1. Presented by:
Ian Morris
Leonard Northe
Derrick Thompson
Keisha Shantel Williams

2. Literature Review Peer Reviewed
Empirical Studies Journal
White Paper
Journal Annotated
Bibliography
News Paper

3. Empirical Studies

An empirical study, is the use of
statistics obtained from observation,
experiment and experience “to make
an indisputable point [emphasis
added] , rather than quote experts”
(n.d.).
Table of Content

4. Empirical Studies

It looks at expected relationships
through “systematic study of
relationships between scores
obtained from cases on measures”
(Schwab, 1999, p. 4).

5. Empirical Studies

Three key elements are used to
define empirical research. They are:
cases, measures and sores.

6. Empirical Research Components

•Cases are entities •Measures are instruments •Scores (or data) represent
investigated in research. used to obtain scores on the information obtained from
•For example, individuals cases studied. cases on the measures
•For example, items or employed.
interacting in
organizations questionnaires that •Researchers use these
individuals complete scores to identify whether
relationships exist as
expected.
Cases Measures Scores

7. Empirical Studies

Empirical studies also use three
activities which are necessary to
conduct empirical research. These
activities are: measurement, design
and analysis (Schwab, 1994, pp. 4-
8).

8. Research Activities

Measurement
• Obtains scores on measures that correspond
to the concepts studied.
Analysis Design
• Describe scores on single •Establishes procedures to
measures to identify obtain cases for study and to
relationships that may exist determine how scores will be
between scores across different
obtained from those cases.
measures.

9. Literature Review

A literature review “Surveys scholarly
articles, books and other sources…
relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, providing a
description, summary, and critical
evaluation of each work” (n.d.).

10. Literature Review

Although it can be written in the
form of an annotated bibliography it
“Is more than an Annotated
Bibliography” (2011).

11. Literature Review

According to Dena Taylor
(n.d), “More often it is part of the
introduction to an essay, research
report, or thesis. Literature review
helps one develop “Information
seeking” and “Critical appraisal skills
(n.d.).

12. A Good Literature
Review must:

“Be organized around and related directly to the
thesis or research question you are developing
Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is
not known
Identify areas of controversy in the literature
Formulate questions that need further research” (Taylor
n.d.).

13. Journals

Journals are regular periodic
publications, usually dedicated to a
specific profession or discipline.

14. Peer-reviewed
Journals

According to : “Peer-reviewed journals (also
called refereed journals) are scholarly journals
that only publish articles that have passed
through this review process”. These reviewers
(scholars, experts, or academics), must agree
that the article represents properly conducted
original research or writing before it can be
published. (Cornell University Library)

15. Peer Review Journal

Peer-reviewed is a process that journals
use to ensure the articles they publish
represent the best scholarship currently
available. “The review process helps
ensure that the published articles reflect
solid scholarship in their fields” Robert
E. Kennedy Library (2011).

16. Peer Review Journal

When an article is submitted to a peer
reviewed journal, the editors send it out to
other scholars in the same field (the author's
peers) to get their opinion on the quality of the
scholarship, its relevance to the field, its
appropriateness for the journal, etc

17. The Peer-reviewed
Process

If standards are
met, the article
Comment and is then
suggestions are published.
The scholars made and are
review the article sent back for
for scholarly adaptation if
Articles are writing, original
needed.
submitted to research, proper
several other representation of
scholars, the content in the
field, ethical
experts, or issues, biases,
academics relevance, validity,
(peers) in the etc.
field for review
and comment.

18. Peer-reviewed
Journal

For example Harvard Law Review has a 7 day
window to receives submissions from that starts in
April, where scholarly legal arguments are
reviewed and published (Harvard 2011). these
journals must be no more than 25, 000 words
(articles more than 30, 000 are not reviewed) many
submissions are received but after rigorous
examination only a few are published.

19. Elements of a Peer-
reviewed Journal

1
• Scholarly journal articles often have an abstract, a descriptive
summary of the article contents, before the main text of the
article.
2
• Scholarly journals generally have a sober, serious look. They often
contain many graphs and charts but few glossy pages or exciting
pictures.

20. Elements

3
•Scholarly journals always cite their sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies.
These bibliographies are generally lengthy and cite other scholarly writings.
4
•Articles are written by a scholar in the field or by someone who has done research in the
field. The affiliations of the authors are listed, usually at the bottom of the first page or at
the end of the article--universities, research institutions, think tanks, and the like.
5
•The language of scholarly journals is that of the discipline covered. It assumes some
technical background on the part of the reader.

21. Elements

6
• The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on original
research or experimentation in order to make such information
available to the rest of the scholarly world.
7
• Many scholarly journals, though by no means all, are published
by a specific professional organization.

22. White Paper

Description and Purpose
A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that helps solve a problem
Use of White Paper
"White Papers are used as a means of presenting government policy
preferences prior to the introduction of legislation"; as such, the "publication of
a White Paper serves to test the climate of public opinion regarding a
controversial policy issue and enables the government to gauge its probable
impact".
History and Synthesis of White Paper
Since the early 1990s, the term white paper has also come to refer to
documents used by businesses and think tanks as marketing or sales tools.
White papers of this sort argue that the benefits of a particular technology,
product or policy are superior for solving a specific problem.

23. Types of White Paper

Commercial White Papers
 Business benefits: Makes a business case for a certain
technology or methodology.
 Technical: Describes how a certain technology works.
 Hybrid: Combines business benefits with technical details
in a single document.
 Policy: Makes a case for a certain political solution to a
societal or economic challenge.
Government White Papers

24. News Paper

 What is it? It is a scheduled publication containing news
of current events, informative articles, diverse features
and advertising.
 It Purpose: The newspaper has played an important role
in keeping the public informed on current events. It
gleans information from many sources, some public, such
as police records, and others private, such as a
government and reports it to the public.

25. Newspaper

Editorial Pages: Editorials pages are found
within the news paper. They do not contain
news, but rather reasoned opinion based on
facts.

26. Annotated Bibliography

“An annotated bibliography is a list of
citations to books, articles, and
documents. Each citation is followed by a
brief (usually about 150 words)
descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the
annotation.”

27. It Purpose

The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of
the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources
cited” (Cornell University Library, 2011).

28. Books and Peer-
reviewed Journal

Why Books and Peer Review Journals
 Books and Peer review Journals are a great sources
of scholarship.
 One “can find a list of extremely useful books on
research, scientific ethics, writing, dissertations, and
scientific careers” (Honavar, 201).
 In Journals, one can find an incredible source of
valuable information for scholarly research.

29. References

Cornell University Library (2011).,Distinguishing Scholarly Journals from Other Periodicals.
Retrieved September 04 2011 from
http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill20.html
Honavar, V. (2011). Graduate research Writing and careers in computer science,
Retrieved September 16 2011 from, http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/grad-
advice.html
Library Services (2011),Finding Peer-reviewed or Refereed Journals, San Luis Obispo, CA.
Schwab, D. P. (1999). Research Methods for Organizational Studies. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associate, Publishers. Retrieved September 03, 2011, from
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk_19423_AN?sid=ce3cf
93e-ecb0-4be2-97b5-a1266642d8d5@sessionmgr104&vid=2&ppid=pp_10
Staffwriter (2011) .Submission, Cambridge, MA. Harvard Law Review.

30. References

Stelzner, M. (2006). Writing White Papers: How to capture
readers and keep them engaged. Poway, California:
WhitePaperSource Publishing. pp. 214.
ISBN 9780977716937
Taylor, D. (n.d.). The Literature Review: A Few Tips on
Conducting it. Retrieved September 03, 011,from
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specifi
c-types-of-writing/literature-review.

31. References

Write a literature review. (n.d.). Retrieved September
03, 2011, from
http://library.ucsc.edu/help/howto/write-a-
literature-review.
Writing a Literature Review. (2011, August).
Patrick Power Library. Retrieved September 03,
2011, from
http://www.smu.ca/administration/library/lit
rev.html.

32. References

Wallace S. (2009)., A Dictionary Education, Brisbane,
Australia. Australia University
What is an Empirical Study. (n.d.). Retrieved September
03, 2011, from
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid
=20081209132529AA4WXZi.