruit moth, coddling moth, corn earworm, European corn borer, and
citrus thrips, but it is ineffective against the cabbage maggot, cauliflower worm,
and boll weevil. Ryania is a complex mixture of many compounds; thus, no single
structure would represent it.
36. Citrus Oil Extracts: Limonene and Linalool
Crude citrus oils and the refined compounds d-limonene (hereafter referred to
simply as limonene) and linalool are extracted from orange and other citrus fruit
peels.
Limonene, a terpene, constitutes about 90% of crude citrus oil, and is purified
from the oil by steam distillation.
Linalool, a terpene alcohol, is found in small quantities in citrus peel and in over
200 other herbs, flowers, fruits, and woods.
37. Terpenes and terpene alcohols are among the major components of many plant
volatiles or essential oils. Other components of essential oils are ketones,
aldehydes, esters, and various alcohols. Essential oils are the volatile compounds
responsible for most of the tastes and scents of plants. Many of the essential oils
also have some physiological activity.
Mode of action. The modes of action of limonene and linalool in insects are not
fully understood. Limonene is thought to cause an increase in the spontaneous
activity of sensory nerves. This heightened activity sends spurious information to
motor nerves and results in twitching, lack of coordination, and convulsions. The
central nervous system may also be affected, resulting in additional stimulation of
motor nerves. Massive over stimulation of motor nerves leads to rapid knockdown
paralysis.