La alhambra

Granada in Middle Ages:Level: 2º ESO (Bilingual)School: I.E.S. Alhambra.Author: Jose María Tintoré Parra.1

THE BIRTH OF A KINGDOMTHE KINGDOM OF GRANADA− POLITICS− ECONOMY− SOCIETYTHE ALHAMBRATHE FALL OF GRANADAEXERCISESGLOSSARYLINKS2

THE BIRTH OF A KINGDOMIn 1212 an army of Spanish and European soldiers destroyed the Muslim Army at Navas de Tolosa.Fernando III (The Saint) captured Cordoba in 1236 and converted the mosque into the Cathedral ofCordoba.The ruler of Granada, Mohammed ibn-Alhamar, cooperated with Fernando III in the Conquest ofMuslim Seville. As result of this pact, the Kingdom of Granada appeared.Granada became independent, as a subordinate ofCastile. The kingdom of Granada included modern dayGranada, Almeria and Malaga.3

− POLITICS:Granada was a vassal to Castile. The Nasrid sultans and kings paid a tribute to Castile. TRIBUTE TO CASTILEThe Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri ruled in Granada. Nasrid shield Nasrid FlagGranada allowedcommerce with the Muslim world, particularly the gold trade with the sub-saharanareas south of Africa. Gold travelled from Africa to Granada.The Nasrids also provided mercenaries from North Africa to Castile.4

Arabic was the official Language, and was the mother tongue of the majority of the population. ArabicAbout the Government:The ruler was the Sultan. The Sultan had religious and political power. He was the “Prince ofBelievers”. He lived isolated, without contact with other people.The sultan used some viziers (burden-bearer, literally) as public servants, ministers. SULTANVIZIERSOne important ruler was Muhammad V. He was born in 1338. He ruled between 1354 and 1391,and is famous for completing the Alhambra with the Palace of the Lions and the Mexuar. Heemployed the poet and diplomat Ibn Jaldun in negotiations with Pedro “The Cruel.”5

− ECONOMY:Granada had, more or less, 50.000 inhabitants, Malaga 20.000 and other towns, like Almeria orRonda, 10.000.In Economy, the water became a very important element. All the towns were near the rivers, and ithad a lot of infraestructures for using the water.This meant a very good agriculture, with a lot of crops, like almonds, oranges, lemons, pears,apples, pomegranates...So, in the Alpujarra and Axarquia there were silkworms, near the coast there was sugar cane and inthe Almanzora valley there was honey...6

Nasri Muslims extracted minerals too. They extracted marble from Macael, iron from Sierra de losFilabres, quicksilver from Bayarque...Inside the towns “alcaicerías” (market for silks and manufactures) appeared. There were all kinds ofcraftsmen: jewellers, sculptors...It was a good moment for art and science. Ibn Al-Jatib and Ibn Zamrak were important writers, andthey wrote about History, Philosophy, Poetry, Literature and a lot of topics more. One goodmathemathic was Al-Qalasadi. He wrote several books on Arithmetic and one on Algebra.Another wise man was Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun was a famous North African Arab polymath (anastronomer, economist, historian, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, hafiz, jurist, lawyer,mathematician, military strategist, nutritionist, philosopher, social scientist and statesman). He is the"father" of the Social Sciences in general.7

− SOCIETY:The population of the kingdom of Granada was about 300.000 people. 50.000 of them(approximately) lived in the capital.Most of people were muslims. Some of them were descendants of arabs, syrians and berbers. But alot of them were refugees from the Christian Kingdoms.Jewish people were only 1% in the town. They were silk workers, jewellers and merchants.There were a little Christians. Most of them were captives. But there were some Christianmerchants: Genoese, Portuguese and Catalano-Aragonese.8

