1. SAMEER GUPTA

2. Transmission Line
Def. – A transmission line basically consists of 2 or more
parallel conductors used to connect a source to a load.
What is a transmission line?
•Uniform transmission line is one which has its electrical
parameters remaining constant along its length of the line.
•In which voltage to current ratio does not vary with distance
if the line is terminated in its characteristics impedance.
•Electrical parameters of lines are R-L-C-G (ResistanceInductance-Capacitance-Conductance).
•These parameters are defined per unit length of the conductor
and are called Primary constants of the line.

3. Uses of Transmission lines:-
•To transfer the energy or signal or power from the
transmitter to the receiver.
•It acts as communication media.
•In most cases, transmission lines are metallic
conductors.
•Few e.g. of Transmission lines are: Parallel wires
Twisted pair wires
Ribbon type
Co-axial cables
Micro-strip lines
Wave guides

4. REASONS FOR AC GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION
Due to ease of transformation of voltage levels and rough collector
cage motors, ALTERNATING CURRENT is universally utilised.
Both for GENERATION and LOADS and hence for
TRANSMISSION.
Generators are at distant places, away from the populated areas i.e.
the load centers
They are either PIT HEAD THERMAL or HYDEL
Turbines drive synchronous generators giving an output at 15-25
kV.
To reach the loads at homes/industry at required safe levels,
transformers step down voltage.

5. COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS
– CONVENTIONALLY POWER TRANSMISSION IS EFFECTED THROUGH HVAC
SYSTEMS ALL OVER THE WORLD.
– HVAC TRANSMISSION IS HAVING SEVER LIMITATIONS LIKE LINE LENGTH ,
UNCONTROLLED POWER FLOW, OVER/LOW VOLTAGES DURING LIGHTLY /
OVER LOADED CONDITIONS,STABILITY PROBLEMS,FAULT ISOLATION ETC
– CONSIDERING THE DISADVANTAGES OF HVAC SYSTEM AND THE ADVANTAGES
OF HVDC TRANSMISSION , POWERGRID HAS CHOOSEN HVDC TRANSMISSION
FOR TRANSFERRING 2000 MW FROM ER TO SR

6. ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC
TRANSMISSION

8. COST: AC vs DC Transmission
Line Cost AC
Line Cost DC
Terminal Cost DC
Terminal Cost AC
Break Even Distance

9. HVDC IN INDIA
Back-to-Back
HVDC LINK CONNECTING CAPACITY
REGION
(MW)
Vindyachal
North – West
2 x 250
Chandrapur
West – South
2 x 500
Vizag – I
East – South
500
Sasaram
East – North
500
Vizag – II
East – South
500

10. BASIC PRINCIPLES
OF
HVDC TRANSMISSION

16. USE OF DC
Direct current is put to use in common life for driving our
portable devices, UPSs, battery systems and vastly in railway
locomotives.
DC AS A MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
This has been possible with beginning of
High power/ high current capability thyristor.
&
Fast acting computerized controls

17. If DC is required to be used for transmission
&
since our primary source of power is A.C,
The following are three basic steps:1. Convert AC into DC (rectifier)
2. Transmit DC
3. Convert DC into AC ( inverter)