1. PowerPointÂŽ Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The
Reproductive
System
16
PART A
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. The Reproductive System
ī§ Gonadsâprimary sex organs
ī§ Testes in males
ī§ Ovaries in females
ī§ Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete
hormones
ī§ Spermâmale gametes
ī§ Ova (eggs)âfemale gametes
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Male Reproductive System Overview
ī§ Testes
ī§ Duct system
ī§ Epididymis
ī§ Ductus (vas) deferens
ī§ Urethra
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4. Male Reproductive System Overview
ī§ Accessory organs
ī§ Seminal vesicles
ī§ Prostate
ī§ Bulbourethral glands
ī§ External genitalia
ī§ Penis
ī§ Scrotum
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7. Epididymis
ī§ Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube
ī§ Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at
least 20 days)
ī§ Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles in
the epididymis walls to the vas deferens
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9. Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
ī§ Carries sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct
ī§ Passes through the inguinal canal and over the
bladder
ī§ Moves sperm by peristalsis
ī§ Spermatic cordâductus deferens, blood vessels,
and nerves in a connective tissue sheath
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10. Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
ī§ Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the
urethra
ī§ Vasectomyâcutting of the ductus deferens at the
level of the testes to prevent transportation of
sperm
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11. Urethra
ī§ Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to
the tip of the penis
ī§ Carries both urine and sperm
ī§ Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13. Seminal Vesicles
ī§ Located at the base of the bladder
ī§ Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of
semen)
ī§ Fructose (sugar)
ī§ Vitamin C
ī§ Prostaglandins
ī§ Other substances that nourish and activate
sperm
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15. Prostate
ī§ Encircles the upper part of the urethra
ī§ Secretes a milky fluid
ī§ Helps to activate sperm
ī§ Enters the urethra through several small ducts
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17. Bulbourethral Glands
ī§ Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate
ī§ Produces a thick, clear mucus
ī§ Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine
ī§ Serves as a lubricant during sexual
intercourse
ī§ Secreted into the penile urethra
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19. Semen
ī§ Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
ī§ Advantages of accessory gland secretions
ī§ Fructose provides energy for sperm cells
ī§ Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic
environment of vagina
ī§ Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication
ī§ Elements of semen enhance sperm motility
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20. External Genitalia
ī§ Scrotum
ī§ Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen
ī§ Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal
body temperature to protect sperm viability
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21. External Genitalia
ī§ Penis
ī§ Delivers sperm into the female reproductive
tract
ī§ Regions of the penis
ī§ Shaft
ī§ Glans penis (enlarged tip)
ī§ Prepuce (foreskin)
ī§ Folded cuff of skin around proximal
end
ī§ Often removed by circumcision
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23. Spermatogenesis
ī§ Production of sperm cells
ī§ Begins at puberty and continues throughout life
ī§ Occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25. Structure of a Sperm
Figure 16.5b
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26. Structure of a Sperm
Figure 16.5a
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27. Testosterone Production
ī§ The most important hormone of the testes
ī§ Functions of testosterone
ī§ Stimulates reproductive organ development
ī§ Underlies sex drive
ī§ Causes secondary sex characteristics
ī§ Deepening of voice
ī§ Increased hair growth
ī§ Enlargement of skeletal muscles
ī§ Thickening of bones
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28. Female Reproductive System
ī§ Ovaries
ī§ Duct System
ī§ Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
ī§ Uterus
ī§ Vagina
ī§ External genitalia
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30. Ovaries
ī§ Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like
structures)
ī§ Each follicle consists of
ī§ Oocyte (immature egg)
ī§ Follicular cellsâsurround the oocyte
Ovulationâwhen the egg is mature, the follicle
ruptures; occurs about every 28 days
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
ī§ Receive the ovulated oocyte
ī§ Provide a site for fertilization
ī§ Attach to the uterus
ī§ Little or no contact between ovaries and uterine
tubes
ī§ Supported and enclosed by the broad ligament
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34. Uterine Tube Anatomy and Physiology
ī§ Fimbriae
ī§ Finger-like projections at the distal end of the
uterine tube
ī§ Receive the oocyte from the ovary
ī§ Cilia
ī§ Located inside the uterine tube
ī§ Slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus
(takes 3â4 days)
ī§ Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube since
oocyte lives about 24 hours
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36. Uterus
ī§ Located between the urinary bladder and rectum
ī§ Hollow organ
ī§ Functions of the uterus
ī§ Receives a fertilized egg
ī§ Retains the fertilized egg
ī§ Nourishes the fertilized egg
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38. Regions of the Uterus
ī§ Bodyâmain portion
ī§ Fundusâsuperior rounded region above where
uterine tube enters
ī§ Cervixânarrow outlet that protrudes into the
vagina
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39. Walls of the Uterus
ī§ Endometrium
ī§ Inner layer
ī§ Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
ī§ Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses)
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
40. Vagina
ī§ Extends from cervix to exterior of body
ī§ Located between bladder and rectum
ī§ Serves as the birth canal
ī§ Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
ī§ Hymenâpartially closes the vagina until it is
ruptured
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44. Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
ī§ The total supply of eggs are present at birth
ī§ Ability to release eggs begins at puberty
ī§ Reproductive ability ends at menopause
ī§ Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian
follicles
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
46. Male and Female Differences
ī§ Meiosis
ī§ Malesâproduces four functional sperm
ī§ Femalesâproduces one functional ovum and
three polar bodies
ī§ Sex cell size and structure
ī§ Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with
nutrients in seminal fluid
ī§ Egg is large, non-motile, and has nutrient
reserves to nourish the embryo until
implantation
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
47. Hormone Production by the Ovaries
ī§ Estrogens
ī§ Produced by follicle cells
ī§ Cause secondary sex characteristics
ī§ Enlargement of accessory organs
ī§ Development of breasts
ī§ Appearance of axillary and pubic hair
ī§ Increase in fat beneath the skin,
particularly in hips and breasts
ī§ Widening and lightening of the pelvis
ī§ Onset of menses (menstrual cycle)
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
48. Hormone Production by the Ovaries
ī§ Progesterone
ī§ Produced by the corpus luteum
ī§ Production continues until LH diminishes in
the blood
ī§ Does not contribute to the appearance of
secondary sex characteristics
ī§ Other major effects
ī§ Helps maintain pregnancy
ī§ Prepare the breasts for milk production
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
49. Mammary Glands
ī§ Present in both sexes, but only function in
females
ī§ Modified sweat glands
ī§ Function is to produce milk
ī§ Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens)
to increase in size
Copyright Š 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings