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Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
1.   Why Rail Safety is so high on the priority list.
2.   Section 130 Rail-Highway Safety Program
3.   Rail-Highway Diagnostic Review Elements
     and Process
4.   Sain’s Role in the Process
5.   Railroad Background Information and Key
     Concepts
6.   Types of Railroad Warning Devices
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
3.22%
There was an 84% decline in the number
of train/motor vehicle collisions from
roughly 12,000 in1972 to 1,900 in 2009.

                     (Source: FRA 2009
                          statistics)
Bureau of Transportation Planning and
            Modal Programs

            Rail Section

              Division
   Scott Overby – Transportation Manager
    & Rail Safety Manager

   Clarence Hodges – Transportation
    Technologist, Sr. & Assistant Rail Manager

   Donald Lovelace – Transportation
    Technologist & Section 130 Manager
 1st Division – Meng Han
 2nd Division – Andy Laster
 3rd Division – Renya Hooks
 4th Division – Ken Cush & Steven Corley
 5th Division – Rozalyn Clifton & Keith Hoggle
 6th Division – David Bollie & David Primm
 7th Division – Dewayne Chancellor
 8th Division – Jeff Powell
 9th Division – Dewayne Hood
GOAL: To provide federal support (funding) in efforts to reduce the
    incidence of accidents, injuries and fatalities at public railroad
    crossings.

   Administered by FHWA
   Established by the Highway Safety Act of 1973
   Funds the efforts of ALDOT’s Rail Section to improve
    rail safety in Alabama by providing additional warning
    devices to public Rail/Highway Crossings in Alabama.
   A ranking is given to each railroad crossing in the
    State using the US DOT Accident Prediction Formula
    Index. This allows a prioritized list of projects to be
    developed. For each of those projects, ALDOT must
    perform a Diagnostic Review.
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
   Improved safety for both railroad and
    highway users

   Systematic approach

   Focused effort on high priority crossings
    in terms of safety needs
Predicts the likelihood of a collision
occurring over a given period of time given
conditions at the crossing.

Used to determine prioritization for each
construction phase.

Combines three independent calculations
to produce a collision prediction value.
1. Provides an initial hazard ranking based on
    a crossing’s characteristics

2. Utilizes the actual collision history at a
    crossing over a determined number of
    years to produce a collision prediction
    value

3. Adds a normalizing constant, which is
   adjusted periodically to keep the
   procedure matched with current collision
   trends.
1. Sain Associates
2. Perspective Railroad
3. ALDOT Staff (Local & Montgomery)
4. City/County
   FHWA RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE
    CROSSING HANDBOOK
    REVISED 2ND EDITION
   MUTCD 2009
    CHAPTER 8: TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR RAILROAD AND LIGHT
    RAIL TRANSIT GRADE CROSSINGS
 ALDOT DIAGNOSTIC REVIEW FORM
 ALDOT STANDARDS FOR RAILROAD
  ELEMENTS STANDARD DRAWINGS 913 – 915
 WWW.AMERICAN-RAILS.COM
 WWW.FRA.DOT.GOV
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
   Contacts
   Inventory
   Section 130
   Construction
   Invoice
   Crossing Closures
   Appendices
   MUTCD
   Div. Crossings
   Contacts
   Inventory
   Section 130
   Construction
   Invoice
   Crossing Closures
   Appendices
   MUTCD
   Div. Crossings
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
OBTAIN BACKGROUND INFORMATION


COORDINATE DATE/TIME/LOCATION FOR ON-SITE REVIEW WITH DIAGNOSTIC TEAM


                PERFORM DIAGNOSTIC REVIEW IN THE FIELD


                  PREPARE DRAWINGS AND PAPERWORK


                 SUBMIT TO ALDOT DIVISION FOR REVIEW


                   INCORPORATE DIVISION COMMENTS


          SUBMIT TO ALDOT MULTI-MODAL DEPARTMENT FOR REVIEW
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
The FRA Website provides access to
  railroad safety data including:

National Highway-Rail Crossing Inventory
 Data

Information from the Railroad Accident
  Incident Reporting System
Scroll down and select:
Section 5.02 – Generate Crossing
Inventory and Accident Reports



 or use direct link:
 http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/
 officeofsafety/publicsite/
 crossing/crossing.aspx
Select “Report Type”




                 Enter DOT Crossing ID Number




                  Generate Report


Select Current
ACCIDENT REPORT




                  INVENTORY
                  REPORT




  CONTACT
Select Maps
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
   Provided by ALDOT

   5 Parts:
    o   Location and Classification Information
    o   Railroad Information
    o   Highway Traffic Control Device Information
    o   Physical Characteristics
    o   Public Highway Information


   Includes photographs
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
•   Camera
•   Measuring Wheel
•   Tape Measure
•   Safety Vests
•   Clipboards
•   Range Finder
•   Sain’s Diagnostic
    Process and
    Inventory Checklist
•   ALDOT Rail-Highway
    Diagnostic Review Form
 Meeting facilitator
 Collect data (photography,
  measurements and inventory items)
 Take field notes
 Provide recommendations for discussion
  amongst all team members
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
“A” = Sight Distance along the railroad tracks to permit the vehicle
to cross and be clear of the crossing upon arrival of the train.

“B” = Sight distance measured along the highway from the nearest
rail to the driver of a vehicle which allows the vehicle to be safely
stopped without encroachment of the crossing area.
Assume vehicle speed = 0

“A” = Sight Distance along the railroad tracks to permit the vehicle to
cross and be clear of the crossing upon arrival of the train.
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
1.   Submit to ALDOT Division for review

2.   Incorporate Division comments

3.   Submit to ALDOT Multi-Modal
     Department for review
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
 6,011 railroad crossings in Alabama
 3,279 of those are public at-grade crossings
 1,277 of the 3,279 are signalized
 1,615 crossings have passive devices
 2,027 private crossings
 869 closed crossings
 Public Crossings – on highways under
  jurisdiction of and maintained by public
  authority and open to the traveling
  public.
 Private Crossings – on roadways privately
  owned and utilized by the landowner or
  licensee.
 Pedestrian Crossings – used solely by
  pedestrians.
   FRA (Federal Railroad Administration) –
    categorizes railroad tracks into six
    classes based on maximum speed limits.

   AAR (Association of American Railroads)
    – categorizes railroad based on
    operating revenues.
CLASS   FREIGHT   PASSENGER
         (mph)      (mph)
  1       10         15
  2       25         30
  3       40         60
  4       60         80
  5       80         90
  6      110         110
  7      125         125
  8      160         160
  9      200         200
Railroad classes are
defined by
Association of
American Railroads
(AAR) based on
operating revenue.

CLASS I – operating
revenues exceeding
$319.3 million
annually
CLASS II – operating
revenues between
$20.5 million and
$277.7million
CLASS III – less than
$10 million of annual
operating revenue.
Class I Rail Companies in Alabama:
1. Canadian National
2. CSX Transportation
3. Norfolk Southern
4. BNSF Railway
Only one Class II Rail Company in
   Alabama:
1. Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway (AGR)
o 22 Class III Rail Companies in Alabama
o Make up bulk of railroads (500 or so
  nationwide)
   Closure of Crossing
   Installation of standard signs and pavement
    markings
   Installation of replacement active warning
    devices
   Upgrading existing warning devices
   Consider pre-emption/interconnection with
    signals
   Crossing illumination
   General site improvements
   Crossing surface improvements
PASSIVE:                               ACTIVE:
    Signs*                                Automatic Gates
    Pavement Markings                     Four-quadrant Gates
                                           Flashing-light Signals
                                           Traffic Control Signals

* All signs shall be retroreflectorized    Actuated Blank-out
 or illuminated.                            Signs
                                           Variable Message Signs
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
“Yield right-of-way to rail traffic at grade crossing”

At a minimum, one crossbuck sign shall be used on each
 highway approach to every highway-rail grade crossing,
alone or in combination with other traffic control devices.
Required if:

    No automatic
     gates are present

    2 or more tracks
     at a grade crossing
Not required if:

A. On an approach to a grade crossing from a T-
   intersection with a parallel highway if the
   distance from the edge of the track to the edge
   of the parallel roadway is less than 100 feet and
   W10-3 signs are used on both approaches of the
   parallel highway.

B. On low-volume, low-speed highways crossing
   minor spurs or other infrequently used tracks and
   road users are authorized by an authorized
   person on the ground to not enter crossing at all
   times that approaching rail traffic is about to
   occupy crossing.

C. In business or commercial areas where active
   grade crossing traffic control devices are in use.

D. Where physical conditions do not permit even a
   partially effective display of the sign.
POSTED SPEED (mph)           DISTANCE (ft.)
         20                 100 (Minimum)*
         25                 100 (Minimum)*
         30                 100 (Minimum)*
         35                 100 (Minimum)*
         40                       125
         45                       175
         50                       250
         55                       325
         60                       400
         65                       475
         70                       550
         75                       650
*Not required on low volume, low speed roadways
W10-2                 W10-3                  W10-4

Installed on approaches of parallel highways if the distance
 between the tracks and the parallel highway, from the edge
of the tracks to the edge of the parallel roadway, is less than
   100 feet to warn road users making a turn that they will
    encounter a grade crossing soon after making a turn.
Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts
“Provides information to road users so that they can notify
the railroad company about emergencies or malfunctioning
                 traffic control devices.”
If an engineering study indicates that
                                         other installed devices provide suitable
                                         warning and control, pavement
                                         markings are not required in the
                                         following circumstances:

                                         A. Posted or statutory speed is less
                                            than 40 mph if an engineering
                                            study indicates that other installed
                                            devices provide suitable warning
                                            and control

                                         B. In urban areas




Offset of stop bar = 15’ from nearest rail & 8’ from gate
Flashing Lights and Gates Offset = 12’ – 15’ from track

Typical horizontal offset of gate from roadway = 8’
FLASHING LIGHTS                   AUTOMATIC GATES

   8” OR 12”                    EXTENDS ACROSS
                                  APPROACHING HIGHWAY
   MAST-MOUNTED OR               TRAFFIC LANE
    CANTILEVERED (WHEN
    ADDITIONAL EMPHASIS          FOUR-QUADRANT GATE
    OR BETTER VISIBILITY IS       SYSTEM – CONSISTS OF
    NEEDED, SUCH AS ON            ENTRANCE AND EXIT GATES
    MULTI-LANE HIGHWAYS           THAT CONTROL AND BLOCK
    OR HIGH-FREQUENCY             ROAD USERS OF ALL LANES
    CRASH LOCATIONS)              ENTERING AND EXITING
                                  THE GRADE CROSSING.
   Constant Warning Time – A motion sensing system
    with the capability of measuring train speed and
    providing a relatively uniform warning time to public
    traffic at highway-rail intersections.

   Motion Detection – Uses an electronic device that
    senses the movement of a train within the approach
    to a highway-rail crossing. It also detects when a
    train ceases to move toward the crossing and will,
    after a specific period of time, deactivate the
    crossing signals.

         FRA minimum warning time = 20 seconds
o   Crossing Exposure – (Number of trains/day) X (ADT)

o   Hump Crossings – a crossing at which the railroad
    bed is higher than the road it is crossing, causing a
    hump for the motorist to cross; a high-profile
    crossing on which a long-wheelbase or low-
    ground-clearance vehicle may become lodged or
    stuck on the “hump”.
o   Quiet Zone – stretch of rail line that contains one or
    more consecutive public crossings at which trains are
    prohibited from sounding their horns in order to
    decrease the noise level for nearby residential
    communities; must have supplementary safety
    measures.

o   Siding – railroad track used by one train to pass or
    “meet” another train; laid adjacent to a through track.

o   Spur – railroad track on which cars are left for loading
    and unloading; used for railroad car storage; can be
    single-ended or double-ended.
o   Wayside Horn System – a stationary horn (or series
    of horns) located at a grade crossing that is used in
    conjunction with train-activated warning systems to
    provide audible warning of approaching rail traffic
    to road users either as a supplement or alternative
    to sounding of a locomotive horn.

o   Wig Wag – nickname given to a type
    of railroad grade crossing signal once
    common in North America; named
    for the pendulum-like motion it used
    to signal the approach of a train.
o   What does three short train whistles mean?

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Aldot railroad diagnostics key terms and concepts

  • 2. 1. Why Rail Safety is so high on the priority list. 2. Section 130 Rail-Highway Safety Program 3. Rail-Highway Diagnostic Review Elements and Process 4. Sain’s Role in the Process 5. Railroad Background Information and Key Concepts 6. Types of Railroad Warning Devices
  • 7. There was an 84% decline in the number of train/motor vehicle collisions from roughly 12,000 in1972 to 1,900 in 2009. (Source: FRA 2009 statistics)
  • 8. Bureau of Transportation Planning and Modal Programs Rail Section Division
  • 9. Scott Overby – Transportation Manager & Rail Safety Manager  Clarence Hodges – Transportation Technologist, Sr. & Assistant Rail Manager  Donald Lovelace – Transportation Technologist & Section 130 Manager
  • 10.  1st Division – Meng Han  2nd Division – Andy Laster  3rd Division – Renya Hooks  4th Division – Ken Cush & Steven Corley  5th Division – Rozalyn Clifton & Keith Hoggle  6th Division – David Bollie & David Primm  7th Division – Dewayne Chancellor  8th Division – Jeff Powell  9th Division – Dewayne Hood
  • 11. GOAL: To provide federal support (funding) in efforts to reduce the incidence of accidents, injuries and fatalities at public railroad crossings.  Administered by FHWA  Established by the Highway Safety Act of 1973  Funds the efforts of ALDOT’s Rail Section to improve rail safety in Alabama by providing additional warning devices to public Rail/Highway Crossings in Alabama.  A ranking is given to each railroad crossing in the State using the US DOT Accident Prediction Formula Index. This allows a prioritized list of projects to be developed. For each of those projects, ALDOT must perform a Diagnostic Review.
  • 14. Improved safety for both railroad and highway users  Systematic approach  Focused effort on high priority crossings in terms of safety needs
  • 15. Predicts the likelihood of a collision occurring over a given period of time given conditions at the crossing. Used to determine prioritization for each construction phase. Combines three independent calculations to produce a collision prediction value.
  • 16. 1. Provides an initial hazard ranking based on a crossing’s characteristics 2. Utilizes the actual collision history at a crossing over a determined number of years to produce a collision prediction value 3. Adds a normalizing constant, which is adjusted periodically to keep the procedure matched with current collision trends.
  • 17. 1. Sain Associates 2. Perspective Railroad 3. ALDOT Staff (Local & Montgomery) 4. City/County
  • 18. FHWA RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING HANDBOOK REVISED 2ND EDITION  MUTCD 2009 CHAPTER 8: TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR RAILROAD AND LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT GRADE CROSSINGS  ALDOT DIAGNOSTIC REVIEW FORM  ALDOT STANDARDS FOR RAILROAD ELEMENTS STANDARD DRAWINGS 913 – 915  WWW.AMERICAN-RAILS.COM  WWW.FRA.DOT.GOV
  • 20. Contacts  Inventory  Section 130  Construction  Invoice  Crossing Closures  Appendices  MUTCD  Div. Crossings
  • 21. Contacts  Inventory  Section 130  Construction  Invoice  Crossing Closures  Appendices  MUTCD  Div. Crossings
  • 23. OBTAIN BACKGROUND INFORMATION COORDINATE DATE/TIME/LOCATION FOR ON-SITE REVIEW WITH DIAGNOSTIC TEAM PERFORM DIAGNOSTIC REVIEW IN THE FIELD PREPARE DRAWINGS AND PAPERWORK SUBMIT TO ALDOT DIVISION FOR REVIEW INCORPORATE DIVISION COMMENTS SUBMIT TO ALDOT MULTI-MODAL DEPARTMENT FOR REVIEW
  • 25. The FRA Website provides access to railroad safety data including: National Highway-Rail Crossing Inventory Data Information from the Railroad Accident Incident Reporting System
  • 26. Scroll down and select: Section 5.02 – Generate Crossing Inventory and Accident Reports or use direct link: http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/ officeofsafety/publicsite/ crossing/crossing.aspx
  • 27. Select “Report Type” Enter DOT Crossing ID Number Generate Report Select Current
  • 28. ACCIDENT REPORT INVENTORY REPORT CONTACT
  • 31. Provided by ALDOT  5 Parts: o Location and Classification Information o Railroad Information o Highway Traffic Control Device Information o Physical Characteristics o Public Highway Information  Includes photographs
  • 34. Camera • Measuring Wheel • Tape Measure • Safety Vests • Clipboards • Range Finder • Sain’s Diagnostic Process and Inventory Checklist • ALDOT Rail-Highway Diagnostic Review Form
  • 35.  Meeting facilitator  Collect data (photography, measurements and inventory items)  Take field notes  Provide recommendations for discussion amongst all team members
  • 37. “A” = Sight Distance along the railroad tracks to permit the vehicle to cross and be clear of the crossing upon arrival of the train. “B” = Sight distance measured along the highway from the nearest rail to the driver of a vehicle which allows the vehicle to be safely stopped without encroachment of the crossing area.
  • 38. Assume vehicle speed = 0 “A” = Sight Distance along the railroad tracks to permit the vehicle to cross and be clear of the crossing upon arrival of the train.
  • 43. 1. Submit to ALDOT Division for review 2. Incorporate Division comments 3. Submit to ALDOT Multi-Modal Department for review
  • 45.  6,011 railroad crossings in Alabama  3,279 of those are public at-grade crossings  1,277 of the 3,279 are signalized  1,615 crossings have passive devices  2,027 private crossings  869 closed crossings
  • 46.  Public Crossings – on highways under jurisdiction of and maintained by public authority and open to the traveling public.  Private Crossings – on roadways privately owned and utilized by the landowner or licensee.  Pedestrian Crossings – used solely by pedestrians.
  • 47. FRA (Federal Railroad Administration) – categorizes railroad tracks into six classes based on maximum speed limits.  AAR (Association of American Railroads) – categorizes railroad based on operating revenues.
  • 48. CLASS FREIGHT PASSENGER (mph) (mph) 1 10 15 2 25 30 3 40 60 4 60 80 5 80 90 6 110 110 7 125 125 8 160 160 9 200 200
  • 49. Railroad classes are defined by Association of American Railroads (AAR) based on operating revenue. CLASS I – operating revenues exceeding $319.3 million annually CLASS II – operating revenues between $20.5 million and $277.7million CLASS III – less than $10 million of annual operating revenue.
  • 50. Class I Rail Companies in Alabama: 1. Canadian National 2. CSX Transportation 3. Norfolk Southern 4. BNSF Railway
  • 51. Only one Class II Rail Company in Alabama: 1. Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway (AGR)
  • 52. o 22 Class III Rail Companies in Alabama o Make up bulk of railroads (500 or so nationwide)
  • 53. Closure of Crossing  Installation of standard signs and pavement markings  Installation of replacement active warning devices  Upgrading existing warning devices  Consider pre-emption/interconnection with signals  Crossing illumination  General site improvements  Crossing surface improvements
  • 54. PASSIVE: ACTIVE:  Signs*  Automatic Gates  Pavement Markings  Four-quadrant Gates  Flashing-light Signals  Traffic Control Signals * All signs shall be retroreflectorized  Actuated Blank-out or illuminated. Signs  Variable Message Signs
  • 56. “Yield right-of-way to rail traffic at grade crossing” At a minimum, one crossbuck sign shall be used on each highway approach to every highway-rail grade crossing, alone or in combination with other traffic control devices.
  • 57. Required if:  No automatic gates are present  2 or more tracks at a grade crossing
  • 58. Not required if: A. On an approach to a grade crossing from a T- intersection with a parallel highway if the distance from the edge of the track to the edge of the parallel roadway is less than 100 feet and W10-3 signs are used on both approaches of the parallel highway. B. On low-volume, low-speed highways crossing minor spurs or other infrequently used tracks and road users are authorized by an authorized person on the ground to not enter crossing at all times that approaching rail traffic is about to occupy crossing. C. In business or commercial areas where active grade crossing traffic control devices are in use. D. Where physical conditions do not permit even a partially effective display of the sign.
  • 59. POSTED SPEED (mph) DISTANCE (ft.) 20 100 (Minimum)* 25 100 (Minimum)* 30 100 (Minimum)* 35 100 (Minimum)* 40 125 45 175 50 250 55 325 60 400 65 475 70 550 75 650 *Not required on low volume, low speed roadways
  • 60. W10-2 W10-3 W10-4 Installed on approaches of parallel highways if the distance between the tracks and the parallel highway, from the edge of the tracks to the edge of the parallel roadway, is less than 100 feet to warn road users making a turn that they will encounter a grade crossing soon after making a turn.
  • 62. “Provides information to road users so that they can notify the railroad company about emergencies or malfunctioning traffic control devices.”
  • 63. If an engineering study indicates that other installed devices provide suitable warning and control, pavement markings are not required in the following circumstances: A. Posted or statutory speed is less than 40 mph if an engineering study indicates that other installed devices provide suitable warning and control B. In urban areas Offset of stop bar = 15’ from nearest rail & 8’ from gate
  • 64. Flashing Lights and Gates Offset = 12’ – 15’ from track Typical horizontal offset of gate from roadway = 8’
  • 65. FLASHING LIGHTS AUTOMATIC GATES  8” OR 12”  EXTENDS ACROSS APPROACHING HIGHWAY  MAST-MOUNTED OR TRAFFIC LANE CANTILEVERED (WHEN ADDITIONAL EMPHASIS  FOUR-QUADRANT GATE OR BETTER VISIBILITY IS SYSTEM – CONSISTS OF NEEDED, SUCH AS ON ENTRANCE AND EXIT GATES MULTI-LANE HIGHWAYS THAT CONTROL AND BLOCK OR HIGH-FREQUENCY ROAD USERS OF ALL LANES CRASH LOCATIONS) ENTERING AND EXITING THE GRADE CROSSING.
  • 66. Constant Warning Time – A motion sensing system with the capability of measuring train speed and providing a relatively uniform warning time to public traffic at highway-rail intersections.  Motion Detection – Uses an electronic device that senses the movement of a train within the approach to a highway-rail crossing. It also detects when a train ceases to move toward the crossing and will, after a specific period of time, deactivate the crossing signals. FRA minimum warning time = 20 seconds
  • 67. o Crossing Exposure – (Number of trains/day) X (ADT) o Hump Crossings – a crossing at which the railroad bed is higher than the road it is crossing, causing a hump for the motorist to cross; a high-profile crossing on which a long-wheelbase or low- ground-clearance vehicle may become lodged or stuck on the “hump”.
  • 68. o Quiet Zone – stretch of rail line that contains one or more consecutive public crossings at which trains are prohibited from sounding their horns in order to decrease the noise level for nearby residential communities; must have supplementary safety measures. o Siding – railroad track used by one train to pass or “meet” another train; laid adjacent to a through track. o Spur – railroad track on which cars are left for loading and unloading; used for railroad car storage; can be single-ended or double-ended.
  • 69. o Wayside Horn System – a stationary horn (or series of horns) located at a grade crossing that is used in conjunction with train-activated warning systems to provide audible warning of approaching rail traffic to road users either as a supplement or alternative to sounding of a locomotive horn. o Wig Wag – nickname given to a type of railroad grade crossing signal once common in North America; named for the pendulum-like motion it used to signal the approach of a train.
  • 70. o What does three short train whistles mean?