THE ALHAMBRA:Alhambra ("the red one"; the complete name is "Qalat al-Hambra") is a palace and fortresscomplex of the Moorish rulers of Granada.Moorish Poets described it as "a pearl set in emeralds" in allusion to the colour of its buildings andthe woods around them.Moors planted roses, oranges and myrtles in the park.The park has a multitude of nightingales and is usually filled with thesound of running water from several fountains and cascades.In the link below, you can hear the sound of a nightingalehttp://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=17185In every case, the exterior is plain and austere.The decoration consists on foliage, Arabic inscriptions, and geometrical patterns. Here you can seeall things: GEOMETRICAL FOLIAGE PATTERNS ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS9

A tour of the AlhambraThe Tower of Justice (Torre de la Justicia) is the original entrance gate to the Alhambra. Theyconstructed it in 1348.The hand of Fatima, is on the exterior; a key, the symbol of authority, is on the interior.When the key and the hand are united, it means the ruin of the Alhambra Hand and key touching... Alhambra destroyed Torre de la Justicia.10

The Alhambra has got three parts:The alcazaba or citadel, is the oldest part. It has got a lot of walls and towers. Tower WallOn the watchtower, the Torre de la Vela, 25 metres high, Ferdinand and Isabella raised their flag onJanuary 2, 1492. ...their flag They raised...11

The Royal Complex. Consists of three main parts: Mexuar, Serallo, and the Harem.In the Mexuar were the areas for business and administration. The ceilings, floors, and trim aremade of wood. AdministrationSerallo contains the “Patio de los Arrayanes” (Court of the Myrtles). The pond divides the patio andreceives water from two fountains The pondThe lateral sections were the womens residence. The emir had a lot of women. They all lived in a section in the court of the Myrtles12

Harem is very decorated and contains the rooms for the wives of the Arabic monarchs. But this onewas simply the kings home. The Harem was just his calm and normal home. The Three Wives of the Sultan lived in this place. But, «the favourite wife» (sultans used to have four wives), lived separately. The three wivesIt contains a bathroom and showering. The Harem also has representations of human forms, whichis forbidden under Islamic law.The third part is the Royal Palace (Palacio Árabe, or Casa Real) Some of the important rooms are:The “Salón de los Embajadores” (Hall of the Ambassadors) This was the grand reception room, andthe throne of the Sultan was here. There are a lot of decorative inscriptions on the walls. Thedecorative inscriptions are poems. There are a lot of mocarabes or Honeycomb work.13

The Court of the Lions, one of the stranges Islamic animal statues. In the centre of the court there isthe Fountain of Lions, an alabaster basin with the figures of twelve lions in white marble.The “Sala de los Abencerrajes” derives its name from a legend. The father of Boabdil, last king ofGranada, invited the Abencerrajes family to a banquet, and massacred them here. Abencerraje before Abencerrajes after the massacre the Massacre14

Palacio de Generalife: The “Palacio de Generalife” was the summer palace of the Nasrid Sultans ofGranada. The Generalife is one of the oldest surviving Moorish gardens.In 1492, the Conquerors began to alter the Alhambra.In 1812, French Army destroyed some of the towers.Napoleon tried to blow up the Alhambra. But a soldier defused the explosives and saved theAlhambra for posterity.Special features:The Alhambra has a special type of column.One impressive decorative element is the mocarabe.There are a lot of horseshoe archs.15

THE FALL OF GRANADA.Though there were periods of peace, Granada was in constant danger. Muslims evolved tactics tobattle Christians. Christians wanted GranadaThe tactics were essentially defensive. The army was skilled and well organised. Infantry formed amajority. The discipline was strict and the training was rigorous.Crossbowmen were the most important element in Granadian tactics, specially in ambush andguerrilla tactics.16

The Fall of Granada: With the unification of Castile and Aragon under King Ferdinand and QueenIsabella, Granada had an united enemy. Christians planned the extinction of Al-Andalus once forall.The Christian army had a lot of artillery and a lot of handgunners. Gunpowder weapons madecastle-strongholds more vulnerable. Cannon was the key. Cannons destroyed castles.In the War for Granada, Spanish Muslims and Christians usedhandguns. Handgunners HandgunThe campaign was long and bitter. When the Muslim burned the Christian camp, the Christiansbuilt a permanent town called Santa Fe. But the defenders resisted.17

Finally, Boabdil (the last Sultan) negotiated a private surrender against the wishes of his people.Christians entered secretly into the Alhambra Palace on 2th January 1492.This was the end of Al-Andalus. All the muslims had to go out.18

EXERCISESBirth of a Kingdom1- Colour in these maps:In red: The Christian land.In green: The Muslim area.A) In this map, the situation before the Navas de Tolosa battle. (1212)B) In this map, the situation after the Navas de Tolosa battle. (1236)You can use your book and this link.http://es.youtube.com/watch?v=ci2jTnI2qqkOr maybe this:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Spanish_reconquista.gif2- Link the related onesFerdinand III Vassal of CastileMuhammad Inb Al-Hammar Kingdom of Granada1212 Mosque of CordobaGranada, Almería and Malaga The saint kingWas converted into a Cathedral Total victory for Christians19

Policy:3- The kingdom of Granada was useful to Castile because:It was a very good friend of The women from Granada were It paid tribute.Castile very beautiful.It provided petrol and gas oil. It provided mercenaries Castile needed enemies.Granada was a good ally It was very good at maths. Granada was, in fact, aagainst France. Christian kingdom.The African gold came through Granada provided very good Castile could sell in Granada aGranada weapons. lot of fruits, wine and silk.4- Answer the questions:a) What was the name of the last dinasty in Granada?b) What was the name for the rulers in Nasrid Granada?c) Who were the “burden-bearers”?d) What was the language in Granada?e) Name one famous poet and one famous ruler of Granada.Economy:5- Look for three recipes containing at least two ingredients produced by granadian agriculture.Write them briefly in your notebook. You can use this link. http://allrecipes.com/6- Name three things that you can do with:Quicksilver (Mercury)Iron.Marble.7- Look for the words in English in the dictionary, and draw them. Use the link:http://www.wordreference.com/− Acequia.− Noria.− Azafrán.20

Alhambra:8- Link the character with the definition:Definition CharacterA very good mathematic. The Catholic MonarchsThe first ruler of NasridGranada. Al-KalasadiImportant muslim writer, thefather of social science. MuhammadThey united Aragon and Ibn KhaldunCastile.The conqueror of Sevile. Muhammad Ibn Al HammarOne important ruler of Granada,in the XIV century. Fernando III9- Alhambra true or false:There is not plants in the Alhambra. T FThey killed the Abencerrajes family in the “Hall of the Abencerrajes” T FThe decoration is outside. T FThe mocarabe is like a stalactite. T FThe french army constructed some towers in the Alhambra. T FGeneralife was a summer palace. T FThe sultan used to have three wives. T FThe Fountain of Lions is made out of iron. T FThe Spanish flag is raised in the main tower. T FThe Alhambra means "a pearl set in emeralds" T F10- Try to do this puzzle. You can see geometrical patterns as in the Alhambra inscriptions.http://www.jigzone.com/puzzles/0D055D4F715B11- Go to this link, create a puzzle of “The court of the Lions” and send it to the teacher.(Remember: tintoreprofe@gmail.com)http://jigsawplanet.com/http://jigsawplanet.com/?id=4cea5ce4dcc1de0521

12- Wordsearch:There are a lot of these birds in theAlhambraTypical islamic archWhen it touches the hand, the Alhambrawill be destroyedThe material for the Fountain of LionsMassacred familyIsabellas husbandColour of the Alhambra13- Alhambra legends: Go to this link, read it and draw a comic with your favorite legend.http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/alhambra_legends22

14- Point on the map to...Tower of Justice.Alcazaba.Torre de la vela.Mexuar.Court of the MyrtlesHall of the AmbassadorsCourt of the LionsGeneralifeCharles V palace.You can use this interactive map:http://www.alhambra-patronato.es/index.php/Plano-del-recinto/216+M54a708de802/0/The fall of Granada:15- Fill the gaps:*The key for the Christian victory was the _________________.*In January 1492, Christians entered _______ ____ _____________ ________________.*The ______________ was a very important weapon in the Muslim army.*The Muslim army destroyed the Christian ________, but they built a permanent town in Santa Fe.* Boabdil wanted a ____________ ______________, but the people in Granada wanted to_________.* Granada had an united enemy with the _____________ of Castile and Aragon.* Soldiers who use gunpowder weapons use a ____________.* Christians planned the _____________ of Muslim Spain.* The ________-_________ were very good defensive buildings.23

16- Find in the picture: Handgunner, Granadan soldier, shield.17- Link:DEFINITION WORDA defensive building with Ambushwalls, made out mainly of Campaignstone. UnificationVery big gunpowder weapon,used to break walls. CastleTo surprise the enemySeveral military operations. CampTwo kingdoms become oneTemporary living quarters for Cannonthe army18- Look for the words in the English text: Castillo, rendición, deseos, mayoría, ballesteros,habilidoso, amargo/a.19- Write in four sentences maximum, the plot of the text.24

20- Identify in this picture:− Boabdil.− Ferdinand.− Isabelle.− The Alhambra.− The town keys.− The Christian Army.− The Muslim Army.− The winners.− The losers.25

GLOSSARYAlabaster: Alabastro (un tipo de mármol blanco)Ambush: Emboscada.Army: Ejército.Banquet: Banquete.Basin: Cuenco, pila.Bearer: Portador.Believer: Creyente.Below: Debajo.Berber: Beréber (del norte de África)Bitter: Amargo/a.Burden: Carga.Bussines: NegociosCampaign: Campaña (Serie de batallas)Captive: Cautivo.Ceiling: Techo.Complex: Complejo.Conquest: Conquista.Courtyard: Patio.Craftsman / craftsmen: Artesano / artesanos.Crop: Cultivo.Crossbow: Ballesta.Emerald: Esmeralda.Essentially: Esencialmente.Fortress: Fortaleza.Gate: Puerta.Grand: MagníficoHandgun: Arma de fuego (individual).Hangunners: Tiradores (con arma de fuego).Hidden: Escondido, oculto.Horseshoe: Herradura. Se refiere a los arcos de herradura.Independent: Independiente.Jeweller: Joyero.King: Rey.Kingdom: Reino.Link: Vínculo, enlace.Majority: Mayoría.Marble: Mármol.26

Massacre: Masacre. To Massacre: Masacrar.Merchant: Mercader, comerciante.Modern: Moderno/a.Muslim: Musulmán.Myrtle: Arrayán.Nightingale: Ruiseñor.Once for all: De una vez por todas.Palace: PalacioPattern: Patrón.Pearl: Perla.Plain: Plano, liso.Pond: Estanque.Power: Poder.Quicksilver (or Mercury): Mercurio (el mineral)Refugee: Refugiado.Ruin: Ruina.Ruler: Gobernante.Servant: Sirviente.Silkworm: Gusano de seda.Silver: Plata.Skilled: Habilidoso/a.Soldier: Soldado.Statue: EstatuaStrict: Estricto/a.Subject: Vasallo (Tiene más acepciones, pero aquí se usa este sentido)Successors: Sucesores.Sugar cane: Caña de azúcar.Surrender: Rendición.Throne: TronoTongue: Lengua.Tower: Torre.Trade/To trade: Comercio, negocio, intercambio. Intercambiar, negociar.Training: Entrenamiento.Tribute: Tributo.Trim: Adorno.Valley: Valle.Vase: Vasija.Vassal: Vasallo.Wall: Muro.Wise: Sabio.Wood: Madera.27

Verbs:To allow: Permitir.To appear: Aparecer.To become: Llegar a ser, convertirse, volverse, devenir.To blow up: Volar (con explosivos)To build / built / built: Construir.To capture: Capturar.To construct: Construir.To contain: ContenerTo convert: Convertir.To cooperate: Cooperar.To defuse: Desactivar.To employTo evolve: Desarrollar (se)To fill: Llenar, rellenar. (Filled: Relleno, lleno.)To forbid / forbade / forbidden: Prohibir.To include: Incluir.To mean/ meant /meant: Querer decir.To Provide: Proveer, proporcionar.To rule: Gobernar.28

LINKShttp://www.alhambradegranada.org/historia/alhambraTJusticia_en.asphttp://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/recursos_informaticos/andared01/alhambra/torres/justic1.jpghttp://www.animamundicollection.com/esp/page1/files/carousel_image_0_1.gifhttp://www.mrupp.info/Photos/2004-Spain/alhambra_water.jpghttp://floresyjardin.es/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/roses-garden-big.jpghttp://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/185/valencia-oranges-spain_12927.jpghttp://www.dannylipford.com/diy-home-improvement/lawn-and-gardening/growing-crape-myrtles/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalifehttp://www.hobbymex.com/historia/napoleon/nap4.JPGhttp://www.vivagranada.com/images/torresbermejas.jpghttp://www.emergency-management.net/pic_indonesia_marriott_08_2003/explosion2.jpghttp://www.navarraconfidencial.com/portal/images/batalla_navas.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_III_de_Castillahttp://img.vitonica.com/2008/08/acuerdo.jpghttp://www.cuadernosmedievales.com/imagenes/avicena.jpghttp://www.rafaes.com/fernando-el-santo-pintura.jpghttp://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/838/5108121.JPGhttp://www.kantor.com/blog/images/Preaching-Muhammad.jpghttp://servicios.laverdad.es/murcia_agua/foto1cp6.jpghttp://ellenbarrett.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/almonds.jpghttp://www.wildorangeweb.com/images/oranges_01.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lemon.jpg/800px-Lemon.jpghttp://esl.vcc.ca/eslvoc/ESLWEB/Pear.gifhttp://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/590614/2/istockphoto_590614-one-and-a-half-apple.jpghttp://snukes.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/pomegranate.jpghttp://www.lesley-smitheringale-fine-art.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/a-cocoon-produced-by-the-silkworm.jpghttp://aprimexstore.com/imagenes/azucar-portada.jpghttp://eldib.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/miel.jpghttp://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/minerals/pix/marble1.jpghttp://www.therockshed.com/kits/1k2a.jpghttp://es.geocities.com/fisicas/termometria/mercurio.jpghttp://www.vivagranada.com/images/alcaiceria.jpg29

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37063175ac2a739369cb70145997b_par09ff33df758b5f7c5623216939181bf7_dat1209838748.jpeghttp://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/ibn.jpghttp://www.etribes.com/sites/etribes.com/files/images/Andalucia%20130%20Ubeda%20Puerta%20del%20Losal.jpghttp://www.cambridge2000.com/gallery/images/PC1110304e.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/_gTKZ-IAzKAs/Rkza5V42IyI/AAAAAAAACU0/MyNyEazCkwA/IMG_5792.JPGhttp://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/recursos_informaticos/andared01/alhambra/leones/salaabencerrajes.jpghttp://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/artesp/jpg/FOM07109.jpghttp://www.alhambradegranada.org/historia/alhambraSEmbajadores_en.asphttp://www.villamalea.eu/relatos/images/odalisca.gifhttp://laburbuja10.blogspot.com/2007/08/las-mil-y-una-noches-el-encuentro.htmlhttp://www.weirdspace.dk/ReneGoscinny/HarounElPoussah_FR.htmhttp://estela-1.myblog.es/estela-1/4http://www.morosicristians.com/costumbresalhambra22.htmhttp://www.alhambra.org/esp/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/mapas_y_planoshttp://www.armoredpenguin.com/wordsearch/http://aulavirtual38.googlepages.com/Espana_mudo_politico.jpg/Espana_mudo_politico-full;init:.jpghttp://www.xpoferens.cat/granada.jpg31

La alhambra

by Sergio Piñero on Jan 02, 2012

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La alhambra — Document Transcript